러시아 형식주의자 쉬클로프스키는 ‘낯설게 하기(defamiliarization)’ 개념을 최초로 제시하였다. 이는 자동화(automatization)된 인식을 돌파하고 새로운 심미적 감각을 자극하는 수단으로 건축, 패션 디자인, 미디어, 미술 등 시각적 연구 분야에서 활발 하게 논의되었을 뿐만 아니라, 문학계에서 ‘문학성(literariness)’, 문학작품 비평에 대 한 검토도 꾸준히 이어져 왔다. 기존의 ‘낯설게 하기’ 연구방향에 따라 각 학자들은 음성학적, 어휘적, 통사적, 문체적 구조 등 다양한 언어적 위계에 초점을 두고 의미 가 있는 관점을 밝혔으나 이를 통합하여 전체적 텍스트를 분석하는 기준과 방법을 세우지 않았다. 따라서 본고는 중국 당대소설 ‘낯설게 하기’의 범위를 규명하고 체계 적인 분석 기준을 수립한 다음, ‘낯설게 하기’의 구체적인 변형 수단과 연구소설 ｢레 닌의 키스(受活)｣의 ‘낯설게 하기’ 양상을 검토하고자 한다.

Every meaning of the common word “Qin (親)” in Chinese has been seen in ancient times. However, its meaning of “kiss” only appeared at the end of Ming Dynasty. Scholars generally believe that this meaning is derived from extended meaning, which is worth discussing. Before the Tang Dynasty, the meaning of “kiss” was only expressed by “Wu (嗚)” and its polyphonic form. “Xin (噷)” appeared in the Song Dynasty, “Qin (唚)” and “Qin (親)” appeared in the Ming Dynasty. “Qin (親)” and “Qin (唚)” are the phonetic loan character of “Xin (噷)”. As the tail vowel [-m] final vanishes and the confluence of sharp and rounded sounds, the three sounds tend to be the same, “Xin (噷)” is a rare word, the common writing “Qin (唚)” with the change of phonetic sign and homophone substitution word “Qin (親)” appeared in the folk. “Qin (親)” has the meaning of “contact”. It is easier to establish semantic association with the meaning of “kiss” and becomes the dominant word in the concept field of “kiss”. “Xin (噷)” and “Qin (唚)” exist only in spoken dialect. “Xin (噷)” is the subsequent character of “Xin (歆)”, the “kiss” meaning of “Xin (噷)” is an extension of the “smell” meaning of “Xin (歆)”. In order to find the source of words, we should use the method of finding words based on meaning and sound, combine with dialect materials, and link up the homophone and synonymy of variant words. Only by breaking through the restriction of glyphs, can we find out the writing form containing the etymological basis of many variant words.

It is well known that lymph node metastasis is a major prognostic factor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 30-40% of patients with OSCC have already undergone regional metastasis at diagnosis. The survival rate of patients with metastasis is reduced by more than 50%. Therefore, prevention and early detection of metastasis are very important to increase the survival rate of patients. Many investigators have studied the molecular mechanism of metastasis and tried to develop the molecules to inhibit any step of metastatic cascade. Among those molecules, an interest in the metastasis suppressor gene has been increasing. Expression of metastasis suppressor KiSS-1 has shown to be significantly related to poor clinical outcome and worse survival rate of patient in various malignancies of different organs. In addition, our previous study in OSCC also revealed that downregulation of KiSS-1 expression correlated with the presence of cervical lymph node metastasis, one part of tumor progression. Therefore, further investigation was needed to identify the molecular function of KiSS-1 using OSCC cell line and to evaluate the possibility of KiSS-1 as a new therapeutic target.

PURPOSES : This research is a study on the changes in the road network of the surrounding area is installed according to the Kiss & Ride Zone. METHODS : Estimating the transportation mode of students by using the Metropolitan household Surveys(2006) and estimating the O/D by Kiss & Ride ratio with the estimated data, then being applied to a method of reducing the number of lanes for certain sections of the road which would be installed with Kiss & Ride Zone. RESULTS : The reason why it is different for delay resolving time and the affected roads as the Kiss & Ride percentage change, was the impact of the Kiss & Ride Zone's installation position. CONCLUSIONS : The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of the road network in accordance with the installation of Kiss & Ride Zone by using speed and queue delay resolving time, and it is a need to develop a quantitative evaluation technique which was using various indicators in impact analysis according to the installation of the traffic safety facilities in the future.

Neurokinin B (NKB) and neurokinin B related peptide (NKBRP) belong to tachykinin peptide family. They act as a neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. Mutation of NKB and/or its cognate receptor, NK3R resulted in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mammals, implying a strong involvement of NKB/NK3R system in controlling mammalian reproduction. Teleosts possess NKBRP as well as NKB, but their roles in fish reproduction need to be clarified. In this study, NKB and NKBRP coding gene (tac3) was cloned from Nile tilapia and sequenced. Based on the sequence, Nile tilapia NKB and NKBRP peptide were synthesized and their biological potencies were tested in vitro pituitary culture. The synthetic NKBRP showed direct inhibitory effect on the expression of GTH subunits at the pituitary level. This inhibitory effect was confirmed in vivo by means of intraperitoneal (ip) injection of synthetic NKB and NKBRP to mature female tilapia (20 pmol/g body weight [BW]). Both NKB and NKBRP had no effect on the plasma level of sex steroids, E2 and 11-KT. However, NKBRP caused declines of expression level of GnRH I, Kiss2 and tac3 mRNAs in the brain while NKB seemed to have no distinct effect. These results indicate some inhibitory roles of NKBRP in reproduction of mature female Nile tilapia, although their exact functions are not clear at the moment.

Kiss/GPR 54 system은 포유류에서 성 성숙 및 번식과 연관되어 있는 것으로 밝혀지고 있으며, 어류의 성 성숙 및 번식 과정에서도 Kiss/GPR 54 system이 중요한 역할을 할 가능성이 높다. 어류에서는 포유류와 달리 Kiss1 뿐만 아니라 Kiss2 유전자도 존재한다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 어류에서 Kiss2는 대부분 아미노산 서열 FNFNPFGLRF를 갖는 decapeptide를 생성하는 유전자이다. Kiss2 유전자는 시상하부에서 GnRH neuron을 자극하여 GTH 분비를 촉진시킨다고 알려져 있다. 그러나 뇌하수체에서 kisspeptin의 직접적인 영향은 아직 불명확하거나 결과가 상이하다. 본 연구에서는 나일 틸라피아(O. niloticus)를 대상으로 나일 틸라피아 Kiss2 유전자의 kisspeptin-10(Kp-10, FNYNPLSLRF) 투여가 뇌하수체에서 직접적으로 번식관련 유전자를 조절할 수 있는지 in vitro 실험을 통해 조사하였다. 사용된 실험어는 나일 틸라피아로 체장과 체중은 각각 13.06±0.76 cm, 39.88±9.48 g이였다(n=16). 멸균조건에서 뇌하수체를 적출하여 96-multiwell plate에 80%(v/v) Leibovitz L15 medium(Gibco), pH 7.4, 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 IU/ml penicillin, 그리고 100 μg/ml streptomycin이 첨가된 배양액에 각각 수용하였다. 뇌하수체를 안정화시키기 위해서 암조건에서 27℃로 3시간 배양한 후 나일 틸라피아 Kiss2 유전자의 Kp-10을 첨가한 배양액(0, 0.01, 1, 100 μM)으로 교환해 주었다(n=4 per treatment). 새로운 배양액에서 16시간 배양 후 각각의 뇌하수체로부터 TRI Reagent (MRC, Inc.)를 이용해 total RNA를 추출하였다. 추출한 total RNA(1 μg)을 이용해 cDNA를 합성 한 후 Kp-10 투여 농도 별로 GTH subunits(LHβ와 FSHβ)의 발현량을 qRT-PCR로 비교하였고, 참조유전자는 β-actin을 이용하였다. 뇌하수체에서 LHβ, FSHβ mRNA 발현은 Kp-10 투여농도에 의존하여 영향을 받았다. LHβ, FSHβ 모두 Kp-10 1 μM 투여구에서 가장 높은 발현량을 나타냈으며, Kp-10 100 μM 투여구에서 다시 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 100 μM의 농도가 mRNA 발현을 촉진시키는데 적정한 농도 수준을 벗어난 과도한 농도였기 때문으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 뇌하수체에서 Kisspeptin이 직접적으로 GTH subunits을 조절할 수 있다는 가능성을 확인하였다. 그러나 Kisspeptin을 이용한 최적의 투여효과를 조사하기 위해서는 Kp-10 농도범위와 배양시간을 좀 더 세분화하여 실험을 진행할 필요가 있다.

최근 여러 포유류 종에서 Kisspeptin이 그 수용체인 GPR54와 함께 GnRH 분비를 자극하여 성 성숙과 최종배란에 영향을 미친다고 보고되고 있다. 이러한 보고들은 KiSS-GPR54 system이 번식과 밀접한 연관이 있음을 제시하고 있지만, 어류에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이 연구는 어류에서의 KiSS-GPR54 system의 생리적 기능과 번식내분비적 기능을 탐색하기 위해 홍바리 Epinephelus fasciatus 뇌에서 KiSS1

Kisspeptin has been implicated in the process of puberty onset in various animal groups. This peptide is encoded by a gene, Kiss1 in avian and mammalian species. Contrary to these higher vertebrates, however, fish appeared to have another gene, Kiss2 that also codes for the precursor peptide of kisspeptin. To figure out biological significance of this gene during the puberty onset in fish, the expression profile of Kiss2 gene was investigated in the brain of Nile tilapia together with genes of GPR54, GnRH receptorI (rGnRHI) and GTH subunits ( and ). Expression of Kiss2 mRNA significantly increased at 2 weeks post hatch (wph) and 13 wph (<0.05). This increase coincided with the increases of GPR54 and rGnRH I gene expression. Detection of and subunit gene expression was possible later than 13 wph, indicating the activation of gonadotrophs in the pituitary. Data obtained from this study strongly suggest that, in addition to Kiss1 gene, Kiss2 gene is deeply associated with the onset of puberty by the activation of hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis in Nile tilapia.

In mammals, puberty is a dynamic transition process from infertile immature state to fertile adult state. The neuroendocrine aspect of puberty is started with functional activation of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal hormone axis. The timing of puberty can be altered by many factors including hormones and/or hormone-like materials, social cues and metabolic signals. For a long time, attainment of a particular body weight or percentage of body fat has been thought as crucial determinant of puberty onset. However, the precise effect of high-fat (HF) diet on the regulation of hypothalamic GnRH neuron during prepubertal period has not been fully elucidated yet. The present study was undertaken to test the effect of a HF diet on the puberty onset and hypothalamic gene expressions in immature female rats. The HF diet (45% energy from fat, HF group) was applied to female rats from weaning to around puberty onset (postnatal days, PND 22-40). Body weight and vaginal opening (VO) were checked daily during the entire feeding period. In the second experiment, all animals were sacrificed on PND 36 to measure the weights of reproductive tissues. Histological studies were performed to assess the effect of HF diet feeding on the structural alterations in the reproductive tissues. To determine the transcriptional changes of reproductive hormone-related genes in hypothalamus, total RNAs were extracted and applied to the semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Body weights of HF group animals tend to be higher than those of control animals between PND 22 and PND 31, and significant differences were observed PND 32, PND 34, PND 35 and PND 36 (p<0.05). Advanced VO was shown in the HF group (PND p<0.001) compared to the control (PND ). The weight of ovaries (p<0.01) and uteri (p<0.05) from HF group animals significantly increased when compared to those from control animals. Corpora lutea were observed in the ovaries from the HF group animals but not in control ovaries. Similarly, hypertrophy of luminal and glandular uterine epithelia was found only in the HF group animals. In the semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies, the transcriptional activities of KiSS-1 in HF group animals were significantly higher than those from the control animals (p<0.001). Likewise, the mRNA levels of GnRH (p<0.05) were significantly elevated in HF group animals. The present study indicated that the feeding HF diet during the post-weaning period activates the upstream modulators of gonadotropin such as GnRH and KiSS-1 in hypothalamus, resulting early onset of puberty in immature female rats.

시상하부-뇌하수체-생식소(HPG) 호르몬 축은 유아기와 아동기에는 작동하지 않다가 사춘기 개시 직전에 활성화되는 흥분성 및 억제성 신호들의 복잡한 중추성 조절 네트워크에 의해 조절된다. 최근 주목받고 있는 kisspeptin은 KiSS-1 유전자의 펩타이드 산물로, 최초 orphan receptor로 클로닝된 G protein-coupled receptor 54(GPR54)의 내인성 리간드이다. KiSS-l은 본래 종양전이억제 유전자로 알려졌으나, 최근