Food traceability (FT) is being developed while food traceability system (FTS) has become the hot topic for the food safety of the food supply chain (FSC), government regulations, and customer’s satisfaction. This survey explored the Korean consumer’s awareness, preferred information, and willingness to pay for the traceability of processed food. 35.2% of the respondents were not aware of FT whereas 77.5% did not know about FTS. The customer’s perception on the purpose of FT was as a consumer's right to know (51.8%), rather than as one enhancing food safety. The customers’ awareness of FT on processed and functional food was lower than that on agricultural, livestock, and fisheries products. The important stage of FSC that the consumers perceive was manufacturing and importing (51.5%), and the preferred information was related with raw materials. Only 7.2% of the respondents perceived FT as food safety-related certifications, which is much lower than HACCP (62.9%) and GMP (17.6%). The consumers had willingness to pay for FT at a premium of 5-10% higher than the regular price. Consumers are paying attention to food safety and quality but they are still unfamiliar with FT. Stakeholders in FSC should work together to increase consumer awareness of FT/FTS and improve consumers’ behavior.
This study was carried out to produce stable evening primrose oil in water emulsion by using various emulsifier with HLB (8.6, 12, 16.7), concentration (0-45%) and emulsification methods such as high-speed emulsification (7,000 rpm, 2 min) and high-pressure homogenization (10,000 psi, 1 cycle). And then properties of evening primrose oil in water emulsion was evaluated with keeping at room temperature and 40oC during 28 days. Lower HLB 8.6 and high viscosity emulsifier added emulsions were not appropriate for high-pressure homogenization and were separated in a day. The optimum emulsification condition was HLB 12 and high-pressure homogenization (10,000 psi, 1 cycle) for evening primrose oil in water emulsion. These emulsions produced by optimum condition were not separated with the aqueous phase and the oil phase and they were nano-sized around 200 nm, higher zeta-potential (±mV), mono-polydispersed (<0.3), and less oxidized (<0.4) during 28 days.
Mulberry leaves have been used in oriental medicine for their anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory benefits. However, their bitter taste and characteristic odor limit their use in food. Thus, mulberry leaves were fermented using three species of lactic acid bacteria prevalent in kimchi. MLp, MLm, and MLs were obtained by means of fermenting mulberry leaves, using Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Lactobacilllus sakei. Their palatability and biochemical properties were measured to determine the feasibility of using each as a food ingredient. Overall acceptability of yoghurt supplemented with fermented mulberry leaves (MLp, MLm, or MLs) was greater than that for yoghurt supplemented with dried mulberry leaves, while fermentation produced no negative effect on yoghurt palatability. In addition, the total polyphenol levels and radical scavenging effects of mulberry leaf extracts increased with fermentation, but total flavonoid content was not significantly changed. One potentially detrimental effect of fermentation is that α- glucosidase inhibitory potency was slightly decreased, proportional to the decrease in the active component 1-deoxynojirimycin. Despite this minor loss, the improved flavor of fermented mulberry leaves, together with its other beneficial health effects, is expected to render them useful as a food ingredient without lowering the sensory appeal of their target foods.
This study evaluates the quality properties of soybean cultivar for fermented soybean products with several Aspergillus spp., which were selected based on their high antimicrobial activities. The six soybean varieties Daewonkong, Taekwangkong, Jinpung, Daechan, Daepung-2, and Seonpung were used in the experiment. Physicochemical analysis of soybeans showed that the cured fat and protein contents were 18.28-19.15 and 36.49-38.72%, respectively. The pH and total acidity (TA) were 6.31-6.60 and 0.36-0.48%, respectively. The amino nitrogen contents of all samples were in the range of 641.23 to 791.12 mg%, while Daechan showed the highest content (791.12 mg%). Mold counts of fermented soybean products were 7.63-9.20 log CFU/g. Hunter color values for L value, a value, and b value ranged from 59.52-71.28, 0.11-3.03, and 14.61-31.70, respectively. The amylase and protease activities of the Daepung-2 and Daechan were the highest among all the cultivars. The rank order of major free amino acids was glutamic acid > lysine > alanine > aspartic acid, with Daepung-2 and Daechan being the highest. As a result, Daepung-2 was suitable as a soybean cultivar, exhibiting high quality standards for the fermentation process of the fermented soybean products.
This study was conducted to investigate the potential of infrared assisted air drying (IRAD) to dry dorumuk (Arctoscopus japonicus). The IRAD system is composed of a far infrared lamp, convection fan, data loggable electronic balance, and proportional-integral-differential temperature controller. The infrared lamp provided radiative energy for temperature increase and substance moisture vaporization. The convection fan removed the moisture outside the drying chamber. Various IRAD conditions were tested at 40oC & 5 m/s, 40oC &11 m/s, 50oC & 5 m/s, 50oC & 11 m/ s, 60oC & 5 m/s, or 60oC & 11 m/s. The IRAD of 40oC & 5 m/s could reduce the moisture content by 42.2 %. The IRAD of 60oC and 11 m/s could further reduce the moisture content to 16.7% within 17 h. During the IRAD test, electrical energy consumption ranged from 1.16 to 1.38 kWh which is lower than that of hot air drying. IRAD resulted in dried dorumuk with yellow color and crispy texture. In this study, IRAD showed potential for the production of high-quality, dried dorumuk products.
Commercial direct refrigerators have good energy efficiency, but are difficult to use for supercooled storage due to their large temperature deviation. Placing insulators and conductors inside the refrigerator could reduce these temperature deviations to within 0.3 degrees, allowing for the supercooled storage. The supercooled storage of salted Chinese cabbages during ten weeks was progressed to compare the other low temperature storages. The nucleation temperatures of salted Chinese cabbage were around -2.5oC and the freezing points were around -0.4oC, so -2oC was selected for the supercooled storage. The growth rate of lactic acid bacteria and yeast at -2oC storage was lower than that at 2oC storage. The reducing sugar was maintained higher due to the growth rate of lactic acid bacteria. The supercooled storage had an effect of delaying the fermentation of the salted Chinese cabbage, which may have the effect of delaying the fermentation of kimchi. This enhancement method of the direct refrigerator was effective for the supercooled storage and would be promising for commercial use.
This study constructed a wheat-specific primer and a probe using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). 2 regions of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and real-time PCR conditions were established. The calibration curve showed a slope of -3.356, a correlation coefficient of 0.998, and an amplification efficiency of 98.589%. Experiments were carried out on the rice flour mixed with 50%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001% of wheat. The result showed that it was possible to detect samples mixed with up to 0.01% of wheat. As a result of checking, the wheat detection potential of rice, 34 processed foods, and seven processed foods was ascertained. The real-time PCR method using the wheatspecific primer and probe developed in this study can be used to identify the authenticity of the raw materials, such as the incorrect indication of the raw materials utilized and the unintended mixing of wheat during the manufacturing process.
본 연구는 기능성 팽화 스낵의 개발을 위하여 우수한 식이섬유소원인 차전자피를 첨가한 쌀 압출성형물의 물리적 특성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 원료 배합비는 쌀을 기본 원료로 하여 차전자피의 함량(0, 7, 14, 21%)을 달리하였고, 압출성형 공정변수는 스크루 회전속도 200 rpm, 사출구 온도 140oC, 수분함량 20%로 조절하였다. 압출성형 후 직경 팽화율, 비길이, 밀도, 겉보기 탄성계수, 파괴력, 조직감, 색도, 수분용해지수, 수분흡착지수, 미세구조를 측정하였다. 직경 팽화율은 차전자피 함량이 증가할수록 감소하였으며, 비길이, 밀도, 겉보기 탄성계수와 파괴력은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 부착성은 차전자피 함량이 증가할수록 증가하였으며 21% 첨가에서 급격히 증가하였다. 차전자피의 첨가량이 증가할수록 명도는 감소하였고 적색도, 황색도, 총 색도차는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 수분용해지수와 수분흡착지수는 압출성형 공정 후 모두 증가하였으며 차전자피의 함량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 미세구조는 차전자피 첨가량이 증가할수록 팽화와 기공의 크기가 감소하여 압출성형물의 밀도가 증가하였다. 결론적으로 차전자피의 첨가량이 증가할수록 팽화를 감소시켜 단단한 조직감을 나타내었고 높은 수분흡수력으로 인해 부착성이 증가하여 14% 이하로 첨가 하는 것이 바람직하다. 또한 차전자피의 함량이 높은 팽화 스낵을 개발하기 위하여 유화제의 첨가 뿐만 아니라 차전 자피의 전처리 등 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.
우리나라에서 쌀(Rice, Orzya sativa L.)은 주식일 뿐만 아니라 다양한 가공식품원료로서 그의 가치가 높은 식품자원이다. 본 연구는 쌀맥주 제조 시 당화가 잘되는 쌀의 전 처리 방법에 대해 탐색하고자 수행되었다. 쌀을 미세분쇄, 수침처리, 볶음처리, 호화처리, 팽화처리 후 맥아와 함께 당화를 한 결과, 팽화미를 함유한 맥즙이 가장 높은 당도 (°Bx)를 나타내었다. 또한 액화 및 당화효소를 첨가하지 않고, 맥즙을 제조 시 쌀 30% 첨가했을 때 당도가 가장 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 볶은쌀과 팽화미를 이용하여 10, 20, 30% 첨가한 맥주를 제조한 결과 팽화미를 30% 첨가 한 맥즙의 가용성고형분이 15.4 °Bx로 가장 높고 당화도 잘되었으며, 맥주의 알코올함량이 5.0-5.4%로 볶은쌀 첨가 맥주에 비해 높았으며, 탁도가 없었고 쓴맛도 적은 결과를 보였다. 팽화처리는 쌀의 당화를 개선 할 수 있는 좋은 가공방법이라고 생각되며, 팽화미를 첨가한 쌀맥주 제조방법은 편리하고, 좋은 품질의 맥주를 생산 할 수 있는 방법 중의 하나라고 기대된다.
압출성형 결과 최근 관심이 많은 구증구포 흑삼에 함유 되는 진세노사이드인 Rg2, Rg5 등의 함량이 바렐온도가 높은 조건에서 매우 많이 증가되는 결과를 볼 수 있다 기존의 연구는 실험실 수준의 압출 성형기를 사용하였으나 산업화가 가능한 pilot-scale 설비를 사용하여 scale-up 공정의 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 preconditioner를 활용하여 압출성형 전에 수증기에 의한 수화 및 열처리를 통해서 보다 효율적인 인삼 가공공정이 가능한 공정으로 운영하였다. 압출성형 결과 최근 관심이 많은 구증구포 흑삼에 함유되는 진세노사이드인 Rg2, Rg5 등의 함량이 바렐온도가 높은 조건에서 매우 많이 증가되는 결과를 볼 수 있다. 이는 pilot scale twin-screw extruder 설비를 활용한 공정이 인삼의 가공 공정으로 산업화에 유용하게 사용될 수 있는 결과라 사료된다.
본 연구에서는 메주에서 분리된 C. allociferrii JNO301 을 이용한 최적 홍삼 ginsenosides의 생물전환 조건을 확인한 결과, 1.0% (v/v)의 홍삼 추출물에 탄소원으로서 2.5%(w/ v)의 galactose, 질소원으로서 1.0% (w/v)의 soytone을 첨가 하여 30oC에서 145 rpm으로 8일간 배양을 최적 생물전환 조건으로 확립하였다. C. allociferrii JNO301에 의해 홍삼 추출물에 존재하는 Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rf가 생물전환되어 F2, Rh1, Rh2, compound O, compound Mc1, compound K 등 의 minor ginsenosides의 함량이 증가되었다.
콩을 사용하는 간장제조공정과 달리 쌀을 사용하여 쌀소스를 제조 후 품질특성 및 관능적 평가를 실시하였다. 35oC로 하여 120일 숙성시킨 쌀소스의 품질평가 및 관능적 특성 결과 수분함량은 55.08%로 나타났으며, 색도측정 결과 L값은 38.90, a값 -1.22, b값 5.74로 숙성기간이 증가 할수록 황색도가 높게 나타나 b값이 증가하였다. pH는 4.35로 나타나 숙성 기간이 증가할수록 pH가 감소하는 경향을 나타났으며 총 질소 함량 측정 결과 0.26%로 나타나 숙성기간이 길어질수록 쌀의 단백질을 분해시켜 총 질소 함량은 높게 나타났다. 관능평가 결과, 숙성기간 120일 처리구가 숙성기간 90일 처리구에 비해 색의 기호도는 낮게 평가되었으나, 맛과 향의 기호도에서 높게 평가되었다. 따라서 쌀소스를 제조하는 경우에 숙성온도를 35oC로 하여 120일 숙성시키는 것이 관능적 품질 측면에서 가장 적합할 것으로 보이며, 본 연구를 바탕으로 생산된 쌀소스는 조미 식품으로써 쌀의 이용가치를 부가할 것으로 사료된다.