세계적으로 알려진 한국의 갓의 기원과 상징성을 찾아보면 고조선까지, 또 상투와 관자는 홍산문화까지 올라갈 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 영어 Hat의 어원, 갓과 옥 머리빗의 상징성, 갓 부속품의 발달 역사를 살펴보고자 함이 며, 연구방법으로는 문헌고찰, 유물과 벽화, 주변의 발음 변화 사례수집 등을 행하였다. 홍산문화에서 발굴되는 유적 대부분이 한국에서 발견되는 유적과 상당 부분이 일치하고 있다. 변한 사람들은 고깔형태의 삼각형 모자 변 (弁)을 착용하였는데, 이는 상투의 머리형태에 맞춘 것이다. 변의 테두리는 접어져 있는데 이를 아래쪽으로 내리게 되면 갓이 된다. 뾰족한 추 상투는 동북아시아 사람들의 독특한 머리양식이며 한국인의 ‘하늘 자손’ 이라는 민족 정체성을 나타내므로 수천년간 전통이 유지되었다. 새와 구름형의 홍산문화 옥 머리빗은 종교적 특성과 홍산인의 머리양식에 관한 예법 제례에서 사용되었다. 영어 ‘Hat’는 ‘갓’ 발음이 변화한 것이다. ‘ㄱ, ㅎ, ㅋ’의 발음은 상호 밀접한 관계를 갖고 있는데, 고대의 ‘ㄱ’음은 점차 ‘ㅎ, ㅋ’음으로 변천하게 되었다. Hat와 갓은 ‘관, 고깔’의 중고 음인 ‘가사>고사>곳’ 으로부터 변형한 것이다. 홍산문화에서 시작된 독특한 머리양식은 단군 고조선시대에 대중 적으로 유행되었으며, 갓의 착용과 머리양식 요소는 전승되면서 지속적으로 발전하였다. 갓의 제작 방법 및 창의 적인 망건, 동곳, 관자, 머리빗 등 갓 착용을 위한 필수 부속품들의 상호 발전사도 주목할 필요가 있다.

In order to find out the management and sanitation status of protective gear provided at the construction site, a case study and survey were conducted by visiting the site. As a result of the case study, inspection and management, disinfection, and storage of protective equipment were insufficient in both workplaces with less than 50 employees and workplaces with more than 100 employees. As a result of the survey, workers(66.2%), said they did not know how to identify hard hats(67.6.%), how to identify bad hard hats(60.8%), and how to identify bad safety belts (73.0%), even though workers(66.2%) were educated on protective gear, and those in charge of protective gear Non-specified(56.8%), regular inspection of the provided protective equipment was not performed(82.4%), and disinfection was not performed(90.5%). Therefore, as a management plan to maintain the performance of personal protective equipment, educational aspects, regular training on protective equipment, training on how to identify defective protective equipment, management of recording papers, technical aspects, strengthening of standards for placement of dedicated safety managers in small workplaces, participation of workers’ representatives when selecting protective equipment, and selection of protective equipment for workers Providing opportunities, administrative aspects of protective equipment regulation and management, introduction of sanitary and cleanliness system, and selection of personnel in charge of protective equipment management were suggested.

This paper aims to experimentally and numerically explore fracture mechanism characteristics of ultra-thin chopped carbon fiber tape-reinforced thermoplastics (UT-CTT) hat-shaped hollow beam under transverse static and impact loadings. Three distinct failure modes were observed in the impact bending tests, whereas only one similar progressive collapse mode was observed in the transverse bending tests. The numerical model was to incorporate some hypothetical inter-layers in UT-CTT and assign them with the failure model as cohesive zone model, which can perform non-linear characteristics with failure criterion for representing delamination failure. The dynamic material parameters for the impact model were theoretically predicted with consideration of strain-rate dependency. It shows that the proposed modeling approach for interacting damage modes can serve as a benchmark for modeling damage coupling in composite materials.

To overcome the weakness of spread foundation in large space structure, the research of precast pile for replace spread foundation have been conducted. The new type of joint between PHC pile and steel column is named HAT Joint(Hollow hAlf-sphere cast-sTeel Joint). It connected PHC Pile by bolt that verification of bolt connection should be accomplished. In this paper, pull-out test and flexural performance for HAT Joint to verifying the bolt connection is explained. As a result, the pull-out and flexural capacities of bolt were checked to use in real structure. Furthermore, the equation of pull-out strength was proposed.

Agriculture is classified as a hazardous industry worldwide according to NIOSH and ILO. However, farmers are vulnerable compared to people working in fields (such as mining and construction) that have a greater attention on safety and health. One of the hazardous factors in agriculture would be injury mortality related to extreme environmental conditions. Wearable items in agriculture (including clothing) are the nearest environment of the human body; subsequently, to understand the current state can be a way to establish an active prevention strategy against heat stress health risks from summertime agriculture work. This study investigates agricultural work wear and accessories that elderly farmers use. This study enrolled 120farmers (49males and 71 females) working in nine separate sites on different days. The average age of subjects was 61 years-old. Investigators examined the types of working posture, clothing, and items that the farmers used and/or wore. They also interviewed farmers to understand why they used such items when working. Nine surveys were conducted in 6 regions of South Korea from July 2012 to September, 2012. Environmental conditions were measured at 1.2 m heights above the ground at each site. The types of footwear (in order of foot wrapped area and thermal insulation) farmers wore were slippers, rubber shoes, loafers, running shoes, and boots. For example, the smallest area of the foot was wrapped by slippers while boots wrapped the largest area of the foot. This footwear also had different sole thickness. Loafers were used by the largest number of farmers. The second largest number of farmers used rubber shoes and boots. A total of 77.5% of farmers put on socks, and 85.9% of females and 65.3% of males put on socks. The types of hats which farmers wore were a baseball cap, a bucket hat, a sun cap, a hat for farmers, a towel, and a straw hat. The percentage of farmers wearing no hat during work was 39.2%. Baseball caps were worn by large number of male farmers but the largest percentage of female farmers wore ‘hat for farm work’. More than 50% of farmers working in PVC greenhouses did not wear hats and 25.0% of the farmers working in the fields did not wear hats. Accessories consisted of a belt, a scarf/towel, arm sleeves, gloves, a waist bag, a mask, and tools (weed whacker, scissors, hoe, foam seat pad, pick, rice-planting machine, ice-pack, sickle, shovel, lumbar pad, and integrated umbrella chair). Farmers wore lighter footwear as the weather condition was hotter. Footwear showed a difference with facility (ᵪ2=15.117, df=5, p=0.010) and had a relationship with facility. Lighter footwear was used in the PVC greenhouses rather than fields. The large number of the farmers wore loafers or boots in the fields, but the largest number of farmers in PVC greenhouses wore rubber shoes. A hat showed a difference with facility (ᵪ2=8.844, df=1, p=0.003) Hats had a significant relationship with facilities with more used in the fields rather than in PVC greenhouses. Elderly farmers wore a hat with shorter brim in the PVC greenhouse than in the fields. The type of footwear seemed related with facilities as well as weather. Farmers tended to wear lighter footwear when the weather is hotter or they work in PVC greenhouse. The majority of elderly farmers wore loafers and rubber shoes which had indistinguishable thin soles. The type of hats showed a difference between facilities (as well as gender) and only 31.7% of all participants used long brims.

In Part I, we disccussed of joint between PHC pile and steel column in foundation of large space structures, one prototype of a joint of PHC pile to steel pipe column was suggested on the basis of analytical studies. In this paper, I explain the Joint of PHC pile to steel tube column and more detail of analysis

To overcome disadvantages of usual spread foundation in large space structure, some prototypes of a joint of the PHC pile to steel pipe column that directly connects a column to a PHC pile are analytically studied. With the consideration of strength requirement and stress concentration of joint of the PHC pile to column, we suggest the most appropriate one.

The purpose of this study was to investigate empirically the consumer behavior regarding the purchase of millinery items in relation to their evaluation criterion and demographic characteristics. The survey was carried out to 395 individuals in their 20s and over who were quota sampled according to age and gender. The collected data were statistically treated with the SPSS 12.0 program in terms of descriptive statistics, cross tabulation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, factor analysis, Cronbach’s α coefficient and Duncan-test. The 20s and 50s over were more interested in hat products than other ages. Female consumers obtained the most information about hat products from store visits, TV and magazines. On the other hand, male consumers had it from the acquaintances and internet. Younger consumers more often utilized internet to have it. Their main purchase location was department stores. The younger purchased it more in traditional market, the older purchased it more in mega wholesale market or discount store. The consumers of hat products considered the intrinsic classification most when buying hats. The evaluation criteria employed by them were aesthetics, quality, and external attributes. Hat consumers were more concerned about aesthetics attributes than the other two criteria. Female consumers and consumers who are more interested in the hat and have a higher level of education and income considered aesthetics attributes most important.

시공시 콘크리트의 하중은 받는 데크플레이트의 지지능력은 압축부분 플랜지에서 좌굴에 의해서 결정되어 진다. 얇은 철판 데크플레이트의 압축플랜지에서 중간스티프너의 크기와 위치는 플랜지의 좌굴모드에 강한 영향을 발휘한다. 높은 강도 철판으로 구성된 시험체 단면은 다양한 좌굴모드를 유도하기 위하여 작은 것에서 큰 스티프너에 걸쳐 압축플랜지에 만들어 졌다. ABAQUS 프로그램 해석은 좌굴모드를 지배하는 중간스티프너의 효과를 결정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 각 실험체 시리즈는 단순보로 순수휨이 적용되었다. 실험결과 소성파괴 메카니즘을 통하여 극한파괴에 앞서 다양한 좌굴형상이 나타났다. 실험으로 결정되어진 좌굴응력은 ABAQUS해석으로 얻어진 해석결과와 각국의 규준값들과 비교하기 위하여 사용되었다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the crack characteristics of concrete by comparing the previously developed transparent bubble sheet and the aluminum deposited bubble sheet whose surface is exposed by applying to the walled structure apartment actually constructed. The aluminum deposited bubble sheet was developed for the purpose of temperature reduction through heat reflection.

본 연구에서는 대공간 구조물에 보편적으로 사용되는 직접기초의 단점을 보완하기위해 PHC 파일기초와 철골기둥의 접합부에 대한 개발을 진행하였다. 기존의 제안된 접합부들이 플레이트를 이용하여 휨으로 인한 처짐을 막기 위해 해당 부분에 과도한 보강이 필요한 것과는 달리, 개발된 반구형 접합부(HAT Joint)는 반구의 형상으로 인해 기둥에서 파일로 전달되는 하중이 축력으로만 작용하게 되어 휨에 대한 우려를 최소화 하였다. 또한 H형강용 기본 타입인 H-Type 외에도 각형, 원형, 왕형 철골기둥에 설치가 가능하도록 다양화 하였다. HAT Joint는 공장에서 상부 철골 기둥의 일부와 결합된 상태로 현장에 운반되어 PHC 파일과 볼트로 결합하게 되므로 공기 단축 및 시공품질 관리 향상에 큰 이점이 있다. 기둥과 기초파일의 접합부인 HAT Joint는 압축력과 휨에 대해서 성능이 검증되어야 한다. 압축력은 φ1000 PHC파일의 허용압축강도인 967ton의 1.5배인 1500ton을 충분히 만족하는 것을 실험을 통해 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 시공 시의 현장상황 혹은 갑작스러운 지진 등 예상하지 못한 횡하중에 대한 안정성을 검토하기 위하여 휨 실험을 통해 성능을 검증하였다. 실험은 두 개의 PHC파일과 연결된 접합부의 철골 기둥을 연결하여 그 중심점을 가력하는 형태로 성능평가를 진행하였다. 이를 통해 개발한 접합부가 압축 성능뿐만 아니라 휨에 대한 성능도 만족하였음을 검증하고자 한다.

선행 연구를 통해 개발된 반구형 접합부(HAT Joint)는 상부 하중이 축력으로만 기둥에서 PHC 파일로 전달되도록 한다. 이는 하중 전달 메커니즘이 단순하지 못해 휨 발생의 문제가 있는 기존 접합부의 단점을 보완한다. 또한 PHC파일과 철골기둥을 보다 빠른 기간 내에 연결이 가능하도록 해주어서, 공기 단축 및 시공의 편리함으로 인해 야기되는 경제성 또한 뛰어날 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구에서는 PHC파일과 철골기둥을 연결하는 반구형 접합부(HAT Joint)의 실제 시공 프로세스와 이로 인해 얻을 수 있는 경제성을 검토하였다. HAT Joint는 PHC파일과 현장에서 볼트로 설치되므로 이에 맞는 시공 프로세스가 요구된다. 우선적으로 HAT Joint와 상부 기둥의 일부는 공장에서 접합하여 시공 현장으로 이동된다. 현장에서 말뚝기초로 사용된 PHC 파일은 절단 후 파일캡을 이용한 절단면 보완을 통해 균일한 높이로 조절한다. 파일캡과 PHC파일, 그리고 파일캡과 HAT Joint는 각각 볼트로 결합된다. 경제성 검토는 실제 현장의 시공 방법 변경을 통해 비교하였으며, 이러한 단축효과를 여러 현장 케이스들을 통해 확인하였다. 또한 공기 단축 효과에 따른 경제성을 실질적으로 확인하고자 시공 중인 현장의 일부분을 대체하여 기존 습식 시공방법보다 유리함을 검증하고자 한다.