The diagrid structural system has a braced frame that simultaneously resists lateral and vertical loads, and is being applied to many atypical high-rise buildings for aesthetic effects. In this study, a 60-story structure with twisted degrees of 0° to 180° was selected to determine seismic response control performance of twisted high-rise structures whether the diagrid system was applied and according to the reduction of braced frame material quantity. For this purpose, ‘Nor’ model without the diagrid system and the ‘DS’ model with the diagrid system, which was modeled by reducing braced frame member section to 700~400, were modeled. As a result, the 'DS' model showed an seismic response control effect in all Twisted models even when the quantity was reduced, and especially, the Twisted shape model was found to have an superior response control effect compared to the regular structure. In addition, the ‘600DS’ analysis model, which matched the ‘Nor’ model by 99.0% in quantity, showed an increase in seismic response control performance as the rotation angle increased.

In a self-level riser, the piston rod generates hydraulic pressure while reciprocating along the pump rod, so components such as rods and valves require precise processing technology. Among them, the design of the pump rod was changed to a spiral groove method because there was a risk of poor operation during eccentricity. In this paper, the design and 3D modeling of the pump rod were conducted, and the structural stability of the core part according to the load change applied to the pump rod was confirmed.

The rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocroci smedinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a leaf-feeding pest of rice world-widely distributed. For better understanding of the pest insect, geographic sequence variation of the species were performed using the mitochondrial A+T-rich region, with the samples collected from seven Korean and six Chinese localities. A total of 94 haplotypes obtained from 187 individuals showed the length variation, ranging from 339 bp to 348 bp. The maximum divergence of 4.57% appears to evidence a substantial sequence variation, indicating the applicability of this molecular marker to the study of geographic variation. Overall, a high per generation migration ratio (Nm = 3.67742 ~ infinite), a low level of genetic fixation (FST = 0 ~ 0.11969), and no discernable isolated population were noted in the most C. medinalis populations. AMOVA analysis to find out allocation of genetic variability of C. medinalis populations has shown allocation of majority of variation to the within-population, rather than among-populations and between-region, suggesting that the C. medinalis populations in both China and Korea are largely well connected. This result is consistent with current knowledge of the dispersal ability of the species. The structure analysis of the A+T-rich region has shown that the typical structural elements found in other lepidopteran insects also is well preserved in the C. medinalis A+T-rich region (i.e., a poly-T stretch and a microsatellite-like A/T repeat).

본 연구는 와플구조의 구조적 거동에 파악하고자 한다. 와플슬래브의 두께, 주요 보의 깊이와 기둥의 크기를 변수로 하여 와플구조의 모드형상과 고유진동수를 파악하고자 하였다. 또한 쉘요소와 입체요소를 사용한 유한요소모델의 해석결과를 비교하였다. i)레벨2에서 주요 보의 깊이가 증가함에 따라, ii)레벨3에서 와플슬래브 두께가 감소함에 따라 모드진동수는 증가하였다. 3차원 모델과 2차원 모델의 모드형상은 유사한 형상을 보였다. 또한, 3차원 모델과 2차원 모델사이의 모드진동수는 25%에서 36%의 차이를 보였다.

Numerical analysis using commercial CFD code was carried out to develop the drag force type vertical axis hydraulic turbine for the improvement of the production efficiency of small hydro energy at low flow velocity condition. Blade pressure changes and internal flows were analyzed according to the presence or absence of the hydraulic turbine blade holes at flow velocity of less than 1.0~3.0 m/s. According to the numerical results, the pressure and flow velocity is severly affected by the flow velocity in turbine blade with no holes, while the influence of flow velocity is comparatively decreased in turbine blade with holes. It is also found that the pressure and flow velocity on the blade surface with holes are evenly distributed with no singular location and it is believed that forming a hole in the blade may be helpful in terms of structural safety.

Soybean is a short-day plant, which means short day length promotes flowering. So far nine major loci, E1 to E8 and J, affecting the timing of flowering and maturity have been genetically identified in soybean. To understand the roles of soybean flowering genes in photoperiod-dependent flowering time control in soybean, we analyzed not only expression patterns of E1, E2, E3 and E4 genes as well as soybean FT homologs, including GmFT2a, GmFT5a and GmFT4, but also structural variation of E1, E2, E3, and E4 genes in various soybean accessions exhibiting a broad range of flowering time. The mRNA level of GmFT2a and GmFT5a was low in late flowering accessions, but high in late flowering accessions. In contrast, GmFT4 exhibited opposite expression pattern to those of GmFT2a and GmFT5a. Structural variation of E1, E2, E3 and E4 gene in these accessions revealed that early and moderate flowering accessions contained non-functional alleles of E1, E2, E3 and E4 genes in their genome. These results suggested that expression patterns of GmFT2a GmFT5a and GmFT4 would be important factor determining flowering time in soybean and allelic variation and genetic combination of upstream E1, E2, E3, and E4 genes would be more important in soybean flowering time control than their gene expression patterns.

To define whole genome-level of structural variation by ionization energies and radiation doses in plant, the seeds of Ilpum rice cultivar were acutely irradiated with gamma rays (100Gy, 200Gy, and 400Gy) and ion-beams (20Gy, 40Gy, and 80Gy), respectively. Six M1 rice plants were re-sequenced by Hi-Seq2500 with Ilpum cultivar as control. The average sequencing coverage of the individuals was 10.6X, and the average mapping rate to the rice reference genome (IRGSP-1.0) sequence was 96.95%. The individual plants were irradiated with gamma-400Gy and ion-50Gy had highest variation of SNP with 471,837 and 469,147, respectively. The number of insertion/deletion was 77,500 and 77,106, the synonymous and frame-shift were 7,859 and 7,763 in above two individuals. Although high genome variation shown between Ilpum cultivar and irradiated individuals, there were non-correlation between number of variation and radiation doses. However, five individuals, except ion-20Gy, showed 33 common variant blocks (CVBs) spanning 6 Mb in whole rice genome (1.6%). The CVBs were distributed on 12 rice chromosomes, Chromosome 6 had biggest CVB (5 blocks, 1.3Mb), whereas chromosome 9 had smallest CVB (0.01Mb). Total five hundred fifty one genes were in CVBs which can regard radiation sensitive genes or may be regarded as radiation hot spots in rice genome. This study will contribute to the improvement of the radiation mutation breeding research in genetic and genomic aspect.

Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri is one of economically important diseases in the citrus industry. The devastating bacterial disease results in unattractive quality and a significant reduction in fruit production. Citrus growers and industry in Korea has been struggling with the serious disease causing the prohibition of export market. Korea also became the top import market for oranges. The development of markers linked to citrus canker resistance is strongly needed. In this study, we investigated molecular markers between ‘Kiyomi’ (Citrus unshiu ｘ C. sinensis), a resistant cultivar, and Natsudaidai (C. natsudaidai), a susceptible cultivar. To develop markers, we focused on structural variation (copy number variation, CNV, and presence/absence variation, PAV). It has been well documented that CNV and PAV of defense-related genes are associated with resistant cultivars. Using a read depth approach following next-generation sequencing, we performed genome-wide analysis of CNV and PAV in two varieties. As a result, 633 genes showing at least two times difference between the mapping reads from two varieties and 61 genes showing presence of the mapping reads in only either one of them were screened. Visual inspection using the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) was performed and experimental validation is being investigated. Interestingly, one of PAV candidates showed polymorphism in ‘Kiyomi’ and ‘Natsudaidai’ as well as other resistant and susceptible cultivars. Our results suggest a necessity for the detection of structural variation and indicate that the candidates may be useful for molecular breeding for citrus canker resistance and understanding disease resistance mechanism.

This study presents the tracker structural composition system for the effective angle variation of solar module. Also, the structural performance is evaluated through the structural modelling and analysis and the field application is considered.