Qianjin Yaofang by Sun Simiao of the Tang Dynasty is a comprehensive collection of medical classics. The original version has been lost. Zhenben Qianjinfang, as the earliest extant version, contains a large number of common characters and has a very high reference value. This article takes the common characters in Zhenben Qianjinfang as the object of investigation, and uses research methods such as document collation, Chinese character studies, and exegesis to comprehensively sort out and systematically describe the common characters in the book, in order to provide reference for the study of ancient medical books. Based on preliminary statistics, there are a total of 661 pairs of characters that have a relationship between orthodox and secular in Zhenben Qianjinfang. Referring to Mr. Zhang Yongquan’s classification method of vulgar characters, these vulgar characters can be divided into nine categories, including changing meanings, changing sound symbols, simplification of glyphs, multiplication of glyphs, writing variation, splitting or merging of components, displacement of components, newly created vulgar characters, and borrowing pronunciation and common words, etc. For each type of common characters, typical examples are cited for critical analysis to explain the formation mechanism and rationale behind the glyphs of the common characters. To sum up, the formation of the common characters in Zhenben Qianjinfang is mainly the result of the combined effects of two internal and external factors. The evolution of glyphs, the need for semantic expression, and the phonetic characteristics of Chinese characters have contributed to the emergence of vulgar characters within the language system, while external factors such as politics, technology, and culture have also had a certain impact on the formation of common characters.

As the largest written Chinese dictionary in the Joseon Dynasty, “Gujin Shilin” contains a wealth of Korean vulgar words. This paper takes the Korean Kanji Words in “Gujin Shilin” as an example, analyzes the Korean common characters used in the entry, and summarizes the characteristics of the common characters in the inheritance of “Liushu”, such as associative compounds, pictophonetic characters, and phonetic loan characters, as well as the simplification of the form, the symbolization of the components, and the components of the common characters. The variation law of functionalization and reconstruction of pronunciation and meaning is beneficial to the research on the spread and development of popular characters outside the territory.

As one of the earliest Buddhist scripture classics, the “Faju Sutra” adopts the form of chanting, and the content is plain and simple. Ganbo 001 “Faju Sutra” contains two parts, “Dao Heng Pin” and “Ni Huan Pin”. This article uses this manuscript as the research object, and divides its glyphs into parts to describe the glyph features of this manuscript. According to Huang Zheng’s “Dunhuang Vulgar Characters Dictionary” (2nd edition), the classification method of the common characters is carried out to study the classification of common characters. At the same time intercept the glyphs that have not been recorded by the predecessors and make a supplement to the “Dunhuang Vulgar Characters Dictionary”.

Korean official documents use Chinese characters in a long term, but how to ensure the physical accuracy of Chinese characters and the consistency with Qing Dynasty, these problems have always troubled the North Korea manners. Moreover, the Chinese characters imported into Korea produced variant forms (different from the Chinese characters which in the Ming and Qing Dynasties) in the process of development and dissemination. Among them, most of them is Korean character. This paper through the comparative study between Chinese characters and Korean characters, preliminary explore the forming reasons of Korean folk characters, and based on these studies to analyze the Korean “quality profile”, to provide research materials which help to explore the problems about the development and the existence of characters during them are sowing outside.

The purpose of this research is to increase the need for Chinese character education through the teaching of Chinese and Japanese versions of Chinese character pronunciation, and also the modern, simplified versions of Chinese characters that are used in both China and Japan today. A practical problem with the current method of Chinese character education in Korea is the fact that the Chinese pronounce the characters differently. Its also common for one who has learned Chinese characters in Korea mot to be able to read actual Chinese newspapers or billboards. To solve these two problems, classes were given using 1,428 chosen Chinese characters that are used in Korea, China, and Japan alike. The results are as follows. 1.Parents of students wish for their children to learn Chinese characters, mainly because they feel it necessary for daily life, and because they feel there is a need to keep neighboring countries, such as China and Japan, in mind. In addition, they wish for the students to be taught the pronunciations of the common characters used in Korea, China, and Japan, as well. 2.The students feel it necessary to learn the different pronunciations of Chinese characters, in addition to our own, for future trade and relations with China and Japan. 3.In relation to the depth and area of pronunciation studies, parents and students alike showed positive responses to the category marked Learning only the characters that are used in all three countries. This seems to showed desire to learn only the basic characters, in order to become not unfamiliar with the Chinese and Japanese language. 4.The students showed very positive responses about learning the pronunciations of common characters used in all three countries of Korea, China, and Japan, and the modernized versions of Chinese characters as well.

본고는 「교육용기초한자 자소표 制定을 위한 試案 연구」(2015)에서 제시한 ‘試案’과 현재 중국 교육부에서 제정하여 시행하고 있는 「現代常用字部件及 部件名稱規範」(2009)과의 상호비교를 통하여, 兩者 간의 得失을 따져 보고, 그 결과에 근거하여 ‘試案’의 미비점을 보완하기 위하여 작성되었다. 이를 위하여, 우선 ‘試案’에서 제시한 310개 組 453개 기초자소와 중국의 441개 組 514개 部件을 서로 비교하여 일차적으로 아래와 같은 兩者 간의 차이를 가려내었다. 1. 양자가 동일하게 선정한 자소: 343개 2. 前者에서 따로 설정한 자소: 110개 3. 後者에서 따로 설정한 자소: 171개 본고는 위의 3과 4를 중심으로 하여 양자 간에 차이가 나는 원인을 분석한 결과, 그 원인은 아래와 같은 이유에서 비롯된 것임을 적출 할 수 있었다. 1. 楷書體와 簡體字 간의 乖離 2. 對象 字數의 차이 3. 문자의 系統性과 現實性에 대한 인식차이 4. 層次分析 방법의 채택여부 5. 기타 이상의 비교작업을 통하여 양자 간의 得失을 糾明해 본 결과, 양자 모두 각 각 설정한 ‘자소추출원칙’을 일관되게 지키지 못한 경우가 적지 않게 확인되 었고, 疏漏한 부분 역시 적지 않게 발견되었다. 그러나 작업을 통하여 전자 의 문제점을 다시 검토하고 보완 할 수 있는 방법을 모색할 수 있게 되었으 며, 자소 數의 增減 、分組(組 나눔) 등의 문제에 있어서는 구체적으로 修訂 해야 할 부분도 발견할 수 있었던 것은 큰 수확이라고 판단되었다. 이외에 도, 본고의 작업결과는 한자문화권에서의 한자공용문제를 해결하기 위한 기 초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이며, 현재 韓中 양국에서 각각 公式字形으로 사용하고 있는 楷書體와 簡體字간의 互換原理를 파악하는데 있어서의 중요 한 학습자료로도 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

Physiology and genetics of early maturity in cereals are the subject of practical as well as scientific interest for agronomist and plant breeders, Thorough understanding of the true nature of such a complex character requires physiological and genetical knowledge about the internal factors, which are closely bound up with and react to some particular external or environmental factors. From the practical point of view. experiments should be conducted under controlled conditions. especially the day length and temperature, so that the genotypic differences pertaining to these factors may be discerned. Takahashi and Yasuda (1958, 1970) maintained that at least three physiological factors were responsible for determining earliness in barley. namely. (1) spring and winter habit of growth or vernalization requirement, (2) ogitioeruiduc response or sensitivity to short-day, and (3) earliness factor in a narrow sense or minimal vegetative growth. The same situations were true in common wheat also (Yasuda and Shimoyama, 1965), In this report. physiology and genetics of internal factors and their relations to the time of heading in the field will be presented with some problems concerning differences in mechanism of early maturity between barley and wheat.