This study investigated the volatile flavor composition of essential oils from Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai with different harvesting area. The essential oils obtained by the hydrodistillation extraction method from the aerial parts of the plants were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ninety-five (91.61%) volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oils from the S. virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai harvested in Koheung, Jeolanamdo. The major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (29.22%), 7-hexyl eicosane (9.12%), spathulenol (7.701%), 3,8-dimethyl decane (6.48%), caryophyllene oxide (4.52%) and α-copaene (4.23%). Fifty-seven (97.43%) volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oils from the S. virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai harvested in Seoguipo, Jejudo. The major compounds were 2-carene (40.95%), α-copaene (10.77%), α-muurolene (5.81%), and spathulenol (3.11%). The chemical composition of the essential oils was significantly different in quality and quantity with the different harvesting area. The quantitative variations of hexadecanoic acid, 7-hexyl eicosane, spathulenol, 3,8-dimethyl decane, caryophyllene oxide, 2-carene, and α-copaene according to different harvesting area can serve as a quality index of the S. virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai essential oils in food industries.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sowing and harvesting dates on agronomic characteristics and feed values of rye and triticale at Sanchoeng, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows; rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Gogu) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (April 20, May 1 and May 11) in 2016, and triticale (X Triticosecale, cv. Joseong) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (May 18, 28, and June 7) in 2016. In rye, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. Crude protein (CP) content and relative feed value (RFV) decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content increased (p<0.05). In triticale, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. The CP content decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but NDF content and RFV increased (p<0.05). This study concluded that rye sown in the middle of October then harvested in early May, and the triticale sown at the end of October then harvested at the end May are recommended to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

This study was carried out from 2015 to 2016 to identify the suitable sowing and harvesting dates of summer crops in the mountain of Yeongnam, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows: corn hybrid (Z. mays, Kwangpyeongok) of sowing (May 8, 19, and 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30); sorghum×sorghum hybrid (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor, SS405) of sowing (May 27, June 19 and June 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30). In corn hybrid, ear rate and dry matter (DM) yield decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date. Otherwise, ear rate and DM yield increased (p<0.05) with the postponement of harvesting date. Crude protein content decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date, but neutral detergent fiber content increased (p<0.05). In sorghum×sorghum hybrid, plant length and DM yield with the postponement of harvesting date increased (p<0.05), while crude protein content with the postponement of harvesting date decreased (p<0.05). This study concluded that sowing corn hybrid in early May and sorghum×sorghum hybrid in early June then harvest in the middle of August was recommend to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

Background : The reduction in the area of cultivation and production is a difficult factor to solve in order to expand Boxthorn's culture for the main reasons for the aging agricultural labor and rising unit prices. Increasing the area of cultivation and production requires less labor and ease of work. This experiment was designed to provide improved plant type to increase the area of cultivation and to secure efficient machinery harvest. Methods and Results : The variety of experiment is 'whasu' and was cultivated in 2015 and planted in fields on April 4, 2016. The plant types were 150 × 50 ㎝ T-shaped fence plant type. The number of times to be cut was two, and the branches were extended to produce fruits. The typical T-shaped fence plant type for comparison is made of two stems, 10 ㎝ in length, and a single cut, then a long stretch of branches for harvesting. As a result of the experiment, it was difficult to verify the applicability and quantity of the handy type harvesting machine in order to make the re-ordination, and from the following year it was possible to verify. Major items such as stem number, stem length, quantity, time of harvest, and efficiency of harvest were investigated when applying the handy type harvesting machine. Two stems had 20% more branches than a single stem, while the yield increased by 7%. Two stems, five ㎝ long, and two cuts were numerous and long, and the quantity was 33% higher than the customary T-shaped fence plant type. When working with the machinery harvest work, the ratio of work performed was 62% for harvesting, 19% for collection, and 19% for separation of foreign materials. The proportion of the collector work and the segmentation of design materials was 38%, which was an urgent problem to be remedied. Two stems, five ㎝, and two cuts increased the quantity by 33% compared to the customary method of T-shaped fence plant type, and the machinery harvest work efficiency was 56% higher, making it suitable for handy type harvesting machine. Conclusion : T-shaped fenceplant type of two stems, five centimeters, and two cuts was a good shape for Handy type harvesting machine.

Access to clean and affordable water is one of the fundamental human rights because water is essential to life and a foundation for socioeconomic development of any country in the world. Despite the efforts to secure water supply in Burundi, the amount of water supplied by public utilities does not meet the demand of the population because population keeps increasing with fluctuation of weather conditions. This study selected north Bujumbura that is a sprawling new residential area in the western part of Burundi as a case to investigate the potential of rainwater harvesting in meeting water demand of the country. Based on a long-term average monthly precipitation in the region, the rainwater harvesting potential was assessed as a function of roof sizes, number of households, and runoff coefficients of roof materials. For the entire region of north Bujumbura, the current water supply capacity of the local water company combined with the rainwater harvesting potential resulted in the water surplus of 468,604.1 m3/yr. Although three communes among them still showed water deficit in dry season, they still got help from rainwater to relieve their water shortage. This suggests that at the regional scale, proper storages and water quality control for harvestable rainwater could contribute to relieving the regional water shortage and allow the population growth.

호남평야지에서 고품질 쌀 생산을 위한 품종별 적정 수확시기를 검토하기 위하여 2002~~2004 년에 평야지인 익산에서 조생종인 삼천벼, 중생종인 화성벼, 중만생종인 남평벼를 공시하여 시험을 수행하였는데, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 등숙비율은 삼천벼는 출수 후 50~~55 일, 화성벼 55~~60 일, 남평벼 60일 이후수확에서 높았고 현미천립중은 삼천벼는 출수 후 50~~55 일, 화성벼 55일, 남평벼 55~~60 일 수확에서 무거웠다. 2. 쌀 수량은 삼천벼는 출수 후 45~~50 일, 화성벼 50~~55 일, 남평벼 55~~60 일 수확에서 많았다. 3. 완전미 수량은 삼천벼는 출수 후 45일, 화성벼 50일, 남평벼 55~~60 일 수확에서 많았다. 4. 따라서 호남평야지에서 완전미 수량, 쌀 품위, 단백질 함량, Toyo 식미치 등을 고려한 수확적기는 삼천벼는 출수 후 52일(적산온도 1,213℃ ), 화성벼는 출수 후 56일(1,221℃) , 남평벼는 출수 후 60일(1,207℃) 경으로 생각된다.