성페로몬은 곤충 종 특이적으로 교미신호를 전달하는 화학신호물질이다. 곤충의 촉각에는 이러한 성페로몬 화학물질을 받아들이는 특이적 수용체를 지닌다. 성페로몬이 이 수용체에 결합하면서 감각전위를 발생시키고 이는 대뇌로 전달되어 정보 인식을 통해 교미행동을 유발하게 한다. 성페로몬은 또한 해충의 발생을 모니터링하는 데 이용되어 온도발육모델과 더불어 향후 발생상황을 예측하는 데 널리 이용되고 있다. 더불어 성페로몬이 해충의 대량포획, 유살 또는 교미교란을 유발하여 직접적으로 방제에 응용된다. 본 종설은 성페로몬과 관련된 곤충 생리 및 이를 이용한 해충관리기술을 소개한다.

해충의 발생은 생물적 및 비생물적 요인과 밀접하게 관련되어 있다. 하지만 근년의 해충 발생양상은 생물적 요인보다 비생물적 요인에 의해 더욱 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 여겨진다. 즉 지구온난화로 인해 월동하는 해충 개체군의 증가 및 남방계 해충의 서식지의 북상, 산림 및 농업생태계의 변화로 인한 해충 발생의 다양성과 역동성 제고, 교역량 증가로 인한 외래해충의 유입증가 및 정착에 따른 돌발적 대발생 등을 들 수 있다. 그리하여 해충에 의한 농작물의 안전 및 안정생산이 이전보다 크게 위협받게 되었고, 농업현장에서 해충의 효과적 관리를 위한 실용적 기술개발은 더욱 강하게 요구되고 있다. 국내에서 노린재류는 2000년 이후부터 발생량이 크게 증가하여 콩과 및 과수작물 등의 수량과 품질을 크게 떨어뜨리는 주요한 해충으로 인식되어 있다. 두류 및 과수류에 발생하는 노린재의 종류는 다양하지만, 주요 노린재류는 크게 호리허리노린재과(Alydidae)와 노린재과(Pentatomidae)로 구분할 수 있다. 이들 노린재류는 형태적 차이뿐만 아니라 비행성과 이동성 등에서 뚜렷한 행동적 차이를 가지고 있다. 그로인해 톱다리개미허리노린재는 통발트랩과 펀넬트랩으로 잘 포획할 수 있으나, 썩덩나무노린재와 갈색날개노린재는 유인되지 않는다. 그리하여 노린재의 종류에 관계없이 범용으로 노린재류를 잘 포획할 수 있는 트랩개발이 필요하게 되어 로케트트랩(Rocket trap)을 개발하게 되었다. 농업해충 가운데는 양성주광성(Positive phototaxis)을 가져 밤에 불빛으로 모여드는 특성을 가진 해충이 많이 있다. 스마트트랩(Smart trap)은 낮에 태양광을 축전하고 밤에 해충이 선호하는 파장의 램프를 작동시켜 나비목, 딱정벌레목, 매미목 및 노린재목 등의 해충을 친환경적으로 대량 포획할 수 있는 포충기를 개발하였다. 벼 및 밭작물 재배포장, 과수원, 플랜테이션 농장, 휴양림, 전원주택 및 골프장 등에 스마트트랩을 설치하여 주광성 해충을 효과적으로 포획하는데 국내·외에서 사용되고 있다. 또한 약제를 가열하지 않고 나노입자로 분무하여 시설작물, 축사 및 버섯재배사 등에서 문제되는 병해충을 생력적으로 관리할 수 있는 비가열식무인연막기를 개발하여 그 효과를 검정하고 있는 단계이다. 아직도 많이 부족하고 어느 것 하나 제대로 한 것 없는 것 같은데, 2018년 한국응용곤충학회 추계 학술발표회에서 제 1회 응용곤충학상을 받게 된 것은 개인적으로 큰 영광이라 하지 않을 수 없다. 그동안 함께 연구해온 동료와 학술적 동기를 유발시킨 한국응용곤충학회 그리고 트랩개발에 적극 협조해준 산업계 등에 깊은 감사를 드립니다.

국내 곤충산업의 1900년대부터 본격적으로 학습･애완 곤충산업 부분을 필두로 하여 서서히 기반을 다져오다가 2000년대 이르러 정부의 친환경육성정책에 힘입어 천적산업 부문이 급격하게 성장하기 시작하였다. 최근 들어 식･약용 곤충산업까지 그 범위를 점차 확대하고 있는 실정이다. 게다가 2017년 “곤충산업의 육성 및 지원에 관한 법률”까지 제정되어 정부의 정책적인 지원 하에 새로운 신사업 부분으로 발전을 도모하고 있다. 그러나 비교적 짧은 산업화 역사와 기존 시장에서는 생소한 생물소재를 대상으로 하는 사업의 특성상 소비 시장의 동반성장이 제대로 이루어지지 않아 산업화에 있어서 적지 않은 애로사항이 있는 실정이다. 곤충산업 부분은 정부가 정책적으로 지원하는 차세대 사업이고 현재 세계적인 사업화의 흐름상 앞으로 반드시 발전시켜야 하는 산업부분임은 틀림없는 사실이어서 차후 경쟁력 있는 산업부문으로서의 역할을 위해서 보다 실효성 있는 정책과 더불어 시장 지배적 상품 경쟁력 확보를 위한 노력을 경주해야 할 것이다.

Little consideration has been given to the insect epizootiology in pest management. High production cost of fungalinsecticides might be a technical barrier. Application of the fungal insecticides to unfavorable conditions might result inlower performance in pest management. Herein this work, we suggest ecological biocontrol considering long-term colonizationin nature rather than quick pest control. Fungal biopesticides should be frequently combined with chemical pesticides infields, particualrly spatial combination strategy rather than temporal combination. Additionally other important technicalaspects need to be strongly considered, such as economic downstream process, effective control and environmentally safe,so finally proposing e-biopesticide. Lastly R&D system needs to be clearly and efficiently organized for high performance.Week-based summary and reporting system, weekly report and project file are main system in our laboratory which hasour lab work more effectively and efficiently, consequently resulting in tech-transfer to an industry and re-investment.

2013년과 2014년에 경남 진주시 소재의 관행재배 단감원과 유기재배 단감원에서 쓸어잡기와 육안조사를 통하여 곤충상과 천적의 분포를 조사하였다. 2013년에 쓸어잡기로 조사한 결과 유기재배 단감원에서는 49종, 관행재배 단감원의 경우에는 18종의 곤충이 채집되었다. 2014년 유기재배 단감원에서는 총 7목 33과 66종, 관행재배 농가에서는 5목 15과 25종의 곤충이 채집되었다. 2013년과 2014년 모두 우점종은 노린재목으로 조사되었다. 두 단감원에서 우점종은 애긴노린재와 시골가시허리노린재였으며, 붉은잡초노린재와 톱다리개미허리노린재가 그 다음 우점종으로 조사되었다. 육안조사 결과 유기재배 단감원에서는 11목 72과 192종, 관행재배 단감원에서는 10목 52과 104종이 조사되었다. 유기재배 단감원의 우점종은 꽃매미와 양봉꿀벌, 지칭개수염진딧물로 조사되었고, 관행재배 단감원에서는 양봉꿀벌과 붉은잡초노린재로 조사되었다. 육안조사와 쓸어잡기 조사를 통해 천적 또한 채집되었다. 유기재배 단감원의 경우 쓸어잡기에서는 9종, 육안조사에서는 31종의 천적이 조사되었고, 관행재배 단감원의 경우 쓸어잡기에서는 5종, 육안조사에서는 18종의 천적이 조사되었다.

Insect and natural enemy fauna were surveyed at conventional (CV) and organic-farming persimmon orchards (OF) at Jinju, Korea, using sweeping net and naked eyes in 2013 and 2014. Using sweeping net, 49 species at an OF and 18 species at a CV were observed in 2013. In 2014 too, more species were observed at OF (66 species, 33 families, 7 orders) than at a CV (25 species, 15 families, 5 orders). During both the years, dominant species were all hemipteran insects like Nysius plebejus (Lygaeidae) and Cletus punctiger (Coreidae) in both types of orchards, followed by Rhopalus maculatus (Rhopalidae), Riptortus pedestris (Alydidae). Similarly, naked eye inspection also found more species at OF (192 species, 72 families, 11 orders) than at CV (104 species, 52 families, 10 orders) in 2014. Dominant species in naked eye inspection were Lycorma emelianovi (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Uroleucon cephalonopli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at OF, and A. mellifera and R. maculatus at CV in 2014. Using naked eye inspection or sweeping net in 2014, more species of natural enemies were observed at OF (31 and 9 species, respectively) than at CV (18 and 5 species, respectively).

Dow AgroSciences has a long history of proactive insecticide resistance management efforts. In our experience, the key to managing resistance is to reduce selection pressure on any one mode-of-action by convincing farmers to rotate among effective insecticide products with different modes of action and to use only the number of insecticide applications required for effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM). To accomplish this, farmers may need to use non-chemical control methods and to rotate to insecticide products that are effective but may not provide the highest levels of control. Integrating rotation of effective insecticides with other IPM techniques can provide high quality and quantity of the harvested crop. We will share our experience managing spinosyn resistance with a series of best management practices for western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) and our resistance management recommendations for ISOCLASTTM (sulfoxaflor), our new insecticide for control of sap-feeding insect pests. Dow AgroSciences is an active member of the IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) and strongly supports the placement of IRAC mode-of-action group numbers on insecticide product labels. This simple approach greatly facilitates effective product rotation. Resistance management is critical to maintaining the effectiveness of the current arsenal of conventional insecticides and transgenic insect-resistant crops for as long as possible. Responsibility for resistance management is shared between manufacturers, formulator-distributors, retailers, influencers (universities, government), and farmers. It is up to all of us to make sure all stakeholders, and especially farmers, fully understand the benefits associated with insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs and the consequences associated with the resistance development in insect pest populations. ™ Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ('DOW') or an affiliated company of Dow.

Highland agriculture is a kind of specified agricultural term based on altitude and meteorological characteristics and their main crops are seed potato and vegetables. These crops are only cultivated in summer season when insect pests are most dynamically attacking such as diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella) and aphids son on. Aphids, insect virus vector, are really annoying factor, particularly in seed potato. Furthermore, these insect pests formed small sub-population or colony based on small field area. For instance, green peach aphid (GPA, Myzus persicae) populations’ genetic backgrounds and insecticide susceptibilities were different even in the same Pyeongchang area. Therefore, we suggested that highland agriculture should adopted IRM strategy for the control of insecticide-resistant aphids. First. Monitoring of annual fluctuation of insect population using traps for more effective monitoring. Second. Performing the insecticide resistant monitoring patch by patch or field using high throughput molecular diagnosis for more accurate monitoring. Third. Establishing the insect pest management program based on these results. We will deeply discussed practical monitoring results and IRM strategy in highland agriculture.

In 1990, the human genome project had begun with three billion dollars of budget, and the sequencing and analysis result of the three billion base pairs of human genome was finally published in 2000 to open a new era of genomics. Since the human genome project, many other genomes of eukaryotic model organisms, such as mouse, Drosophila, Arabidopsis, C. elegance, etc., became available, and this led the development of computational biology and comparative genomics. Also, during the last decade, the speed of the nucleotide sequencing increased significantly with lower cost by next generation sequencing technology, and the computational power to handle sequence information also has grown exponentially to make possible that a genomics approach is an affordable tool for many of the biological studies. In the entomology area, the 5000 insect genome project was launched in 2011 for understanding of the biology of insects in a new dimension. Based on the recent studies of functional genomics and the new discoveries in the biological sciences, such as innate immune system, RNAi technique, insect pathogens, etc., the information from the insect genomics study will make possible to improve our capability to manage insect pests in the future.

The two major factors that are responsible for low yields are weather (floods, drought and typhoon) and pest epidemics. The tropical rice field of the Philippines is exposed to several organisms that are injurious to the rice plant. About 20 species of insects are considered important pests in the Philippines and at times contribute to low rice yield. These insect pests are divided into stem borers, sap feeders, defoliators, grain feeders and root feeders. Stem borers are chronic insect pests and always found in the field although outbreak proportions are seldom. There is no commercial variety released in the Philippines that is resistant to rice stem borer. The sap feeders are composed of several species of planthoppers, leafhoppers and a pentatomid bug. Most of the planthoppers and leafhoppers are vector of important diseases of rice like tungro, ragged stunt and grassy stunt. The grain feeders are composed of several species of Leptocorisa. A Lygaeid bug was recently reported as a new pest of rice grain in the field. The most common defoliators are leaffolders, whorl maggot and rice caseworm. Root feeders are seldom a problem in irrigated lowland rice in the Philippines. Management of rice insect pests is normally through integration of the different management strategies. These strategies include host plant resistance, biological control, cultural control and the use of insecticides as a last resort. Since a tropical rice ecosystem like the Philippine rice field is rich in communities of beneficial organisms, conservation of these naturally occurring biological control agents like predators and parasitoids is our primary control tactics against insect pests of rice. Maximizing the use of these beneficial organisms is a very important principle in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of rice insect pests.

Numerous insects live in forests as a component of forest ecosystem. Forest insect pests are defined certain insects when they adversely affect ecological, economic, and social values that we associate with forest. Kinds of forest insect pests are continually changed as a result of change of forest ecosystem and the introduction of foreign alien insect pests. Forest pest management is the maintenance of destructive insects at tolerable levels by the planned use of a variety of preventive, suppressive, or regulatory tactics and strategies that are ecologically and economically efficient and socially acceptable. However, the system of forest pest management is slighly different according to the nation and case of insect pests. Currently, the most important insect pests of Korea are Monochamus beetles and Platypus koroensis, which are insect vectors of pine wilt disease and oak wilt disease, respectively. Major forest insect pests are Thecodiplosis japonensis, a gall maker of pine needle and sapsucking insects such as black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae, Corythucha ciliata, Lycorma delicatula. Defoliating insects, such as Dendrolimus spectabilis, Hyphantria cunea, Agelastica coerulea, Acantholyda parki, and phloem boring insects, such as Tomicus piniperda and Ips bark beetles are also regarded as major forest insect pests. Management of forest insect pests are different from kinds of insect species. Control methods currently used are as follows; (a) Chemical control : ground and aerial spray of low-toxicity insecticide, trunk injection of systemic insecticide, fumigation, etc. (b) Biological control : release of parasitic wasps, use of Beauveria bassiana. etc. (c) Physical or mechamical control : burn, crush, etc. (d) Silvicultural practice : salvage cutting, clear cutting and reforestation, breeding of resistant trees, etc.