Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the perception of visiting hospice services to end-of-life patients at home. Methods: Individual in-depth interviews and qualitative content analysis were used for data collection and analysis, respectively. The study’s participants were 15 end-of-life patients receiving visiting hospice services at home. Results: Four themes emerged from nine subthemes, which were categorized from 26 condensed meaning units by interpreting underlying meanings. The four themes were “service with value started by chance”, “service that fills the care gap”, “service that the vulnerable group can rely on”, and “service that is insufficient to medical support”. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is suggested that policy support is needed to develop and apply a community-based hospice service model that connects hospitals and homes.

In Korea, additional regulatory requirements are increasing due to the full-scale decommissioning of nuclear power plants following the permanent shutdown of Kori Unit 1 and Wolseong Unit 1. Accordingly, it is necessary to preemptively expand the scope of physical protection regulations from design, construction, and operation stage to back-end nuclear fuel cycle such as cessation of operation and decommissioning. According to Article 2, Paragraph 24 of the Nuclear Safety Act, the decommissioning of nuclear facilities is defined as all activities to exclude them from the application of the Nuclear Safety Act by permanently suspending the operation of nuclear facilities, demolishing the facilities and sites, or removing radioactive contamination. In other words, it refers to a series of technologies or activities to safely and efficiently dismantle nuclear power plant and remove radioactive contamination and restore them to their original state after permanently shut down of nuclear power plant. Security changes during decommissioning and decontamination since removing fuel from the reactor alters the plant’s safety status, some of the systems or components considered as vital equipment during plant operation will no longer be needed. The vital areas may be reduced as fewer buildings, equipment and systems need to be protected, which means access controls, surveillance and so on can be reduced. And also, decommissioning will probably require more workers than operation would, although this might not be the case at all times. From a security point of view, this might require more personnel or additional access points. Changing operating require changed security measures, to ensure that the required security level will be maintained while at the same time work proceeds efficiently. Once all of the fuel is removed from the plant, radiological release risk is much lower. The lower risk requires a lower level of security measures. Even during the removal of nuclear material and contaminated equipment from nuclear facilities, lower level of security measures should meet regulatory requirements based on a graded approach. Therefore, this study intends to examine the responsibilities and obligations of regulatory authorities, regulator, and nuclear operators in terms of protection after permanent shutdown and decommissioning.

Liquid metal extraction (LME), a pyrometallurgical recycling method, is popular owing to its negligible environmental impact. LME mainly targets rare-earth permanent magnets having several rare-earth elements. Mg is used as a solvent metal for LME because of its selective and eminent reactivity with rare-earth elements in magnets. Several studies concerning the formation of Dy-Fe intermetallic compounds and their effects on LME using Mg exist. However, methods for reducing these compounds are unavailable. Fe reacts more strongly with B than with Dy; B addition can be a reducing method for Dy-Fe intermetallic compounds owing to the formation of Fe2B, which takes Fe from Dy-Fe intermetallic compounds. The FeB alloy is an adequate additive for the decomposition of Fe2B. To accomplish the former process, Mg must convey B to a permanent magnet during the decomposition of the FeB alloy. Here, the effect of Mg on the transfer of B from FeB to permanent magnet is observed through microstructural and phase analyses. Through microstructural and phase analysis, it is confirmed that FeB is converted to Fe2B upon B transfer, owing to Mg. Finally, the transfer effect of Mg is confirmed, and the possibility of reducing Dy-Fe intermetallic compounds during LME is suggested.

Nurses in an intensive care unit (ICU) often play key roles to improve the quality of end-of-life care. During those times, many nurses report they feel ambivalent in the caring between life and death. The purpose of this study was to analyze the concept of ambivalence that ICU nurses often experienced in end-of-life care. As a method, this study was conducted with the concept analysis using the hybrid model Schwartz-Barcott and Kim (1986) presented, naming the complex and dual feelings nurses experience during end-of-life care in ICU as ambivalence. In the theoretical phase and from the literature review, characteristics of ambivalence were identified. During the fieldwork phase, in-depth interviews were conducted with five nurses. In the final phases, a theoretical description was extracted of ambivalence in ICU nurses during end-of-life care. In terms of results, external factors (i.e., realistic context, contradictions in nursing activities themselves) and internal factors (i.e., personal tendencies, conflicting perceptions of dying, occupational awareness of nurses, role conflicts) were derived as antecedents of ICU nurses’ ambivalence during end-of-life care. Attributes were divided into intrinsic and existential dimensions. Intrinsic dimensions resulted in "coexistence of opposing equivalent values," "uncertainty," "hiddenization," "value confrontation may occur sequentially," and "absence of willingness to resolve." In existential dimensions, the following conflicts were derived: "pressure on work versus sympathy about family grief," "helplessness due to failure of medical care versus sadness for patient death" and "role as a nurse versus sadness felt during end-of-life care.” The results are organized into negative assessments of oneself and adaptations to ambivalence. In conclusion, through this concept analysis, the hope is that ICU nurses will be able to prevent progressing to burnout by accurately and actively facing and managing their own feelings during end-of-life care. Furthermore, this research is expected to serve as the cornerstone of developing theories for clinicians who provide end-of-life care.

이 논문에서는 인간의 삶에 관한 예이츠의 비전을 살펴본다. 인간의 삶은 과거에서 현재로, 그리고 미래로 시간을 이어주는 가교 역할을 한다. 예이츠에 따 르면, 과거는 보고 들은 것, 현재는 이미지, 그리고 미래는 영혼의 시간대이며 존재의 합일화가 이루어지는 시간대이기도 하다. 여기까지 보면 예이츠는 인간의 삶 자체에는 의미를 두지 않는 것처럼 보인다. 하지만 선택을 통해 영혼의 자유로운 시간은 다시 보고 들을 준비를 한다. 이렇게 인간의 삶은 과거와 현재를 미래로 연결해 나아가면서 세상을 구성해간다. 즉, 인간의 삶은 커다란 의미를 갖는다.

It is necessary that End-of-life Vehicle (ELV) should be recycled from the point of view of environmental preservation and resource recycling. This paper deals with two issues. The first one is the basic functional construction and plant layout of the ELV dismantling system that can maximize the reusability of parts and the recyclability of materials. The second issue is the development of a simulation model which can be used to estimate the performance of the layout design. The simulator has been interfaced with an interactive layout design system, and used to effectively determine an optimal layout design of the ELV dismantling system.

In the last year, the number of registered vehicles in Korea surpassed the 12 million mark, and increase in number continuously Nowdays, this tendency has raised some problems inevitably in the view of expansion of ELV(end of life vehicle) and earth environment pollution resulted from it. For the proper scope with this environment pollution, recycling of parts and materials, minimization of wastes are desirable. And application of disassembly technology is required for it necessarily. Therefore it is essential to study systematically about disassembly technology of ELV with high efficiency for improvement recycling ratio and diminution shredder dust amount also in Korea.

The present study proposes the definition of service life and the end-of- life criterion for bridge maintenance. Bridges begin to deteriorate as soon as they are put into service. Effective bridge maintenance requires sound understanding of the deterioration mechanism as well as the expected service life. In order to determine the expected service life of a bridge for effective bridge maintenance, it is necessary to have a clear definition of service life and end-of-life. However, service life can be viewed from several perspectives based on literature review. The end of a bridge’s life can be also defined by more than one perspective or performance measure. This study presents definition of service life which can be used for bridge maintenance and the end-of life criterion using the performance measure such as a damage score. The regression model can predict an average service life of bridges using the proposed end-of-life criterion.

This paper presents the definition of bridge life and the end-of-life criterion of bridge for bridge maintenance purpose. Bridge life can refer to the period of time in which the bridge meets all desired levels of its functions maintained by maintenances. The end-of-life criterion of bridge can defined when a damage score of an entire bridge reach 0.64, the bridge is assumed to be end of life.

The 2013 statistics showed that about 19 million automobiles were registered in Korea and, among these, ELVs amounted to about 770 thousands. Therefore, the Korean government imposed ELV recycling rate of 95% to be implemented by 2015 according to ‘Act on the Resource Circulation of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Vehicles’. However, plastics and non-ferrous metal scraps arising from ELVs are not properly recycled with no adequate reuse: they are becoming major environmental concerns to overcome prior to the enforcement of ELV recycling in Korea. In view of this, contemporary ELVs recycling status in Germany is introduced in detail with main emphases on the legal context regarding efficient disposal and recycling management of ELVs & ASR as part of a preceding investigation into the state of the art example for future Korean recycling model.