본 실험은 농가 관행인 굴삭기 뒤집기와 자주식교반기를 이용한 뒤집기 비교 시험을 통해 발효단계별 배지의 특성을 조사하였다. 야외발효배지의 온도는 자주식교반기 처리에서 뒤집기 후 온도 상승이 빨라지는 경향을 보였다. 후발효배지의 온도는 농가관행인 굴삭기 처리구에서 온도가 높게 유지되면서 후발효과 진행되었다. 야외발효 단계에서 배지에는 고온성 세균 (Bacillus spp.), 방선균, 형광성 Pseudomonas 속, 사상균 등 다양한 미생물들이 분포 하였고, 특히 배지발효 과정에서 배지의 분해와 발열에 관여하는 호기성 세균의 밀도는 자주식교반기 처리구에서 상대적으로 높았고, 고온성 발효과정 중 푸른곰팡이균과 중온성 방선균은 생육이 억제되거나 사멸되는 양상을 보였다. 유기물을 분해하는데 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 고온성 방선균은 자주식교반기 처리에서 농가관행보다 높은 밀도를 보였다. 처리별 볏짚의 길이는 자주식교반기를 사용하였을 경우 조금 짧았고, 수분함량은 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. pH와 EC는 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았고, a, b값은 자주식교반기에 의한 뒤집기가 진행될수록 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 발효 단계별 배지의 CN율을 조사한 결과 농가관행인 굴삭기의 경우 23.1에서 시작하여 5차 뒤집기에서는 16.2까지 낮아 졌고, 자주식교반기의 경우 23.3에서 16.9로 낮아 졌다. 따라서 처리간에는 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 처리별 수확량을 조사한 결과 1주기에서는 자주식교반기 처리에서 20% 의 증수효과가 있었고, 2주기에서는 28%, 3주기에서는 26%의 증수효과가 있었으며, 전체적으로 23%의 수량 증대효과가 있었다.

유럽에서 양송이 야외발효에 많이 사용하던 윈드로우터너를 우리나라 실정에 맞게 밀짚대신 볏짚을 사용할 수 있도록 개량 개발하였다. 관행 굴삭기작업과 비교하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 교반작업 성능은 81 m3 /hr으로 굴삭기 28.6 m3 /hr보다 2.8배 높았으며, 재배사 한 동(균상면적 165 m2 )당 1회 배지교반시간이 46분으로 관행보다 노력을 66% 절감할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 야외발효 말기 배지더미의 온도분포 조사 결과 배지더미 중앙 아래부분의 온도가 관행보다 5℃ 이상 높아 호기발효에 유리한 것으로 나타났으며, 부숙도를 추정할 수 있는 회분조사결과 30.9±1.1%로 나타나 관행 28.4±1.6%보다 부숙정도도 높게 나타났다. 버섯의 농가 재배결과 수확량이 시작기의 경우 관행 대조구 대비 22.9% 증수되는 것으로 나타났다.

In order to produce mushroom compost in low-cost and high-efficiency, a self-propelled turner was developed and compared with the uniformity of compost produced by excavator, compost mixer, and self-propelled turner. The material of the compost was mixed with rice straw and chicken manure at a ratio of 3:1 as dry weight. After the final turning, the internal temperature distribution, the water content of the compost pile, the ash ratio and uniformity of the compost pile were examined. After compost was completed, the water contents were 69.9 ± 0.54, 72.1 ± 0.15 and 74.5 ± 0.82%, respectively. The length of rice straw was 47.5 ± 15.4 cm, 24.9 ± 10.1 cm and 31.0 ± 10.6 cm, respectively. The ash content of the dry weight of each compost were 25.0 ± 6.2%, 33.6 ± 4.2% and 28.2 ± 1.1%, respectively. The deviation of the length of rice straw was affected by the linear velocity of the spinner in the compost mixer and the self-propelled turner, which were 9 m/sec for the self-propelled turner and 21.5 m/sec for the compost mixer. As a result, the mushroom compost was the most uniformly produced by the self-propelled turner.

This study focused on evaluating the phytoextraction of heavy metals (Co, Pb, and Zn) induced by bioaugmentation of button mushroom compost (BMC) in Helianthus annuus (sunflower). When the potential ability of BMC to solubilize heavy metals was assessed in a batch experiment, the inoculation with BMC could increase more the concentrations of water-soluble Co, Pb, and Cd by 35, 25, and 45% respectively, compared to those of non-inoculated soils. BMC-assisted growth promotion and metal uptake in H. annuus was also evaluated in a pot experiment. In comparison with non-inoculated seedlings, the inoculation led to an increase in the growth of H. annuus by 27, 25, and 28% in Co-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soils, respectively. Moreover, enhanced accumulation of Co, Pb, and Zn in the shoot and root systems was observed in inoculated plants, where metal the translocation from root to the above-ground tissues was also found to be enhanced by the BMC. Evidently, these results suggest that the BMC could be effectively employed in enhancing the phytoextraction of Co, Pb, and Zn from contaminated soils.

An auxin-producing bacterial strain, designated 4-3, was isolated from waste button mushroom compost in Boryeong-si, Chungnam. The strain 4-3 was classified as a novel strain of Leucobacter tardus, based on chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses. TLC and HPLC the isolated L. tardus strain 4-3 produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the auxin. Maximum IAA productionof 94.3 mg L-1 was detected for bacteria cultured in R2A medium with 0.1% l-tryptophan, incubated for 24 h at 35oC. Negative correlationwas observed between IAA production and pH of the culture medium, indicating that the increase inIAA caused acidification ofthe medium. The effect of supplementation with varying concentrations of l-tryptophan, a known precursor of IAA, was also assessed. production was maximal at 0.1% l, but decreased at lconcentrations above 0.2%. To investigate the plant growth-promoting effects of the bacterium, L. tardus strain 4-3 culture broth was used to inoculate water cultures and seed pots of mung bean. We found thatadventitious root induction and root growth were 2.2-times higher in thethan in the non-inoculated plants.

This study analyzed population density changes and taxonomic characteristics of various microorganisms, which play important roles in culture medium fermentation of Agaricus bisporus and examined changes in decompositionrelated enzyme activity secreted by these microorganisms. Various microorganisms such as thermophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, fluorescent pseudomonas spp. and filamentous bacteria are closely related to culture medium fermentation of Agaricus bisporus. The population density of these microorganisms changes and harmful bacteria disappear during thermophilic fermentation. During outdoor fermentation, Psychrobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Pseudoxanthomonas sp. showed the highest percentage distribution in the different culture medium while Bacillus sp. and Psychrobacillus sp. were the most dominant after pasteurization. When analyzing the enzyme activity of microorganism during rice straw fermentation, cellulose enzymes become important at the early stage of fermentation. Increase in hemicellulose enzyme follows after decomposing carbon sources. The microorganisms that secretes these enzymes were distributed at the second and third turning stage of fermentation.

The potential ability of Button mushroom compost (BMC) to solubilize heavy metals was estimated with metal contaminated soils collected from abandoned mines of Boryeong area in South Korea. The bacterial strains in BMC were isolated for investigating the mobilization of metals in soil or plant by the strains and identified according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. When metal solubilization potential of BMC was assessed in a batch experiment, the BMC was found to be capable of solubilizing metals in the presence of metals (Co, Pb and Zn) and the results showed that inoculation of BMC could increase the concentrations of water soluble Co, Pb and Cd by 35, 25 and 45% respectively, than those of non-inoculated soils. BMC-assisted growth promotion and metal uptake in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) was also evaluated in a pot experiment. In comparison with non-inoculated seedlings, the inoculation led to increase the growth of H. annuus by 27, 25 and 28% respectively in Co, Pb and Zn contaminated soils. Moreover, enhanced accumulation of Co, Pb and Zn in the shoot and root systems was observed in inoculated plants, where metal translocation from root to the above-ground tissues was also found to be enhanced by the BMC. The apparent results suggested that the BMC could effectively be employed in enhancing phytoextraction of Co, Pb and Zn from contaminated soils.

Agaricus bisporus grows on a substrate known as compost, which is a product of aerobic fermentation by various microorganisms. These organisms convert and degrade the straw and form lignin humus complex which is utilized later on by the population of organisms. Theses microflora play a key role in the process of composting and can be regarded as the active agents in the preparation of nutrient medium as many of them may ultimately contribute themselves to the nutrition of A. bisporus. The diversity of microflora according to growing farmhouse and fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus were investigated. The aerobic bacteria and Bacillus as longer of turning stage of compost pile were increased. And, thermophilic actinomycetes and fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. showed high density after the pasteurization stage. But Tricoderma sp. was decreased toward the end of turning stage of compost pile. Ten mushroom farms was selected to research of microflora of fruiting body of button mushroom. The microflora showed significant difference according to mushroom farms. The bacteria density was 0.4~41.6×105 cfu/ml and the fungus was 1.3~3.9×103 cfu/ml. But The microorganism density was not significant change for the storage periods. These isolates were classified into Chryseobacterium indologenes(6 strains), Pseudomonas agarici(5 strains), Sphingobacterium multivorum(2 strains), Flavobacterium anhuiense(2 strains), Microbacterium sp.(10 strains), Pseudomonas sp.(13 strains) on the basis of 16 rDNA analysis. The most dominants of these species were Chryseobacterium indologenes and Pseudomonas agarici.