본 연구는 아메리카동애등에(Hermetia illucens)의 대량 사육을 위하여 남은음식물 사료의 최적 수분 함량과 적정 사육 밀도를 조사하였다. 실 험에서는 500 g의 습식 사료의 수분 함량을 각각 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%로 조정한 후, 3,500마리의 3령 유충을 7일 동안 사육하였다. 그 결과, 90% 수분 함량에서 평균 유충 무게는 7.19 g으로 측정되었고, 70% 수분 함량에서 가장 높은 무게인 10.54 g이 나타났다. 반면, 50%와 30% 수분 함량에 서는 유충 생육이 저조한 결과가 나타났다. 적절 사육 밀도를 조사를 위해 100,000, 150,000, 200,000, 250,000 마리의 3령 유충을 70% 수분함량 의 100 kg 습식 사료에 7일 동안 처리하였다. 그 결과, 250,000 마리에서 총 유충 생산량이 22.79 kg으로 가장 높게 나타났으나, 150,000, 200,000, 250,000 마리 밀도 간에는 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 100마리당 평균 무게는 100,000 마리에서 16.90 g, 150,000 마리에서 15.20 g, 200,000 마리 에서 11.30 g, 250,000 마리에서 9.50 g으로 확인되었으며, 100,000 마리와 150,000 마리 밀도 간에는 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로, 남은 음식물 사료인 습식사료 100 kg를 급여할 경우 수분 함량을 70%로 유지하고 사육 밀도를 15만 마리로 설정하는 것이 가장 효과적임을 확인하였다.

To determine the differences in food quality between fish fed a low fish meal diet containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) instead of fish meal and those fed a general fish meal diet, we analyzed the approximate components, mineral content, amino acid composition, fatty acid composition, color, and texture of Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The analysis of approximate components showed no difference between the two samples, except for moisture content. Mineral contents were measured in the order of K, P, Na, and Mg in both samples, with no difference except for phosphorus (P). A total of 16 amino acids were detected in both samples, with no significant differences in their composition. Additionally, 17 types of free amino acids were identified, with no significant differences between the two samples. The fatty acid composition consisted of 13 fatty acids, with palmitic acid, DHA, and oleic acid being the most prominent, although slight differences in content were observed. The color and texture also showed no differences between the two samples. Overall, there were no significant differences in chemical components or physical characteristics, so it was judged to be insignificant in terms of food science.

Supplementing feed components is becoming increasingly difficult for various reasons, including increased shipping costs, decreased capture efficiency, and global warming. For this reason, much research has been conducted globally to find alternative protein sources. The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is an important feed item for nutritional accumulation and has environmental consequences. Few studies have been conducted to determine the nutritional level of the substrate, but most of these studies have involved modifying the substrate material. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal crude protein(CP) content of a substrate for BSF rearing. The experimental treatment was separated into three CP levels (low, 13.5%; medium, 20%; high, 26.5%) in the substrate. The results showed that the BSF weight (6.46%) and protein conversion ratio (1.13%) increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). In addition, protein (14.38%) and lipid (13.12%) yields were significantly increased (p<0.05). The BSF CP level increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). CP levels in the substrate upregulated the levels of certain fatty acids, essential amino acids, and non-essential amino acids (p<0.05). In conclusion, the potential values of BSF as feed were improved as the CP level of the substrate increased; However, no difference was found between medium and high CP levels in the rearing substrate. These results suggested that the substrate CP level should be at the medium level for optimal product quality. In conclusion, BSF quality is influenced by substrate nutrient levels, necessitating the development of specialized substrates for effective rearing.

For sustainable livestock industry, black soldier fly as eco-friendly animal protein source is spotlighted for swine and poultry. However, most of black soldier fly is reared in dirty condition like food waste. In this study, we investigated the effects of fiber level on the growth performance and nutrient composition of black soldier fly reared in specific substrate. Treatments were divided in two as Low (fiber level: 7.1%), and High (fiber level: 14.2%) with a total of 50,000 eggs each. The rearing box had a dimension with 1064 × 507 × 320 cm (length × width × height). Black soldier fly survival rate (72.24 vs. 76.48) and substrate consumption (77.43 vs. 80.37) were greater in High than Low. However, bioconversion (10.59 vs. 9.80) and protein conversion (8.97 vs. 8.00) were increased in Low than High. Gross energy was higher in High compared with Low (4,133 vs. 4,208). Some of essential amino acid (Isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan) were significantly higher in High compared with Low, and non-essential amino acid (alanine, aspartate, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine) were higher in High compared with Low. Acids such as C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, and C20:1 were higher in High compared with Low, while C18:4 was higher in Low compared with High. As a result, black soldier fly reared in high fiber substrate might be a preferred option for rearing and producing a reliable animal protein source for monogastric animal.

Moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are small fuzzy flies found in diverse habitats from mountains to urban areas, even in your house. Approximately 3,000 species among 6 subfamilies are recorded worldwide. However, in Korea, only 10 species from 3 genera of the subfamily Psychodinae have been recorded, including 8 species from North Korea. A preliminary study on moth flies in Korea was conducted using specimens collected via malaise traps and by hands from various locations in South Korea. As a result, Brunettia lungjingensis, Thornburghiella decoricornis, Philosepedon monstruosus and our friendly but unrecorded, Clogmia albipunctata are newly described in Korea. Brief descriptions, photographs, and illustrations of these four species are provided.

본 연구는 서식 환경에 따라 구분된 3화기 미국흰불나방(Hyphantria cunea Drury)을 숙주로 하는 기생파리의 종과 기생률의 차이를 확인했다. 조사 기간은 2023년 10월 24일부터 29일까지로, 방제를 실시한 서천군 국립생태 원과 방제를 실시하지 않은 군산시 근린공원에서 숙주인 미국흰불나방의 유충을 채집하였다. 유충은 기주식물 인 수국을 급여하여 실내 개별 사육하였다. 각 조사지에서 미국흰불나방의 기주식물은 국립생태원에서 8종, 근린공원에서 6종이 확인되었다. 총 숙주 380마리 중 기생파리는 106개체로 총 27.9%의 기생률을 보였고(유충 92개체, 미동정 알 14개체), 기생률은 근린공원이(39.6%) 국립생태원(12.5%)보다 더 높았다. 성충의 우화율은 63.0%로, 동정 결과 4속 92개체가 나타났다. 전체 종과 가장 많은 개체가 확인된 Exorista japonica (Townsend, 1909)의 조사지에 따른 유충 생존율과 성충 우화율은 모두 근린공원이 더 높은 것으로 확인 되었다. 조사결과 E. japonica가 미국흰불나방의 생물적 방제제로 유효할 것이라 판단되며, 근린공원에서의 더 높은 기생파리 유충 생존율과 성충 우화율을 통해 인간에 의한 교란이 적은 환경에서 기생파리를 이용한 미국흰불나방 방제가 더 효과적일 것이라고 고려된다. 또한 숙주의 생존율과 기생파리의 우화율을 비교한 결과 해충 방제가 이뤄지지 않는 환경에서 천적 개체군이 유지될 가능성이 더 높다고 사료 된다.

우리는 식물검역 과정에서 검출되는 파리목 유충을 효과적으로 동정하기 위하여 대화형 검색표를 제작하고 있다. 파리목은 농업 분야와 식물검역 분야에서 매우 중요한 해충이며, 특히 과실파리과는 다양한 식물에 피해를 주는 대표적인 분류군이다. 과실파리과는 예전부터 형태, 생태, 분자, 분류, 모니터링, 방제 등 다양한 주제로 연구가 이루어져 왔으며, 현재까지 다양한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 과실파리과를 연구하는데 중요한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있도록 1)과실파리과 유충의 형태학적 특징을 포함하여 2)과실파리과의 일반적인 특징과 3)생태학적 특징 등 관련 정보를 수집하고 분석하여 결과를 종합정리하였다.

Despite having enabled insects to become the most abundant and successful group on Earth, wings have been lost in numerous insect lineages, including Orthoptera. Melanoplinae, a subfamily that includes over 100 genera and more than 800 species in Acrididae, exhibits various wing-types and dispersal abilities. Some species possess extensive flight capabilities with long wings, while many groups that inhabit alpine environments tend to reduce their wings and dispersal ability. In order to infer the evolutionary history of Melanoplinae and their wings, we conducted molecular phylogenetic research. We established the phylogeny using seven mitochondrial (Cox1, Cox2, CytB, Nad2, Nad5, 12S and 16S) and two nuclear genes (H3 and Wg) for 139 taxa. By investigating the wing types in Melanoplinae, we estimated the ancestral state of the wings and traced their evolutionary history. Our results present that loss and recovery of wings occurred multiple times within Melanoplinae, showing distinct histories across inner taxa within the subfamily.

The subgenus Oropeza Needham, 1908 (Diptera: Tipulidae: Dolichopeza) comprises 27 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Certain Oropeza species have been reported in neighboring countries of the Korean Peninsula―6 species in Japan, 3 species in China, and 4 species in Russia. Some researchers, such as Byers (1961) and Savchenko (1983), suggested that the distribution of Oropeza cover the East-Palearctic regions, including the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. However, previous records of Oropeza from the Korean Peninsula have not been accepted because of the lack of comprehensive species-level investigations in this region. In this study, we present a new record of the species Dolichopeza (Oropeza) satsuma (Alexander, 1918) in South Korea, with redescription and photographs: general habitus, wing veins, and male genitalia. This finding marks the rediscovery of the subgenus Oropeza in the Korean Peninsula.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is highly polyphagous pest that damages over 400 plant species, including commercially grown crops and fruits. It was first described in Taiwan and has since invaded Japan and China. In 2021, B. dorsalis was reported on Jeju Island in the Republic of Korea (ROK). To investigate its origin and understand its colonization pathway in ROK, the genetic characteristics were analyzed by using mitochondrial genes. The study analyzed the haplotypes and genetic differences among populations oriental fruit flies collected from Southeast Aisa, including Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome B (CytB) were used for the analysis. The results showed that B. dorsalis had high levels of haplotype diversity among species. No major haplotype was found among populations. The present study enhances our understanding of the haplotype diversity of B. dorsalis in neighboring countries of ROK. This will expand our knowledge of the source of origin and invasive pathway for B. dorsalis.

This research investigates the incorporation of eco-friendly materials, namely fly ash and artificial interior stone sludge into cement grouts. The study aims to establish the correlation between the microstructural properties and the compressive strength, providing a comprehensive behavior of fly ash and artificial interior stone (AIS) sludge on the cement grouts. A multifaceted experimental approach encompassing compressive strength testing, mercury intrusion porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy is employed. The result indicated that incorporating fly ash and artificial interior stone sludge into cement grouts led to a reduction in the porosity and refinement of the pore size. The thermogravimetry analysis revealed a notable impact of fly ash and artificial interior stone sludge on hydration and phase transition. The scanning electron microscopy findings of the microstructural enhancement confirmed that the combined incorporation of fly ash and AIS sludge densified the structure.

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) has been noted as an excellent feed ingredient. However, there is limited information on rearing and processing technology. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the substrates for rearing BSF and the optimal processing method for BSF performance. Study separated as 2 experiment, BSF rearing and drying method(Exp 1.) and EP-processing method(exp 2.). During the study, 30 clutches were reared, with 10 per substrate. Three substrates, namely food waste (FW), tofu by-product (TF), and vegetable waste with two drying methods, namely hot air dry (AD) and microwave dry (MW) at expanding (EP) ratios of 5:5 and 7:3, were examined by evaluating their rearing performance, nutrient contents, in vitro digestibility and lipid oxidation stability during storage (0, 14 and 28 days). In experiment 1, the rearing substrates and drying methods were evaluated. Compared with that of conventional methods (FW, AD), the TF substrates and MW method showed higher dry matter contents (3.43%) and in vitro digestibility (1.62%) but lower ether extract contents(3.53%; p<0.05). However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration under MW treatments decreased during storage (5.77%, 4.69% and 3.24%; p<0.05). In experiment 2, compared with that of the 7:3 EP-BSF ratio, the 5:5 EP-BSF ratio showed higher in vitro digestibility (2.70%) and lower MDA concentration during storage (19.19%, 7.96% and 6.42%; p<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal conditions for BSF rearing and ensuring product quality were TF substrates, MW methods and a 5:5 corn:BSF ratio. Therefore, the optimal conditions for producing EP-BSF can present an excellent feed ingredient alternative for swine feed.

본 논문에서는 시멘트에 탄소나노튜브를 혼입하여 전기 전도성을 향상시킨 복합재료의 압저항 특성을 딥러닝 기반 트랜스포머 알 고리즘을 적용하여 분석하였다. 훈련 데이터 확보를 위한 실험수행을 병행하였으며, 기존 연구문헌을 참조하여 배합설정, 시편제작, 화학조성 분석, 압저항 성능측정 실험을 수행하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 탄소나노튜브 혼입 시편뿐 아니라 플라이애시를 바인더 대 비 50% 대체한 시편에 대한 제작 및 성능평가를 함께 수행하여, 전도성 시멘트 복합재료의 압저항 특성 향상 가능성을 탐구하였다. 실 험결과, 플라이애시 대체 바인더의 경우 보다 안정적인 압저항 특성결과가 관찰되었으며, 측정된 데이터의 80%를 이용하여 트랜스 포머 모델을 훈련시키고 나머지 20%를 통해 검증하였다. 해석 결과는 실험적 측정과 대체로 부합하였으며, 평균 절대 오차 및 평균 제 곱근 오차는 각각 0.069~0.074와 0.124~0.132을 나타내었다.

This study aimed to address the increasing demand for technologies preventing mushroom fly damage. By monitoring the annual occurrence patterns of pests over several years and accumulating data, we conducted an analysis to evaluate the efficacy of preventive measures applied before the surge in mushroom fly infestation, typically observed in May. For preemptive control, physical measures involved installing air curtains at cultivation facility entrances and placing sticky traps and insect traps around entry points to block external entry and reduce internal insect density. Additionally, we applied an organic agricultural material, Dalmatian chrysanthemum extract, weekly alongside chemical control measures. To assess the reduction in mushroom fly populations, yellow sticky traps (15×25 cm) were placed at three locations within the mushroom cultivation facility, and the occurrence patterns before and after implementing preventive measures were compared. Compared to conventional practices, the application of preventive techniques resulted in a significant reduction, with a 60% decrease from 15 levels of mushroom flies/m² to 6 levels of mushroom flies/m² in May and a 40% decrease from 10 levels of mushroom flies/m² to 6 levels of mushroom flies/m² in June. While achieving over 50% efficacy during the peak mushroom fly season with preventive measures, we identified complementary actions such as blocking external sources (gaps in cultivation facility doors) and maintaining cleanliness around cultivation facilities (proper disposal of spent substrate) for further improvement. Comprehensive analysis and safety studies, including correlation analysis with contaminants and pathogens, are recommended to ensure the widespread adoption of mushroom fly preventive techniques for safe and stable mushroom production in the agricultural sector.