한국에서 흰줄숲모기(Aedes albopictus)는 일반적으로 매우 흔한 종으로 여기지지만, 해외에서는 주요 질병 매개체로 인식되고 있으며, 도 시 환경에 잘 적응하는 특징을 가지고 있다. 최근 도심 지역의 기후변화와 열섬 현상에 따른 곤충의 대발생이 보고되면서, 이러한 환경 변화가 모 기의 부화율에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구를 위해 서울시 내 25개의 기상청 자동관측장비(AWS)에서 수집된 기후 데이터를 분석하여, 열섬 현상이 강한 도심 지역과 열섬 현상이 약한 교외 지역을 선정하였으며, 이를 통해 임의의 사이구간을 생성하여 총 9 개의 열섬 조건에서 흰줄숲모기의 부화율을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 열섬 현상이 강할수록 부화율이 증가하였으며, 회귀분석을 통해 열섬 강도가 높아질수록 이러한 추세가 더욱 빨라질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 도시열섬 현상에 따른 기온 변화가 흰줄숲모기의 부화율에 중 요한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다.

본 연구에서는 2019년에서 2021년까지, 매년 2월에서 5월 동안 대전광역시 6개 지점(기준지역 1곳 포함)의 기 온 데이터를 바탕으로 COVID-19로 인한 인간 활동의 감소가 대전 지역의 도시열섬강도에 미친 영향에 대하여 분석하 였다. 관측 지점에 따라 차이는 있으나 도시열섬강도는 COVID-19 전인 2019년에 비해 2020년과 2021년에 약 20% 이상 감소되었다. 인간 활동 감소는 야간의 도시열섬을 증가시키고 주간의 도시열섬을 감소시켰다. 그 결과 도시열섬강 도의 일변동 폭은 지점에 관계없이 2019년에 비해 2020년 및 2021년 모두 약 20% 이상 증가하였다. 도시열섬강도 감 소는 풍속과 같은 자연적 요인 및 사회적 거리두기 단계와는 큰 관련성이 없는 것으로 보인다. 반면에 COVID-19 이후 시행된 사회적 거리두기 및 확연히 감소된 대기오염물질과 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 NO2와 가장 유의미한 상관관계를 보였다.

도시화로 인한 열섬현상은 매년 심각해지고 있으며 도시 내의 온도증가로 인한 피해 또한 증가되고 있다. 최근 도시녹지 조성을 통한 온도저감이 도시열섬현상의 해결방안으로 부각되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 도시 공원녹지의 지형적 특징에 따른 주변 온도저감 효과를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 위성영상을 통해 서울시의 지표면 온도를 구축하였으며 서울시 내의 공원녹지와 녹지 주변에 대한 온도 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 유사한 주변 환경을 가진 공원녹지들을 추출하 고 각 녹지의 지형 요소에 따른 주변 온도저감 효과 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 녹지의 고도범위, 부피, 경사도가 증가함에 따라 주변 온도저감효과도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 향후 공원조성 시 지형적 요소 고려 뿐만 아니라 도시계획 차원에서의 바람길 조성 정책에도 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

본 연구는 기상청 현업모델(LDAPS)로부터 예측된 서울의 도시열섬 강도와 지상 기온을 AWS 관측과 비교 평가하였다. 관측된 서울의 열섬 강도는 봄과 겨울동안 증가하며 여름동안 감소한다. 열섬 강도의 시간적 변동 경향은 새벽 시간 최대, 오후에 최소를 보인다. 기상청 국지기상예측시스템(LDAPS)으로부터 예측된 열섬 강도는 여름철 과대모의, 겨울철 과소모의 특징을 보인다. 특히 여름철은 주간에 과대 모의 경향이 증가하며, 겨울은 새벽 시간 과소 모의 오차가 크게 나타난다. LDAPS에서 예측된 지면 기온의 오차는 여름철 감소하며 겨울철 증가한다. 겨울철 열섬 강도의 과소 모의는 도시 기온의 과소 모의와 관련되었으며, 여름철 열섬 강도의 과대 모의는 교외 지역 기온의 과소 모의로부터 기인하는것으로 판단된다. 도시 열섬강도 예측성 개선을 위하여 도시효과를 고려하는 도시캐노피모델을 LDAPS와 결합하여 2017년 여름 기간동안 모의하였다. 도시캐노피모델 적용 후 도시의 지면 기온의 오차는 개선되었다. 특히 오전시간 과소모의되는 기온의 오차 개선 효과가 뚜렷하였다. 도시캐노피모델은 여름동안 과대 모의하는 도시열섬강도를 약화시키는 개선 효과를 보였다.

PURPOSES : This study aims to reduce the urban heat island phenomenon via utilization of porous asphalt pavements. METHODS : One of the many known functions of porous asphalt is that it reduces the urban heat island phenomenon. Indoor experiments were conducted to compare the surface temperature of sprinkled dense-graded and porous asphalt and outdoor experiments were conducted to verify the difference between the two asphalt pavements under external conditions. RESULTS : The results of the indoor experiment demonstrated that the temperatures of the two pavements were similar and that the porous asphalt pavement exhibited low temperature when sprinkled; the temperature of the porous asphalt was approximately 2 °C lower than that of the dense-graded asphalt pavement. The results of the outdoor experiment showed that the peak temperatures of the two pavements were approximately the same as usual. However, it was confirmed that the surface temperature of the porous asphalt pavement at night after sunset was lower than that of the dense-graded asphalt pavement and that the peak temperature dropped for approximately 1~2 days after the rainfall.. CONCLUSIONS : Porous asphalt pavement has a lower surface temperature than normal dense-graded asphalt pavement, under the presence of moisture in the pavement. In addition, it was confirmed that the lower surface temperature of the porous asphalt pavement is due to the low heat emission of the pavement at night. Accordingly, it is believed that the application of the porous asphalt pavement will not only have known effects but also significant impacts on the reduction of urban heat island phenomena.

본 연구는 최근 정부 및 지방자치단체가 공원, 녹지, 도로 등의 공공시설을 건설하기 위해 도시 계획시설로 지정된 시설 중 결정·고시 이후 10년 이상 지난 장기미집행 도시계획시설에 대한 일몰제가 적용됨에 따라 지정도시계획시설 사유지에 대한 개발이 제한되면서 발생될 수 있는 녹지지역에 대한 개발의 영향을 분석하였다. 공원녹지의 개발로 인해 생태계서비스의 중요한 역할인 재해 저감의 영향을 분석하기 위해 도시지역에 가장 크게 영향을 미치고 자주 발생되는 홍수와 열섬을 대상으로 분석을 시행하였다. 그 결과, 대상지의 공원녹지의 개발로 인해 유출 량은 11% 증가되었고 대상지의 온도는 평균적으로 2.02℃ 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 도시 그린인프라의 재해저감 기능을 유지하기 위해서는 도시계획시설 일몰제로 인해 발생될 수 있 는 무분별한 개발행위를 방지할 수 있는 정책이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of plant type on the roof of a model building on the temperature of the interior space, and to provide the suitable plant species for a green roof. On the roof of scaled model building, grass (GR: Zoysia japonica), sedum (SE: Sedum makinoi Aurea), maekmundong (MM: Liriope platyphylla), and jasanhong (JH: Rhododendron schippenbachii) was planted. From June 28 to August 28, i.e., for 63 days, the internal and external temperature of the model building and the light intensity were measured and compared with the control model building (CON: no plant and substrate on the roof). With increased global radiation, the maximum temperature was increased from 28.2℃ to 51.74℃ for CON, from 27.2℃ to 47.7℃ for GR, from 27.7℃ to 49.3℃ for SE, from 27.9℃ to 48.3℃ for MM, from 27.5℃ to 48.9℃ for RD, whereas the outside temperature increased between 25.5℃ and 34.6℃. A positive linear relationship was observed between global radiation and the internal temperature (r=0.987-0.989) and hence, the temperature difference between the internal and external model building (ΔT) was larger with increased radiation. A positive linear relationship was shown between light intensity and ΔT at difference radiation levels. The regression coefficient was estimated as 0.99-1.00℃/[100W/m2] under 500 J/cm2, 1.10-1.15℃/[100W/m2] at averaged radiation 1,800J/cm2, whereas the large decrease in the coefficient, i.e., 0.76-0.86℃ /[100W/m2] was observed for above 1,800J/cm2 radiation level. The ΔT per unit of light intensity observed a significantly different between treatments. With the planted grass on the roof of the model building, the lowest ΔT per unit solar radiation was observed, which means that the covered roof with grass causes the building internal temperature to be less affected by the sun radiation.

In Korea, Cryptotympana atrata and Hyalessa fuscata are the most abundant cicada species, and their population densities were 2.8-9.5 times higher in urban areas than in rural areas. It has been suggested that the urban heat island effect (UHI), which is higher temperatures in urban areas than in surrounding areas due to human activities, underlied the population density differences between urban and rural areas. To elucidate the relationship between UHI and cicada population density, we compared cicada population densities in three groups: areas of high and low UHI in metropolitan Seoul as well as areas in the vicinity of Seoul. C. atrata and H. fuscata constituted almost 30% and 70% of the exuviae, respectively, collected across all sampling localities. Moreover, no difference in species composition was observed among groups. The densities of C. atrata and H. fuscata were 14 and 41 times higher in high UHI areas than in low UHI areas. Furthermore, the degree of UHI was significantly correlated with densities of both C. atrata and H. fuscata. In summary, these results support that higher temperatures during the development may cause population increases of C. atrata and H. fuscata.

기후변화에 따라 도시열섬현상이 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 이러한 기후변화의 영향과 더불어 도시화의 진행과정에서 도시열섬현상의 강도는 더욱 심각하게 나타나고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구는 도시열섬현상이 도시 공간구조에 따라 어떠한 강도를 띠고 나타나는지를 확인하기 위해 기초연구를 진행하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 따라서 도시열섬현상의 특성을 파악하기 위하여 다음의 두 가지의 분석에 초점을 맞춘다. 첫째, 이동식차량디지털온도계(Portable Vehicle Digital Thermometer: PVDT)를 기반으로 가능한 동시간 대에 도시기온을 측정하면서 이동경로를 중심으로 등온선의 형성구조를 파악한다. 둘째, 이러한 열섬현상의 분석을 바탕으로 등온선의 변화가 나타나는 주요 원인을 파악하고자 디지털열화상캠코더(Digital Infrared Camcoder: DIC)를 활용하여 도시기온을 상승시키는 시설물을 선별하여 표적탐구를 시행하였다. 실험의 결과 도시열섬에 영향을 끼치는 핵심적 요인은 도로표면, 간판 등 표지판, 건축물의 지붕과 외벽 및 차량 바퀴와의 접촉면인 것으로 파악된다.

The spatial and temporal changes of the annual mean urban heat island(UHI) intensity were investigated using near surface temperature data measured at 16 automatic weather systems(AWS) in Busan metropolitan area(BMA) during the 11-yr period, from 2000 to 2010. For nighttime, the annual mean UHI intensity at Dongnae(U1) in 2000 was weaker than it in 2010. However the change of the annual mean UHI intensity at Daeyeon(U2) during 11 years was different from it at U1. The annual frequency of the UHI intensity over 5℃ considerably increased at U2 and decreased at U1 during 11 years. The center of the UHI also spatially shifted southward with Daeyeon and Haeundae in BMA. It would be caused by the increase of urban area, population-density and transportation near U2 and by the decrease of them near U1. We found that the spatial and temporal differences of the UHI intensity have coincided with changes of land-use, population density and transportation in BMA.

The annual variations of the urban heat island in Busan is investigated using surface temperature data measured at 3 automatic weather stations(AWSs) for the 5 years period, 2006 to 2010. Similar to previous studies, the intensity of the urban heat island is calculated using the temperature difference between downtown(Busanjin, Dongnae) and suburb(Gijang). The maximum hourly mean urban heat island are 1.4℃ at Busanjin site, 2300LST and 1.6 ℃ at Dongnae site, 2100LST. It occurs more often at Dongnae than Busanjin. Also the maximum hourly mean urban heat island appears in November at both sites. The urban heat island in Busan is stronger in the nighttime than in the daytime and decreases with increasing wind speed, but it is least developed in summer. Also it partly causes the increasement of nighttime PM10 concentration.

The present study observed temperature in order to identify factors affecting temperature by zoning and to measure the intensity of their impact on temperature. The empirical results of analyzing observed data are as follows. In order to make up for multicollinearity, a problem in multiple regression analysis, and to give more specific explanations, this study conducted factor analysis and obtained desirable data with adequacy and statistical significance. In the correlation matrix, factors decreasing temperature were planted areas, water surfaces and grasslands, and those increasing temperature were bare grounds, paved areas, and building area. According to land cover patterns, commercial areas had the highest temperature lowering effect. Through the rotated component matrix, we found that factors are grouped into those decreasing temperature, those increasing temperature, and those with low significance in increasing or decreasing temperature. In order to solve the problem of multicollinearity in multiple regression analysis, we performed factor analysis between the land use patterns and temperature and confirmed the usability of factor analysis as a new analysis method in urban heat island.

The present study investigated the causes and intensity of the urban heat island phenomenon by the seasons according to the pattern of land use in Chungju City. Highest temperature and lowest moisture areas of the urban were very similar to the distribution of commercial districts, on the other hand, lowest temperature and highest moisture areas were distributed in manufacturing districts, green zones and the Hoam Lake. If appear at intensity of the distance from the outer circumference of commercial districts, wind direction and the rise of temperature, we could observe the remarkable expansion of high temperature from commercial districts toward residential districts around of downwind in all seasons. In case the effect of the wind was not significant as well, high temperature in commercial districts appeared tendency that a little spread to 1, 2 residential districts around. But checked up the intimate relations between the amount of moving heat and wind, when out of consideration that size of area was not much compared than residential areas of downwind affected by the wind. These phenomenon was relatively obvious in summer, the other side, in spring and autumn appeared a similar tendency.

The purpose of this research was to three-criteria landuse-pattern, developing density, NDVI which were related to the heat island and find the distribution characteristic of urban surface temperature and urban heat island effects. The results of this study were as follows. According to the analysis of surface temperatures, the first grade was the outside-city like a mountain and its temperature was less than 12.18℃. The fifth grade was the downtown industrial area and its temperature was more than 23.54℃. It means Daegu-Metropolitan-City has the serious heat-island effect. the results of landuse pattern analysis, in case of fifth and forth grade, city area was occupied over 90% with residential, commercial and industrial areas, but in case of third grade, openspace was occupied over 70%. The results of developing density analysis, the temperature had high correlation with building ratio, road ratio, vegetation ratio and etc. To plan for the decrease of heat island effect needed the extension of green space, decrease of paving, but there was a limit to get the objective method for grade classification because of lacking in the basic data, the research of criteria will be accomplished continuously.

This study aims to estimate a urban heat island potential distribution based on the land-use types using Landsat TM(1100 LST August 2004) and AWS data in Daegu. The heat island potential is defined as a difference between surface temperature and air-temperature at each place. The study area was selected as about 900㎢ square including Daegu metropolitan area. Land-use data obtained by dividing all of Daegu metropolitan area into 1-km-square three types of maps were prepared in the 1960s, 1970s and 2000s respectively. Land-use types were classified into 5 categories. Forest and farm lands have been reduced at a wide range during 40 years. Most of those changed into urban area. The heat island potential distribution presented a striking contrasts according to land-use types. For example, the heat island potential of urban area was higher than 10℃ in comparison to those of water or paddy rice areas.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristic of urban heat island intensity in urban area formed at a basin. Thermal environments for basin-type cities are influenced by significant topographic relief winds. In this study, we analyzed the diurnal variations of the heat island intensity according to meteorological condition and season using AWS(Automatic Weather observation System) data in Daegu Metropolitan area for 1 year(3/April, 2003 ～ 2/April, 2004). In this study, we defined the urban heat island intensity as the air temperature difference between two points, the downtown and the suburban area. The suburban area is located at valley mouth around the western tip of Daegu. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The maximum heat island intensity was recorded at early morning under the meteorological conditions, calm and clear 2. The heat island intensity was strong in the order of winter, fall, spring and summer. 3. The heat island intensity came out minus values in the afternoon. This phenomenon is known as a common for basin-type cities. 4. The heat island intensity was twice or more in clear and calm than not so.

Rapid progress in urbanization has resulted in a change of the micro climate, especially in the urban area. In order to investigate the phenomenon of the heat island in the residential micro climate, a field survey was carried out by 4 sets of the residential type in Jeonju under typical winter synoptic condition. As analytic methode, it is used the comparison on the relation of the Land-to-Coverage Rate to Heat Island and Oxygen Concentration. And as a key question it is asked how stable characteristics of the micro climate will result from the survey of the Heat Island and the Oxygen Concentration, used as indicator. To ensure the trustworthy result of research, it is calculated the critical influence of the wind velocity and the Land-to-Covearage Rate. As a result of comparative analysis, it could be confirmed that the local temperatures in all sets of the residential type were higher than the average temperature in Jeonju. But the housing type A "exclusive use for housing zone" has relativly the most stable and best living condition. On the contrary the residential type B and D has the worst toward the oxygen concentration in the time zone 9-12 a.m., which didn't reach the minimum of the oxygen concentration 20.5%. It means that the higer the development and population density is, the worse is the situation of the Quality of Life in the residential types in accordance with the heat island and oxygon concentration.

As urbanization has been expanded in Korea, open spaces, such as urban parks and public sites, have been utilized for other uses, and then this bring out environmental changes for the worse. It is expected that these changes become more serious problems due to overpopulation, increasing individualism, and development of transportation. This research base on the consideration of connecting between decreasing urban green spaces and distributed green sites so as to build the substantial plan for the Green Network construction for urban heat island mitigation in Dalseo district, Daegu Metropolitan City. The result were as follow; 1)Connecting existing natural sites to the remained parks green zone made an Ideal form of Green-Network system. 2)Some school sites were selected for usable open spaces in order to build Green-Network system, and the plan connecting together with exist natural sites was suggested. 3)Moreover, the scheme of planting on the road spaces for connecting green spaces was proposed. 4)The devices of planting on the urban riverside for enhancing the role of urban stream to form green network was conceived.