우리나라 재래종벼 6품종의 벼 흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자를 동정하고자 저항성 유전자 Xa1를 갖는 IR-BB 101과의 교배조합을 양성하고 일본균주 ⅠA(T7174)를 접종한 결과 청군벼의 벼 흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자는 Xa1 이었고, 육성재래, 아국도, 흑피 및 이천7일찰은 Xa1 및 다른 우성유전자 1개를 보유하였으며, 긴까락샤레는 Xa1 및 다른 우성유전자 2개를 갖고 있었고 이 중 2개는 저항성 발현에 보족적으로 작용하는 것으로 추정되었다.

This study was carried out to investigate change of ginsenoside contents in red and fresh ginseng according toroot part and age by hydrolysis. Neutral total ginsenoside contents by hydrolysis in 6-year main root and lateralroot were significantly increased than those by non-hydrolysis, as 41.6 and 32.8%, respectively. However, there wasno significant difference in red ginseng. In fresh ginseng, ginsenoside contents of the protopanaxatriol group such as Re, Rf,Rg₁, Rg₂, and Rh₁ were not significantly different, but Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc, and Rd showed significant difference. The increaserate of neutral total ginsenoside content by hydrolysis was higher in epidermis-cortex than stele. Also, the neutraltotal ginsenoside content was fine root>rhizome>lateral root>main root, respectively. While there was no tendencytowards the increase of ginsenoside by hydrolysis with the increase of root age in fine root and rhizome, there was significantdecrease in main root and lateral root.

Ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) contained only in red ginseng has been found to show various pharmacological effects such as an anticancer, antiangiogenetic, antimetastastic, liver protective, neuroprotective immunomodulating, vasorelaxative, antidiabetic, insulin secretion promoting and antioxidant activities. It is well known that G-Rg3 could be divided into 20(R)-Rg3 and 20(S)-Rg3 according to the hydroxyl group attached to C-20 of aglycone, whose structural characteristics show different pharmacological activities. It has been reported that G-Rg3 is metabolized to G-Rh2 and protopanaxadiol by the conditions of the gastric acid or intestinal bacteria, thereby these metabolites could be absorbed, suggesting its absolute bioavailability (2.63%) to be very low. Therefore, we reviewed the chemical, physical and biological transformation methods for the production on a large scale of G-Rg3 with various pharmacological effects. We also examined the influence of acid and heat treatment-induced potentials on for the preparation method of higher G-Rg3 content in ginseng and ginseng products. Futhermore, the microbial and enzymatic bio-conversion technologies could be more efficient in terms of high selectivity, efficiency and productivity. The present review discusses the available technologies for G-Rg3 production on a large scale using chemical and biological transformation.

The present study was investigated the effect of planting density on plant growth and yield of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Sowing density is one of the most important factors affecting yield. The value of roots have affected by shape, color, weight and degree of disease injury in ginseng. Also, it needed to minimize elapsed time for 5 years including pre-planting field management and cultivation period. We were conducted to evaluate that planting densities and varieties on the growth, yield and missing rate. The direct sowing was treated seeds density as a four levels (seeds; 72, 90, 120, 144) and 10 different varieties with 3 years old ginseng roots. Root weight was significantly affected by planting density and variety, but the number of lateral root and yield were affected by only planting density. Growth index was related to variety and planting density. Also, Root shape index was affected by both varieties and planting densities. Suitable planting density and variety were 120 plant per 1.62 m2 and Gopoong, respectively. Results showed that it was also a significant difference (p=5%) in variety of planting density on growth.

This study was carried out to investigate change of ginsenoside contents according to tissue ratio in ginseng root by age and diameter. The epidermis-cortex and xylem-pith extent, fresh weight, dry weight of ginseng increased with the root age increase. They increased higher in xylem-pith than in epidermis-cortex. The ratio of epidermis-cortex decreased and xylem-pith increased as the main root diameter increased. In case of same diameter, the xylem-pith ratio increased by the increase of root age. The epidermis-cortex ratio was 4 > 5 > 6 years, respectively. The total 10 ginsenosides of epidermis- cortex increased with the root age increase. However, the total ginsenoside of xylem-pith decreased and it was 2~5 times lower than epidermis-cortex. The most of ginsenoside contents existed in epidermis-cortex. The diameter decrease in main root is related to the increase of epidermis-cortex ratio. It leads to increase of ginsenoside contents. In order to select high level of ginsenoside cultivar, it suggested that it should be selected main root having narrow diameter and lower epidermis- cortex ratio.

This study was conducted to compare the contents of ginsenoside according the water extract conditions of red ginseng. In method A, red ginseng extract was prepared at 75℃ for 18 hours by 1 time extraction, and method B, the preparation was done at 85℃ for 18 hours by 1 time extraction. In method C, the primary extract prepared at 75℃ for 9 hours was blended with the secondary extract prepared by re-extracting the red ginseng residue obtained after the primary extraction, at 85℃ for 9 hours. Method D was the same procedure as method C but the extraction temperature for the primary extraction was 85℃ and that for the secondary extraction was 95℃. The contents of total and Rb1, Rg1 and Rg3 ginsenoside were highest in Method C. The content of prosapogenin (ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rb1 and Rb2) was highest in Method B. There was no consistent tendency in Brix, pH, Hue value and absorbance among extraction methods.

This study was carried out to investigate ginsenoside content in different root parts and the correlation between root diameter and ginsenoside composition of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer cultivated by direct seeding. The unit contents of ginsenoside were 29.65, 28.76, 26.34 mg/g, respectively in 4, 5, 6 years old. However, the total contents of ginsenoside were 431.97, 606.56, 657.80 mg/root, respectively. Total ginsenoside content of fine root was higher than that of main root and lateral root. These tendencies were related to decrease by the increase of root diameter. When diameter of main root and lateral root were the same in different ages, the total ginsenoside content was higher in the order of 4 > 5 > 6 years old roots. Except for ginsenoside-Rg1, other ginsenosides components (PD/PT and total ginsenosides) had highly negative correlation with the root diameter within whole root, main root, lateral root and fine root, which indicated that ginsenoside content is correlated to root diameter. As results, it is suggested that ginsenoside content can be predicted.

본 연구는 인삼 기내에서 생산된 재분화 식물체의 토양 순화를 위해 순화과정을 단축하고 생존율을 높일 수 있는 방법을 개발하기 위하여 실시하였다. GA3를 0.4mg l-1로 9시간을 처리하였을 때 토양에서 생존율은 59.6%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 그 다음이 1mg l-1에서 9시간을 처리하였 때 43.7%의 생존율을 나타냈다. 재분화 식물체의 뿌리길이가 4 cm 이상일 때는 48개체가 생존하여 생존율은 53.3%로 처리 중 가장 높게 나타났으며, 뿌리 무게는 4 g 이상일때는 46.7%가 생존하여 가장 높은 비율을 나타냈다. 4년생 때 지상부 생육 특성을 조사한 결과, 초장은 35.3 cm, 경장은 18.3 cm, 엽장은 12.1 cm, 엽폭은 4.8 cm로 이식 재배한 연풍의 생육 특성과 비교해 보면 재분화 식물체의 생육이 약간 떨어짐을 볼 수 있었다. 3년생 때 지하부 특성을 보면 근장은 15.3 cm, 동장은 4.5 cm, 동직경은 2.1 cm, 그리고 근중은 15.4 g으로 지하부도 지상부와 마찬가지로 대조구인 묘삼을 이식하여 재배한 처리구에 비하여 생육이 약간 떨어졌다.

FPS (farnesyl diphosphate synthase) plays an essential role in organ development in plants. However, FPS has not previously been identified as a key regulatory enzyme in triterpene biosynthesis. In order to investigate the effect of FPS on ginsenosides biosynthesis, we over-expressed FPS of Centella asiatica (CaFPS) in Panax giseng adventitious roots. PCR analysis showed the integrations of the CaFPS and hygromycin phosphotransferase genes and we ultimately selected three lines. The result of Southern blot analysis demonstrated the introduction of the CaFPS gene into genome of ginseng. In addition, the results of RT-PCR analysis revealed that CaFPS gene overexpression induced an accumulation of its transcription in the ginseng adventitious roots. To determine whether or not the overexpression of the CaFPS gene contributes to the downstream gene expression associated with triterpene biosynthesis, the level of mRNAs was analyzed by real-time PCR. The result showed that no differences were detected in any expression of all genes. To determine quantitatively the content of ginsenosides in transgenic ginseng adventitious roots, HPLC analysis was conducted. The content of total 7 ginsenosides was increased to 1.8, 1.4, and 1.7 times than that of the controls, respectively. This indicated that the overexpression of CaFPS in ginseng adventitious roots causes an increase in ginsenoside content, although down stream genes of FPS gene were suppressed by CaFPS overexpression.

This study was conducted to select plant growth regulators effective at ginseng berry set inhibition to help root growth in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). PGRs (ethephon, gibberellic acid, maleic hydrazide, coumarin) were applied to field grown 5-year-old Korean ginseng between one and two times, before and during bloom in 2009, 2010. The number of treatment was more effective in ginseng berry set inhibition when used two times compared with one time in GA 1,000 ppm, MH (5,000, 10,000 ppm), coumarin (5,000, 10,000 ppm) treatment. According to treatment period of plant growth regulator, ginseng berry set inhibition rate from 20days before flowering date to 5days after blooming was the highest in MH 5000 ppm showing 99.9% and the lowest in GA 100 ppm showing 32.8%. The spray treatments of Ethephon (50, 150 ppm) and MH (5,000, 10,000 ppm) from 20 days before the flowering bloom up to 5 days before, and coumarin (5,000, 10,000 ppm) from 20 days to 6 days and before blooming that induced the inhibitory effect more than 90% after 12 weeks. Considering ginseng berry set inhibition characteristics and treatment period ethephon and coumarin was important about applied period but, MH treatment appeared to effective ginseng berry set inhibition regardless of treatment period.