This study will investigate the effects of induced awe on ethical tourist behavior. The positive emotion of awe has not been fully investigated in the context of tourism. This study will fill the gap by conducting an experimental design. The purpose of this study is to identify a message type that appeals to awe effectively. This study will be built on the construal theory. We will use a 2 (emotion: positive awe vs. negative awe) × 2 (message appeal: desirability vs. feasibility) between-subject design in study 1 and a 2 (emotion: positive awe vs. negative awe) × 2 (message appeal: desirability vs. feasibility).

한반도해송숲의 지형환경, 기상조건, 토양 이화학적 성질과 곰솔의 생육상태를 조사해, 이곳 곰솔의 수세약화 원인을 찾아내고자 했다. 곰솔의 수세가 불량하거나 고사한 지역(수세불량지)과 대조구로서 곰솔의 생육상황이 양호한 지역(수세양호지)으로 나눠 조사했다. 그 결과, 수세불량지의 입목밀도는 수세양호지보다 유의적으로 높았지만, 수관폭은 반대로 수세양호지에서 더 넓었다. 고사목 개체수와 입목밀도는 서로 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였고, 또 입목밀도와 흉고직 경·수고·수관고(crown height)·수관폭 사이에서는 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉, 입목밀도가 높으면 개체의 수관이 겹쳐 하부 가지가 죽어 수관고와 수관폭이 작아졌다. 이에 엽량 감소에 따른 광합성량이 줄어들어 수고와 직경의 생장량이 적어졌다고 본다. 이로 인해 수세가 약해지면서 해안사구라서 수분·양분의 부족과 강한 조풍 등의 환경압이 가중되어 해안가 근처의 곰솔이 대규모로 죽은 것으로 판단된다. 한반도해송숲의 고사목 발생과 수세약화 원인은 복합적이지만, 곰솔 생장에 따른 적정한 입목밀도 관리 부족이라는 내부요인을 제1 요인으로 꼽을 수 있다. 또 곰솔 생육에 불리한 토양조건과 조풍, 강풍 등의 환경압을 제2 요인이라고 볼 수 있다.

This report describes the different responses to dapsone treatment in two cases of sterile nodular panniculitis (SNP). Two dogs were presented with ulcerative skin lesions, painful and erythematous papules, and nodules. History and physical examination revealed systemic signs such as pyrexia, lethargy, depression, and anorexia, in addition to ulcerated and ruptured nodules on the skin. The dermatological diagnostics included clear taping, trichogram, skin scraping, impression smears, fungal and bacterial cultures, and histopathology and special stainings of multiple punch biopsies obtained from the skin lesions. Based on the clinical and histopathologic findings, the absence of microbiological infection, and the positive response to immunosuppressive therapy, both the dogs were diagnosed with SNP. Although both dogs had been treated with various immunosuppressive drugs including prednisolone, cyclosporine, azathioprine, and triamcinolone, therapy was switched to dapsone due to recurrent dermatological signs and presumed steroidinduced hepatotoxicity. The clinical responses to dapsone were opposite in the two cases. In the first case, combination therapy with prednisolone and cyclosporine was effective in attenuating ulcerative lesions, while dapsone alone did not control the clinical signs. In contrast, in the second case, the therapeutic response to the common immunomodulatory drugs such as prednisolone, triamcinolone, and azathioprine was inadequate. Interestingly, dapsone alone was effective in controlling the clinical signs without causing undue side effects. Although the usefulness of dapsone for the treatment of canine SNP is unknown, it may be considered in mild to moderate cases of SNP when the use of steroids is not recommended due to its low efficacy or side effects.

Agriculture is classified as a hazardous industry worldwide according to NIOSH and ILO. However, farmers are vulnerable compared to people working in fields (such as mining and construction) that have a greater attention on safety and health. One of the hazardous factors in agriculture would be injury mortality related to extreme environmental conditions. Wearable items in agriculture (including clothing) are the nearest environment of the human body; subsequently, to understand the current state can be a way to establish an active prevention strategy against heat stress health risks from summertime agriculture work. This study investigates agricultural work wear and accessories that elderly farmers use. This study enrolled 120farmers (49males and 71 females) working in nine separate sites on different days. The average age of subjects was 61 years-old. Investigators examined the types of working posture, clothing, and items that the farmers used and/or wore. They also interviewed farmers to understand why they used such items when working. Nine surveys were conducted in 6 regions of South Korea from July 2012 to September, 2012. Environmental conditions were measured at 1.2 m heights above the ground at each site. The types of footwear (in order of foot wrapped area and thermal insulation) farmers wore were slippers, rubber shoes, loafers, running shoes, and boots. For example, the smallest area of the foot was wrapped by slippers while boots wrapped the largest area of the foot. This footwear also had different sole thickness. Loafers were used by the largest number of farmers. The second largest number of farmers used rubber shoes and boots. A total of 77.5% of farmers put on socks, and 85.9% of females and 65.3% of males put on socks. The types of hats which farmers wore were a baseball cap, a bucket hat, a sun cap, a hat for farmers, a towel, and a straw hat. The percentage of farmers wearing no hat during work was 39.2%. Baseball caps were worn by large number of male farmers but the largest percentage of female farmers wore ‘hat for farm work’. More than 50% of farmers working in PVC greenhouses did not wear hats and 25.0% of the farmers working in the fields did not wear hats. Accessories consisted of a belt, a scarf/towel, arm sleeves, gloves, a waist bag, a mask, and tools (weed whacker, scissors, hoe, foam seat pad, pick, rice-planting machine, ice-pack, sickle, shovel, lumbar pad, and integrated umbrella chair). Farmers wore lighter footwear as the weather condition was hotter. Footwear showed a difference with facility (ᵪ2=15.117, df=5, p=0.010) and had a relationship with facility. Lighter footwear was used in the PVC greenhouses rather than fields. The large number of the farmers wore loafers or boots in the fields, but the largest number of farmers in PVC greenhouses wore rubber shoes. A hat showed a difference with facility (ᵪ2=8.844, df=1, p=0.003) Hats had a significant relationship with facilities with more used in the fields rather than in PVC greenhouses. Elderly farmers wore a hat with shorter brim in the PVC greenhouse than in the fields. The type of footwear seemed related with facilities as well as weather. Farmers tended to wear lighter footwear when the weather is hotter or they work in PVC greenhouse. The majority of elderly farmers wore loafers and rubber shoes which had indistinguishable thin soles. The type of hats showed a difference between facilities (as well as gender) and only 31.7% of all participants used long brims.

Secondary air pollution can be caused by aerosol formation through reactions of ozone and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from household products used in the indoor environment. In this study, we investigated the potential for aerosol production during the reactions of ozone and VOCs emitted from a home insecticide, a popular commercial product extracted from natural ingredients, in a 1-m³ reaction chamber. The major chemical component of the test product was prallethrin, which has very high efficacy of mosquito and housefly elimination. Toluene, α-pinene, cymene, d-limonene, α-terpinene, and α-thujone were also identified as constituents of the insecticide. Injected ozone concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 ppb generated particle mass concentrations, corrected for wall loss and air exchange loss, of 7.3, 33.1, and 40.0 μg/m³, respectively, after a 4-h reaction time. These concentrations are lower than those generated by an air freshener in a previous study under the same experimental conditions. It was concluded that the home insecticide tested had the potential to initiate secondary aerosol formation under ozone exposure due to the biogenic VOCs it contained.

좌심실 이완기능 장애는 심근허혈이나 좌심실비대 등과 같은 심근질환이 잇는 환자에서 대부분 관찰되지만 심장질환이 없는 건강한 사람에서도 흔하게 관찰된다. 정상 심박출(수축기능)상태에서 좌심실의 이완기 장애 평가는 심부전의 진행과 예후에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 심장외막지방조직은 생리활성분자를 생성하는 대사활동기관으로 심혈관질환에 직접적으로 연관성이 있으며 이는 심근에 직접적으로 영향을 미쳐 이후 심장의 기능장애를 초래한다. 본 연구목적은 심장외막지방의 두께를 측정하여 정상의 수축기 기능인 상태에서 확장기(이완기) 기능장애의 평가와의 연관성을 연구하고자하였다. 연구결과 심장외막지방두께와 이완기 장애 유무가 통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 높은 연관성이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 특히 심장외막지방두께 측정단면 EAT2에서 측정된 값과 이완기 장애평가방법 E'는 높은 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 심장외막지방두께변화는 좌심실의 이완기능장애를 평가할 수 있는 예측인자로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Salvia miltiorrhiza has been used for treating heart and liver disease. In the present study, the influences of temperature on photosynthetical capacity of S. miltiorrhiza under controlled cultivation environment using growth chamber were investigated because of providing information about growth and secondary metabolite synthesis. And effect of harvesting time on growth properties and constituents such as salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA were evaluated. Maximum photosynthesis rate (5.102 μmol CO2/m2/s) and net apparent quantum yield (0.147 μmol CO2/m2/s), stomatal conductance (0.035 mmol/m2/s) and water use efficiency (7.108 μmol CO2/mmol H2O) was highest at 20℃. Results of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that elevated temperature had contributed to reduce a quantum yield and electron flux in photosystem. This result demonstrated that favorable temperature condition was determined at 20℃. Contents of salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA was highest in root sample harvested at 20 March, whereas growth and yield of S. miltiorrhiza had no significant differences with harvesting time. Therefore, this study shows that temperature play an important role in photosynthetic activity and harvesting time have influence upon accumulation of constituents in root of S. miltiorrhiza.

본 연구는 국내산 단삼을 활용하여 amylase계, cellulase 계, pectinase계 및 protease계 효소제를 이용한 저온 추출법 에 따른 단삼 추출물의 이화학적 품질 변화를 조사하였다. 단삼 추출물의 수율, pH, 당도 및 색도 변화는 amylase계 효소를 이용하여 60℃, 4시간 처리구에서 58.3%, pH 6.04, 5.97°Brix와 65.06(L) 및 35.13(b)로 가장 높게 나타났으며, a값은 protease계 효소를 이용하여 60℃에서 처리구에서 14.88로 붉은색을 나타내었다. 효소제를 이용한 단삼 추출 물의 항산화능은 추출농도 55 ppm에서 DPPH 및 ABTs 소거능 84.25 및 74.11%로 amylase계 효소를 이용하여 6 0℃, 4시간 처리구에서 가장 높은 소거능을 나타내었다. 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 60℃효소 처리구간들에서 비교적 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 단삼 추출물의 salvianolic acid B 함량은 60℃에서 4시간, amylase계 효소구에서 3,002 mg%로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, cryptotanshinone 함량은 60℃ 4시간 amylase 및 protease계 효소 처리구에서 3.8 mg%으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, tanshinon Ⅰ함량은 60℃ 4시간 protease계 효소구에서 14.2 mg%으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 amylase계 효소를 이용하여 단삼 의 저온 효소 추출시 단삼 추출물의 지표성분의 안정적 추출이 가능한 바, 기능성 소재로서 대량생산을 통한 산업 적 이용이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 효소제를 이용한 저온 효소추출법은 천연물의 다양한 원료에 접목시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 수입에 의존하고 있는 고산도 식초 생산 기술을 대체하고자 포도과즙을 이용하여 적정산도 10% 이상의 식초 제조조건 및 품질특성을 조사하였다. 초기 알 코올 함량에 따른 고산도 초산발효에서는 초기 알코올 함량 6%에서 적정산도 12%의 고산도 식초 제조가 가능하였으 며 초기 알코올 함량이 높을수록 유도기가 길어져 초산수율 이 감소하였다. pH는 구간에 따른 큰 차이가 없었고, 당도는 1단계 초산발효(1st AAF)까지 초기 알코올 함량에 비례하 여 높게 나타났으나 2단계 초산발효(2nd AAF)기간 동안에 는 초기 알코올 6% 첨가구에서 증가율이 가장 높았다. 고산 도 포도식초의 주요 유기산은 tartaric, malic 및 citric acid가 검출되었으며, 유가식 첨가량 및 초산 발효수율 차이로 인 하여 초기 알코올 함량이 낮을수록 높게 검출되었다. 미량 알코올 중 ethyl alcohol을 제외한 성분은 극소량으로 검출 되어 초기 알코올 함량에 따른 큰 차이가 없었고, ethyl alcohol은 364∼581 ppm으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과, 포도알코올 발효액(초기 알코올 함량 6%)를 이용하여 일체의 영양원을 첨가하지 않고 총산도 12%의 고산도 식초 제조가 가능하였다. 그러나 산업적으로 활용하기 위해서는 초산수 율 향상 및 유가식 첨가에 의한 발효기간 단축에 관한 보완 연구가 요구되었다.

The quality characteristics of kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots during their preservation were investigated according to the salt conditions and storage temperatures to improve the use of the shoots. The results were as follows: the pH of kalopanax pictus shoots duing their storage did not changes with 10% and 12% brine at 4℃ and with 12% brine at 10℃. The pH of Aralica elata shoots is at 4℃ tended to be similar to the kalopanax pictus shoot and decreased at the storage temperature of 10℃. The salinity of the kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots tended to increase during their storage and did not change significantly as their storage temperature changed. The L values of kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots tended to decrease gradually during their storage, and the salt concentrations appeared high. The b value of the kalopanax pictus shoot tended to increase and that of the Aralica elata shoots, to decrease gradually. The a value tended to increase gradually but did not differ with variations in the storage temperatures and salt concentrations. The strength and the hardness of the kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots tended to decreased gradually during their storage and highest in 10% brine at 4℃, and those of Aralica elata shoots were highest in 8-10% brine at 4℃. The Chlorophyll contents of the kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots tended to decrease during their salt storage and did not change significantly as the temperatures and salt concentrations changed. Therefore, it can be concluded that the quality of kalopanax pictus and Aralica elata shoots can be maintained when the are stored in 10% brine at 4℃.