This study was conducted to find out the optimal solvent extraction method [Distilled water (DW), 70% ethanol, 99% ethanol] of mushrooms, including Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Que, Pleurotus eryngii and Flammulina velutipes and improve their usability as natural antioxidants. To analyze antioxidant activities in each mushroom, total polyphenol, flavonoid contents, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2?-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical (ABTS+) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) were measured. All mushrooms showed the highest total polyphenol contents in DW mushroom extract (p<0.001). Total flavonoid contents were the highest in P. eryngii and F. velutipes DW and 70% ethanol mushroom extracts (p<0.05). All mushrooms showed the highest activities using DPPH and FRAP assays in the DW extraction method (p<0.001). P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Que and P. eryngii showed the highest ABTS+ radical scavenging activity in the DW extraction method, and F. velutipes showed the highest activity in the 70% ethanol extraction method (p<0.001). As a result of comparing IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS+ radicals and FRAP EC50 values, the DW P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Que extract showed high antioxidant activities (p<0.001). Pearson's correlation between total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities showed a positive correlation in all mushrooms (p<0.01). Therefore, extraction of the mushrooms with DW can enhance the extraction of effective bioactive substances and antioxidant activity.

This study investigated the quality characteristics of sweet pumpkin after blanching. Sweet pumpkins were blanched in distilled water, 2% citric acid and 2% NaCl water at 100oC for 3 min. The cooking loss of sweet pumpkin in the blanching groups was lower than that in the control group, and greenness and yellowness in the blanching groups were higher than those in the control group (p<0.001). Total polyphenol content (TPC) of sweet pumpkin increased after blanching (p<0.05), and TPC true retention (TR) was measured with the highest NB. CON and NB were significantly higher in ?- carotene content (p<0.001). Lutein content in the blanching treatment groups was lower than that in the control group, but NB was the highest between the blanching groups (p<0.001). DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity assays revealed higher antioxidant activity in the NB groups among the blanching groups (p<0.001). The CON was 2.44 log colonyforming unit (CFU)/ g in the total bacterial count, but there were no microorganisms in the blanching groups. In conclusion, blanching with the addition of 2% NaCl can inhibit the growth of microorganisms and improve TR and antioxidant activities in sweet pumpkin.

This study sought to investigate the effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and ethanol treatment (EOH) for improving the quality and storage stability of Tteokbokki Tteok. The quality characteristics were evaluated by moisture, pH, color, texture profile analysis, and observing the microbial properties after the heat-moisture treatment or ethanol treatment. As the storage period increased, the moisture content of Tteokbokki Tteok tended to decrease except for the HMT group (p<0.05) while the pH did not show significant variation except for the EOH group (p<0.05). While measuring the color, the L-value tended to increase in all groups during the storage period. The a-value and the b-value showed the highest values in the HMT group and the control (CON) group, respectively. In the texture profile analysis, all groups showed a significant tendency to increase levels of hardness and chewiness as the storage period increased (p<0.05). The HMT group showed an increase in hardness and adhesiveness, which are characteristics of the HMT treatment. The results of examining the microbial properties of Tteokbokki Tteok showed that the total microbial count in the HMT group was 4.52 on the 8th day of storage, which was lower than the level in the CON group and the EOH group on the 4th day of storage. Yeast and mold were not measured during the storage period. Thus the results of this study showed that when manufacturing Tteokbokki Tteok, the heat-moisture treatment of rice powder increased the storage stability by delaying microbial growth and also had positive effects on quality.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and β-glucan content of extracts extracted by varying the temperature at 30, 55 and 80℃ after hot air drying or freeze drying of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii. For the analysis antioxidant activity of each mushroom, β-glucan, total phenol, flavonoid contents, and DPPH․ABTS+․Nitrite assay were measured. Also, the β-glucan content, total flavonoid content and ABTS+ scavenging activity increased with freeze drying rather than hot air drying, and increased with increasing extraction temperature in both mushrooms. However, the total phenol and nitrite scavenging activity increased with hot air drying rather than freeze drying, and decreased with increasing temperature in both mushrooms. DPPH scavenging activity was not significant in both mushrooms, but decreased with increasing extraction temperature. Pearson’s correlations between total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities were r=0.719~0.753 (p<0.01). As a result, the β-glucan content, total flavonoid content, and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity were highest during freeze drying and extraction at 80℃. And the highest total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and nitrite scavenging activity were obtained during hot air drying and extraction at 30℃.

콩을 사용하는 간장제조공정과 달리 쌀을 사용하여 쌀소스를 제조 후 품질특성 및 관능적 평가를 실시하였다. 35oC로 하여 120일 숙성시킨 쌀소스의 품질평가 및 관능적 특성 결과 수분함량은 55.08%로 나타났으며, 색도측정 결과 L값은 38.90, a값 -1.22, b값 5.74로 숙성기간이 증가 할수록 황색도가 높게 나타나 b값이 증가하였다. pH는 4.35로 나타나 숙성 기간이 증가할수록 pH가 감소하는 경향을 나타났으며 총 질소 함량 측정 결과 0.26%로 나타나 숙성기간이 길어질수록 쌀의 단백질을 분해시켜 총 질소 함량은 높게 나타났다. 관능평가 결과, 숙성기간 120일 처리구가 숙성기간 90일 처리구에 비해 색의 기호도는 낮게 평가되었으나, 맛과 향의 기호도에서 높게 평가되었다. 따라서 쌀소스를 제조하는 경우에 숙성온도를 35oC로 하여 120일 숙성시키는 것이 관능적 품질 측면에서 가장 적합할 것으로 보이며, 본 연구를 바탕으로 생산된 쌀소스는 조미 식품으로써 쌀의 이용가치를 부가할 것으로 사료된다.

The characteristics of extracts and precipitates after extraction at different water temperature (25, 50, 75, 95oC), ethanol ratio (25, 50, 75, 100%), and extraction method (stir, soak, autoclave) of yam powder and raw yam were investigated. The total polyphenol content was the highest in the 50% ethanol extract of yam powder. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in the 75% ethanol extraction and the crude saponin content was the highest in the 95oC water extraction. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was the highest in 95oC water extraction, low concentration of ethanol extraction, and autoclave extraction. The peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity of the precipitates increased after ethanol extraction, whereas decreased after the 95oC water extraction and the autoclave, indicating the destruction of starch granules. This was confirmed by observing the starch granules broken using the SEM. The significance of this study was to investigate the possibility of the use of yam resources as a material, processing product development, skin beauty functional food and cosmetic material.

즉석떡류(2분제조) 제조를 위하여 멥쌀 5종류(운광벼, 남평벼, 신동진벼, 다미벼, 호품벼) 및 찹쌀 9종류(백운찰, 신선찰, 동진찰, 보석찰, 눈보라, 백설찰, 농림나1, 설향찰, 한강찰1)를 Air-crusher로 분쇄하여 물리적 특성을 측정하였다. 수분함량은 멥쌀, 찹쌀 및 품종에 따라 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 평균적으로 멥쌀의 수분함량이 찹쌀보다 낮았으며 멥쌀의 경우 호품벼가 13.18%로 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었고 가장 높은 수분함량을 나타낸 품종은 찹쌀의 신선찰벼((15.63%) 이었다. 색도에서 가장 높은 L값은 멥쌀의 운광벼가 99.17로 백색에 가까운 값을 나타내었으며 가장 낮은 L값은 찹쌀의 보석찰벼가 96.87을 나타내었다. 호화특성을 측정한 결과 호화개시온도는 멥쌀과 찹쌀을 비교하였을 경우 특별한 경향을 나타내지 않았으며 가장 높은 호화개시온도는 멥쌀의 남평벼가 70.1°C를 나타내었으며 가장 낮은 온도는 동진찰벼의 65.2를 나타내었다. 노화속도를 나타내는 setback값은 찹쌀이 멥쌀에 비하여 현저하게 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 평균 입자크기는 멥쌀(28~33um)이 찹쌀(362~440um)에 비교하여 상대적으로 작은 입자크기를 나타내었다.

즉석떡류(2분제조) 제조를 위하여 습식제분 및 반습식제분의 쌀가루특성을 비교 실험 하였다. 습식제분은 침지시간을 2, 4, 6시간 침지하였으며 반습식제분은 물 분사 시간을 5, 10, 15, 20분 처리하였다. 최종 수분함량은 습식제분 방법이 높았으며 평균입자 크기는 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 전분손상도 역시 습식제분이 낮은 값을 나타내었고 침지시간이 증가할수록 전분손상도 값도 증가하였다. 반면에 반습식제분 방법에서는 물분사 시간이 증가할수록 전분손상도는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 수분용해지수 및 수분흡수지수 역시 습식제분 방법이 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 수분용해 지수는 전분손상도가 증가할수록 높아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 색도에서는 습식제분에서 L값이 높은 값을 나타내었고 침지시간에 따른 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 반습식 쌀가루와 습식쌀가루의 가공적성을 비교하기 위하여 백설기를 제조하여 관능검사를 한 결과 전반적인 기호도에서는 반습식 제분으로 물 분사 시간을 20분으로 한 처리구가 유의적으로 우수한 결과를 나타내었다.

This study was performed to determine the effects of different processing methods (AD: drying at 50°C for 15 h; ADR: roasting after drying; SAD: drying after steaming; SADR: roasting after steaming and drying) on the quality characteristics, total phenolic content, anthocyanin content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing powder of red radish (Bordeaux and watermelon radish) tea. The pH of red radish tea was the highest with SAD. In terms of the total sugar content, Bordeaux radish tea showed the highest level with AD, ADR, and SAD, and watermelon radish tea showed the highest level with SADR. The a value of Bordeaux radish tea was higher with AD and ADR. The b value of Bordeaux radish tea was increased with steaming and roasting treatment. In terms of measuring the colors of watermelon radish tea, the L value was decreased while the b value was increased with roasting treatment. The total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing powder with ADR and SADR were higher than those in samples prepared by different processing methods. AD and SAD resulted in higher anthocyanin contents than ADR and SADR. In terms of sensory evaluation, the appearance and color were rated higher with AD and SAD, whereas the flavor and taste were ranked higher with ADR and SADR than in the other samples. The results suggest that red radish (Bordeaux and watermelon radish) tea prepared by ADR and SADR processing methods can be utilized as health functional tea material with antioxidant activity.

쌀은 전 세계 인구의 절반 이상이 주식으로 이용하고 있는 곡물이며, 우리나라에서도 오래 전부터 주식으로 사용되어 온 중요한 식량자원이다. 식생활이 다양해지고 식품 소비방식이 간편해지면서 밥쌀용 쌀 소비의 감소로 인하여, 쌀소비 증가 및 재고량 문제 해결을 위한 노력으로 쌀 소비 형태의 다양화를 위한 지속적인 연구가 진행되고 있다. 쌀은 밀과 달리 반죽을 형성할 수 있는 글루텐이 없기 때문에 쌀만으로 쌀면이나 쌀빵 등을 개발할 경우, 밀가루로 만든 제품과 물성의 차이를 나타낸다. 따라서, 쌀을 이용하여 제품을 개발하는 데 있어서 글루텐을 대신할 수 있는 전분류 첨가제나 아밀로오스 함량 등의 특성을 이용하거나 전처리를 통한 가공 공정을 개발하는 것이 중요하다. 본 학술대회에서는 한국식품연구원에서 지금까지 장기간 수행한 연구과제를 중심으로 쌀가루, 떡류, 면류, 쌀과자, 쌀음료, 밥류 등의 쌀가공식품에 대한 연구 결과를 소개하며, 이에 따른 향후 쌀가공식품 개발 기술이 나아가야 할 방향과 신규 시장 접근을 위한 필요 가공기술을 전망하고자 하였다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing ratio of olive oil, parmesan cheese, and nuts for preparation of pesto with spinach. Based on a surface response methodology (RSM), the independent variables were olive oil (100~300 g), parmesan cheese (25~75 g) and nuts (12~36 g). The dependent variables were physico-chemical properties as pH, color values (L, a, and b values), viscosity and sensory evaluation. pH decreased with increasing parmesan cheese levels. The L value decreased and the a and b values increased with increasing olive oil levels. Viscosity was negatively correlated with olive oil levels but positively correlated with the amounts of parmesan cheese and nuts. The addition of oil exerted a positive effect on gloss, and oily taste. In the sensory evaluation, the values of appearance, color, flavor, taste and overall acceptance were in the range of 4.4~7.2, 3.7~7.4, 4.4~7.1, 3.9~7.3 and 3.5~7.6, respectively. The sensory evaluation results showed significant values in appearance (p<0.01), flavor (p<0.01), taste (p<0.01) and overall acceptance (p<0.05). The optimal amounts of spinach pesto with olive oil, parmesan cheese, and nuts were determined by numerical optimization of a canonical model and graphical optimization. The optimal amounts were 175.29 g of olive oil, 49.51 g parmesan cheese, and 27.37 g of nuts per 100 g of spinach.

본 연구는 유기농 쌀가루에 물리적 처리를 통하여 저항전분의 함량 증가 및 이의 물리화적특성을 확인한 것이다. 저항전분의 함량을 늘리기 위해 유기농 쌀가루를 heating (autoclave, 121℃, 15min)과 cooling (4, 25, 50℃)과 같은 물 리적 처리를 하였다. 입도분석기(Laser Particle size analyzer, CILAS 1190 Liquid, CILAS. France)를 이용하여 평균입도 를 측정하였으며, organic rice powder (ORP)에서 12.92μm, 물리 처리한 유기농 쌀가루는 40-51μm로 3-4배 증가한 것 을 확인 할 수 있었다. Rapid ViscoAnalyzer (RVA-Super4. Newport Scientific. Australia)을 이용하여 호화 특성을 확 인한 결과 물리 처리한 유기농 쌀가루는 ORP에 비해 peak viscosity, final viscosity가 25배 이상 낮아졌으며, pasting temperature는 관찰되지 않았다. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)에서 ORP의 경우 atypical globular shape를 보였지 만, 물리 처리된 유기농 쌀가루의 경우 얇은 slice shape를 보였다. 유기농 쌀가루의 저항전분함량을 측정한 결과, ORP 와 4, 25℃로 cooling한 유기농 쌀가루에서는 0.51-0.90%를 보였지만, 50℃로 cooling한 유기농 쌀가루는 10.46%로 10 배 이상 증가한 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 따라서 유기농 쌀가루를 물리처리 함으로써 난소화성 전분인 저항전분함량 을 늘려 체중 조절용 식품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다.