The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake status of energy drinks, knowledge of caffeine and the perception on intake of energy drinks by university students. We surveyed 351 university students from October 25, 2017 to January 25, 2018. The subjects (70.9%) consumed energy drinks more than once. Male students consumed energy drinks more frequently than the female ones. A huge portion (68.3%) of the subjects consumed energy drinks to recover from fatigue and reduce sleepiness. Moreover, they consumed most of the energy drinks at home and the university library. The main anticipated efficacy of energy drinks was the relieving drowsiness. Respondents (86.3%) perceived that energy drinks could be hazardous to the health of human beings. The main risks of consuming energy drinks were sleep disorders, addiction problems and heart beating. The main recognized effects of energy drinks were relieved drowsiness and decreased fatigue. The major side effects were heart beating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn and sleeping disorders. This study suggests that nutritional education is needed to confirm the recommendation of daily intake for caffeine and to raise awareness about the side effects of energy drinks.

This study examined the intake status of energy drinks and related factors among university students in Yeungnam region, Korea. A total of 456 students participated in the study by a self-administered questionnaire. About 26% of the respondents never took energy drinks, whereas about 30% took them previously, but do not take them now. Almost 45% answered that they have taken them up to now. The reasons for first intake of energy drinks were ‘necessity for myself’ followed by ‘curiosity’, ‘recommendation of friends’, and ‘seeing advertisement’, and Chi-square test showed that there was a significant difference according to dwelling status. About half of the respondents took them since high school, and the main reason for energy drink intake was ‘to stay awake’. About 45% of the respondents indicated that they increased study hours after taking energy drinks, whereas almost 40% answered that they had little effect on them. Over half of the respondents experienced side effects after energy drink intake. About one-fifth of the respondents mixed the energy drinks with alcoholic beverages to make them taste better. In addition, in the result for the multinomial logistic regression analysis, gender, grade, dwelling status, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, perception of effect of energy drinks on health, and perception of benefit level of caffeine were the predictors for the respondents who never took energy drinks in comparison with the respondents who have taken them up to now. On the other hand, for the respondents who took them previously but do not take them now compared with those of having taken them up to now, the predictors were dwelling status and smoking status. These results imply that dietary education from childhood regarding knowledge and side effects of energy drinks should be offered.

The effects of intake system on turbulent kinetic energy for the in-cylinder flow of a four-valve SI engine were studied. For this study, the same head, cylinder, and the piston were used to examine turbulence characteristics in two different intake systems. In-cylinder flow measurements were conducted using three dimensional LDV system. The measurement method, which simultaneously collects 3-D velocity data, allowed a evaluation of turbulent kinetic energy inside a cylinder. High levels of turbulent kinetic energy were found in regions of high shear flow, attributed to the collisions of intake flows. These specific results support the more general conclusion that the slightly offset direction of the intake system produced higher in-cylinder velocities on the +x-axis side of the cylinder which caused some asymmetric flow patterns about the z-axis. Higher levels of turbulent kinetic energy prevailed in zones of mean velocity collisions and regions where significant directional changes in the mean velocity patterns occurred.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake of energy drinks and awareness of caffeine among middle school students. The subject was 313 middle school in Incheon area. The questionnaire respondents are consisted of 133 male students and 180 female students. The recognition result that allowed multiple responses to energy drink types was recognized by hot six at 28.9%, followed by red bull 24.3%, monster energy 13.8%, wolf energy 8.0% and taurine soda 6.9%, respectively. There was a significant difference in the experience of energy drink intake, intake reason, intake time and place (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in intake frequency and place (p>0.05). There were significant differences in experience and frequency of energy drink intake (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in intake reason, choice criteria, intake time and place (p>0.05). The result of the perception of energy drinks according to gender was 2.25 points for male students and 2.61 points for female students in the question 'caffeine is also present in tea, green tea, cola and chocolate'. There was a significant difference between male and female students (p<0.05). As a result of the recogniton of energy drinks, "the appropriate amount of caffeine is cleared and the concentration improves." When asked, "low body weight is 2.24 points, normal 2.27 points, overweight 1.89 points, obesity 2.46 points (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in body mass index (BMI) between the two groups (1.95 for low body weight, 2.10 for normal body weight, 1.62 for overweight and 2.43 for obesity). Regression analysis showed that R2=0.007 and F=2.798, respectively. Significant differences were found at the significance level of p<0.05. Energy drink consumption expenditure(β= 0.121, p<0.05), sleep time(β=0.130, p<0.05), and caffeine perception(β=－0.162, p<0.05) were significant determinants of energy drinks intake.

본 연구는 2008년 4월부터 12월까지 충남대학교 생명과학대학 내 부속 환경조절축사에서 수행하였다. 공시된 건초는 수입 Timothy 건초(수입건초), 혼합목건초 (목건초) 및 혼합 야건초(야건초)의 3처리이며 공시가축은 유 산양 (Saanen종, 평균체중 24.2 kg, male) 12두로 화학적 성분, 건물소화율, 건물섭취량과 질소 및 에너지이용성을 비교 분석하였다. 조단백질 함량은 목건초가 야건초나 수입건초에 비하여 높은 결과를 나타내었으나(p<

본 연구는 2008년 4월부터 12월까지 충남대학교 생명과학대학 내 부속 환경조절축사에서 수행하였다. 공시된 건초는 수입 Timothy 건초(수입건초), 혼합목건초(목건초) 및 혼합 야건초(야건초)의 3처리이며 공시가축은 유 산양(Saanen종, 평균체중 24.2kg, ♂) 12두로 화학적 성분, 건물소화율, 건물섭취량과 질소 및 에너지이용성을 비교 분석하였다. 조단백질 함량은 목건초가 야건초나 수입건초에 비하여 높은 결과를 나타내었으나(p<0.05), NDF, ADF, ceIlulose 및 lignin 함량은 반대로 수입건초와 야건초가 높았다(p<0.05). 건물 섭취량은 목건초(30.7 g/BWkg)가 야건초(24.6 g/BWkg)와 수입건초(24.4 g/BWkg)에 높은 결과를 보였으나(p<0.05), 야건초와 수입건초 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 건물소화율은 목건초가 69.8%로 야건초(62.2%)와 수입건초(60.8%)에 높은 결과를 보였다 (p<0.05). 그러나 야건초와 수입건초간에 건물소화율의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 외관상 생물가는 목건초가 56.0%으로 야건초(49.2%), 수입건초(47.7%) 순으로 나타났다 (p<0.05). 외관상 대사에너지 축적률은 목건초가 63.4%로 야건초(54.4%)나 수입건초(53.6%)에 비하여 높은 결과를 보였으나 (p<0.05), 역시 야건초와 수입건초 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아, 유산양에 의한 건물섭취량, 건물 소화율과 질소 및 에너지의 이용성은 목건초가 가장 높았으며, 야건초는 수입건초에 비하여 건물소화율과 외관상 생물가가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

유산양의 에너지 및 단백질 이용성을 조사하기 위하여 대조구(A), TDN 증량구(B), 조단백질 증량구(C) 그리고 TDN 및 조단백질 증량구(D)로 구분하여 섭취량, 소화율과 질소 및 에너지 이용성을 시험하였다. 공시축은 유산양(Saanen, 평균체중 17.5kg, female) 12두를 공시하였고, 2008년 10월 20일부터 11월 9일까지 충남대학교 부설동물사육장에서 수행하였다. 건물 섭취량은 D구에서 가장 높았으며 B구가 C구보다 유의적으로 높

To access the feeding value of the herbage produced from the wildflower pasture, DM intake, digestibility and utilization of nitrogen and energy of herbages by Korean native goats were determined. The experimental herbage included two treatments: Conventi

Alfalfa의 급여수준이 산양의 섭취량, 소화율과 질소 및 에너지 이용성에 미치는 영향을 비교 검토하고자 재래산양을 공시하여 orchardgrass 100% 급여구, orchardgrass 80%+alfalfa 20% 급여구 및 orchardgrass 60%+alfalfa 40% 급여구 등의 3 처리를 두어 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. CP 함량은 orchardgrass 100% 급여구에 비하여 alfalfa의 급여수준이 증가될수록 높아졌다(P<0.05). 그러나 NDF, ADF, hemicllulose 및 lignin 함량은 orchardgrass 100% 급여구에 비하여 alfalfa의 급여수준이 증가될수록 낮아지는 양상을 보였다. 건물섭취량과 건물, 세포 내용물 및 섬유소 소화율은 orchardgrass 100% 급여구에 비하여 alfalfa의 급여수준이 증가될수록 높아지는 양상을 보여 orchardgrass 60%+alfalfa 40% 급여구에서 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 가소화 및 대사질소의 축적율과 생물가는 orchardgrass 100% 급여구에 비하여 alfalfa의 급여수준이 증가될수록 높아졌다(P<0.05). 가소화에너지 및 대사에너지의 이용성은 alfalfa 급여구에서 다소 높은 결과를 보였으나 처리 간에 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 OG 100% 급여구에 비하여 AA 급여구(AA 20, 40%)는 건물섭취량, 소화율 및 질소 이용성을 높이는데 효과적이었으나 에너지 이용성에는 큰 차이가 없었던 것으로 보아 에너지원을 추가 공급하는 것이 좋다고 하겠다.

orchardgrass에 두과목초인 alfalfa와 탄닌을 함유한 birdsfoot trefoil을 혼합하여 급여하였을 때 산양에 의한 섭취량, 소화율과 질소 및 에너지 이용성에 미치는 영향을 비교 검토하고자 재래산양을 공시하여 orchardgrass(OG) 100% 급여구(OG), OG 60%+alfalfa(AA) 40% 급여구(OG+AA) 및 OG 60%+birdsfoot trefoil(BT) 40% 급여구(OG+BT) 등의 3처리를 두어 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. CP 함량은 OG 급여구에 비하여 OG+AA 급여구나 OG+BT를 급여한 구에서 높았다(P<0.05). 그러나 NDF 함량은 OG 급여구에서 높았고(P<0.05), lignin 함량은 BT 급여구에서 높았으나(P<0.05), ADF 함량은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 건물섭취량과 건물 및 세포 내용물 소화융은 OG 급여구에 비하여 OG+AA 급여구에서 높은 경향을 보였으나(P<0.05), NDF 및 ADF 소화율은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 가소화질소의 축적율은 OG+AA 급여구에서 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), 대사질소 축적율 및 생물가는 OG+BT 급여구에서 가장 높았으나(P<0.05), OG+AA와 OG+BT 급여구간에 유의적 차이는 없었다. 가소화 및 대사에너지의 이용율은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 OG급여구에 비하여 두과목초(AA, BT)를 급여함으로서 질소 및 에너지의 이용성이 개선되었으며, 두과 목초간에는 OG+AA 급여구에 비하여 OG+BT 급여구에서 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 질소 이용성이 다소 개선되는 결과를 얻었다.

This study was conducted to determine the influence of alfalfa supplementation on intake, digestibility nitrogen and energy utilization in Korean native goats fed oak browse. This experiment was conducted by total collection method in laboratory, 1994. Di