Southern root-knot nematode (SRKN, Meloidogyne incognita) is known to be responsible for annual economic losses of 38.2 million USD in cucumber cultivation in Korea. Nematicides are frequently used to manage SRKN in plastic greenhouses. A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of a soil fumigant (dimethyl disulfide, DMDS) and a non-fumigant (fluopyram, FL) against SRKN during the winter fallow season in a greenhouse from October to December. Nematicidal efficacy was assessed at 43 days after treatment, and the root gall index was measured 4 months after transplanting cucumber seedlings. DMDS effectively reduced second-stage SRKN juvenile density with 91% control efficacy, while FL showed no control efficacy against SRKN. Root gall index values were significantly different (p=0.020) in DMDS treatment and controls at 1.0±0.00 and 4.3±0.58, respectively. This study showed that DMDS could be considered an effective nematicide for controlling SRKN in the fallow period in winter.

A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) was carried out in medicinal crop cultivated fields from July to August in 2023. Three-leaf ladybell, Adenophora triphylla var. japonica is a highly valued medicinal plant that is used to treat or prevent bronchitis, cough, cancer, and obesity in Korea. A. triphylla plants with small root-galls were observed in a field of Yeongju Agricultural Technology Center, which were identified as a root-knot nematode. Additional morphological and molecular analyses studies were performed and identified as Meloidogyne hapla, Northern root-knot nematode. Population densities of M. hapla ranged from 20~30 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil. M. hapla was detected at lower densities in soil compared to other infected host crops, but there are concerns about damage to M. hapla since A. triphylla is cultivated for more than two years once planted. Our results indicate that A. triphylla roots damage by M. hapla were identifed, it is necessary to prepare control methods such as registration of applicable nematicides and crop rotation.

Root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, inflicts significant greenhouse crop damage, causing over 40% economic losses. While chemical agents effectively control RKN, they leave harmful residue in soil and crops. To address this issue, we investigated soil-derived entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in this study. We assessed the nematicidal impact of ten EPF species through in vivo and in vitro tests. Beauveria bassiana JEF-503 exhibited nematicidal effectiveness exceeding 65% in both experimental settings. In a semi-field test using greenhouse pots, we experimented with the application of B. bassiana JEF-503 suspension during tomato growth, which is an uncommon practice in comparison to chemical treatments due to residue concerns. B. bassiana JEF-503 was applied during transplantation, and the same application was repeated four weeks later. JEF-503 One-time and abamectin treatments were used as control groups. The JEF-503 two-time application notably reduced root damage compared to single JEF-503 or abamectin treatment. In conclusion, JEF-503 offers a promising, residue-free, and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical agents for RKN management.

Enamel knot (EK)—a signaling center—refers to a transient morphological structure comprising epithelial tissue. EK is believed to regulate tooth development in early organogenesis without its own cellular alterations, including proliferation and differentiation. EKs show a very simple but conserved structure and share functions with teeth of recently evolved vertebrates, suggesting conserved signaling in certain organs, such as functional teeth, through the course of evolution. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of key EK-specific genes including Dusp26 , Fat4, Meis2, Sln , and Zpld1 during mice embryogenesis. Expression patterns of these genes may reveal putative differentiation mechanisms underlying tooth morphogenesis.

An increased use of organic phosphorous based chemical pesticides in domestic and overseas agriculture has resultedin emergence of tolerant strains of insect pests. These pests have spread throughout South Korea and are responsible forsignificant reduction in crop yields. Furthermore, as yet there is no effective way of controlling these insects or the damageresulting from pest infestation. To this end, we are attempting to develop biological control based methods to protectcrop plants against insect pests. A screen for biocontrol agents conducted in five farms that were heavily infested bynematodes in 2015-2016 identified Aspergillus niger F22 strain that was very effective against root-knot nematode. Afour-time treatment with A. niger F22 at an internal of ten days was able to reduce nematode population by 70-90%compared to untreated controls. The biocontrol agent was also more effective compared to ograno-phosphorus based pesticide,which caused a 30% reduction in nematode population. Notably, the extract (suspension concentrate) prepared from A.niger culture was equally effective in controlling the root-knot nematode and is currently being developed as a marketableproduct under the brand name “NAMAFREE”.

식물 기생성 선충은 토양 병해의 중요한 요인 중 하나로 작물 생산에 심각한 피해를 일으키지만 토양 속에서 일어나므로 그 피해를 판단하기 어렵다. 식물 기생성 선충은 주로 오이나 당근, 상추 등 많은 작물의 뿌리를 통하여 침입하는데 이때 생긴 상처를 통하여 토양 전염 병원균의 감염이 발생되고 또한 바이러스도 전파하여 작물의 많은 수확 손실을 가져온다. 본 연구에서는 뿌리혹선충 방제를 위한 친환 경적인 방법을 찾고자 유기성 부산물의 퇴비 처리에 의한 상추의 뿌리혹선충 방제 효과와 상추 수확량, 토양 화학성분 및 미생물밀도를 분석하였다. 퇴비를 처리하지 않은 무처리구와 퇴비 처리량(3, 10kg/3.3m2) 별 효과를 비교한 결과, 퇴비 처리량의 증가에 따라 상추의 뿌리혹선충 발병이 유의성 있 게 감소하였으며(R2=0.230, p=0.022) 따라서 수확량은 증가하였다(R2=0.360, p=0.004). 상추 근권 토 양 중 방선균의 밀도도 퇴비 처리에 의하여 약 10배 정도 유의성 있게 증가하였으며(R2=0.276, p=0.013), 방선균 밀도와 수확량 간에 높은 정의 상관관계가 확인되었다(R2=0.232, p=0.021). 각 처리 구의 토양 성분을 분석 비교한 결과 퇴비를 처리한 토양에서 유기물 함량과 양이온 교환용량이 높게 나 타났다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 충분히 완숙된 유기성 부산물 퇴비 처리는 상추의 뿌리혹선충의 발병율을 낮추고 좋은 미생물인 방선균 밀도를 증가시킴과 동시에 토양의 지력도 향상시켜 상추 생산량을 증가 시킬 수 있는 친환경적이고 효과적인 뿌리혹선충 방제법 임을 알 수 있었다.

Thrips worms and root-knot nematodes occur in a variety of crops, and have shown a great deal of damage to farm income every year, and the damage is increasing every year. In order to solve these problems, a variety of biological materials are used in Korea to develop a control agent. However, there are very few products available that can satisfy the consumer's satisfactory control effect, efficacy, formulation stability and pesticide compatibility. In order to propose a biological control solution to these problems, this study was conducted to develop the optimal bioprocess technology and formulations suitable for the material by transferring the Aspergillus nigerF22 strain, which is effective for root-knot nematodes, at Chonnam National University. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Aspergillus niger F22 20% suspension concentrate (Productname:NEMAFREE), which has excellent efficacy on root nematodes. The packing test result showed about 70-90% control effect. Soil fumigation and disinfection treatments after 4 days of planting were effective. In addition, we have developed a product to control the under powder pupa using Beauveria bassiana ERL836, an insect pathogenic microorganism, which has excellent control effect against resistant insect pupa. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of insect pests on the under poor control of the pupa in the soil. In the pavement test, more than 70%(GR) formulation, which can be treated withch emical pesticides, and it is confirmed that synergy effect is in the control of Thrips worm.

The honeybee inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK) peptide acts as an antifungal peptide and insecticidal venom toxin. However, the ICK peptide from bumblebees has not been characterized. Here, we report the molecular cloning and antifungal activity of a bumblebee (Bombus ignitus) ICK peptide (BiICK). We identified a BiICK that contains an ICK fold. The BiICK was expressed in the epidermis, fat body, and venom gland of B. ignitus worker bees. A 6.7-kDa recombinant BiICK peptide was expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Recombinant BiICK peptides directly bound to Beauveria bassiana, Ascosphaera apis, and Fusarium graminearum, but they did not bind to Escherichia coli, Paenibacillus larvae, or Bacillus thuringiensis. Consistent with this finding, BiICK exhibited antifungal activity against fungi. These results demonstrate that BiICK acts as an antifungal peptide.

Inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK) peptides exhibit ion channel blocking, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities, but currently, no functional roles for bee-derived ICK peptides have been identified. In this study, a bee (Apis cerana) ICK peptide (AcICK) that acts as an antifungal peptide and as an insecticidal venom toxin was identified. AcICK contains an ICK fold that is expressed in the epidermis, fat body, or venom gland and is present as a 6.6-kDa peptide in bee venom. Recombinant AcICK peptide (expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells) bound directly to Beauveria bassiana and Fusarium graminearum, but not to Escherichia coli or Bacillus thuringiensis. Consistent with these findings, AcICK showed antifungal activity, indicating that AcICK acts as an antifungal peptide. Furthermore, AcICK expression is induced in the fat body and epidermis after injection with B. bassiana. These results provide insight into the role of AcICK during the innate immune response following fungal infection. Additionally, we show that AcICK has insecticidal activity. Our results demonstrate a functional role for AcICK in bees: AcICK acts as an antifungal peptide in innate immune reactions in the body and as an insecticidal toxin in venom. The finding that the AcICK peptide functions with different mechanisms of action in the body and in venom highlights the two-pronged strategy that is possible with the bee ICK peptide.

The BIG11003 strain was isolated as protein-degrading actinomycetes from cucumber farm. The effect of plant natural resources (Azadirachta indica L and Sophora angustifolia) of juveniles and the hatching of eggs of Meloidogyne sp. were examined the laboratory. The nematicides (fosthiazate), actinomycetes protease and S. angustifolia extract resulted in 45.6, 46.6 and 51.23% mortality of J2 of M. incognita. The nematicides (fosthiazate), A. indica L and S. angustifolia extract resulted in 2.06, 3.96 and 6.22% hatch of egg of M. incognita. Antinematode activity test had done after the formulation of liquid (Nemastar) with mixture of additives and inerts into selected highly active natural material and actinomycetes protease. In pot and field experiments, the nemastar had good control efficacy against plant root-knot nematodes. Anti-nematode activity of strain BIG11003 from phylogentic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences, it is suggested the Streptomyces koyangensis.

RNAi 기법은 예쁜꼬마선충을 비롯하여 초파리, 생쥐, 인체및 식물들을 포함한 다양한 생물종에서 작용기작이 잘 알려져 있고, 특정 유전자들의 발현을 제어하기 위해 사용되어 왔다.본 논문은 RNAi 기법을 통해 구축된 뿌리혹선충 저항성 형질전환식물체들의 개발현황, 발전 및 응용 가능성에 대해 고찰하고자 하였다. 지난 10여년에 걸쳐 진행된 연구들을 통해 다양한 분화단계의 뿌리혹선충으로부터 분석된 79,978개의 EST가 GenBank에등록되었고, 고구마뿌리혹선충(M. incognita)과 당근뿌리혹선충(M. hapla)의 전체 게놈 염기서열이 해독됨으로써 뿌리혹선충의 기생에 관련된 단백질들 및 식물세포벽 분해 관련 효소들에 대한 정보를 이용할 수 있게 되었다. RNAi의 기본 기작은 모든 진핵생물종에서 잘 보존되어 있고, 최근 식물기생선충들에서 RNAi 효과에 대한 연구결과들이 많이 발표되었다. 서로 다른 뿌리혹선충들에서 현재까지 22종 이상의 RNAi를위한 목표 유전자들이 보고되었다. 제2령 식물기생선충(second-stage juvenile of plant parasitic nematodes)에게dsRNA의 섭취를 유도하는 octopamine, resorcinol, serotonin등의 화합물들이 발견되었고, 이를 이용하여 선충 유전자의 발현제어를 쉽게 판별할 수 있는 새로운 기술의 활용이 가능하게 되었다. 최근에 RNAi 기술의 응용 및 발전을 통해 형질전환식물체에서 발현된 dsRNA에 의한 식물기생선충 유전자들의 발현제어가 증명되었고, 이를 위한 핵심 요소들로서 적절한 선충 표적 유전자의 선택, 식물체 내 높은 함량의 dsRNA의 발현 및선충이 섭취할 수 있는 충분한 양의 dsRNA의 운반 등이 중요하다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 특히, 비표적 유전자서열(off-target gene sequence)의 발현제어를 피하기 위해 다음과 같은 사항들이 고려되어야 한다. 1)비표적 유전자서열을 확인할 수 있는 소프트웨어의 개발 및 이를 통한 비표적 유전자서열을 제거한 RNAi 벡터를 제작하여야 한다. 2)식물과 동물에서 상동성이 높은 표적 유전자의 발현을 피해야 한다. 3)전사해석틀(open reading frames)의 염기서열들 보다 상동성이 낮은 5' 혹은 3'-비해석부위(untranslated regions)로부터 표적 유전자를설계하여야 한다.

본 연구는 본 연구자의 무용작품 <매듭처럼 맺히는 외침>의 안무, 공연연습 그리고 공연 수행 전 과정에서의 몰입체험을 몸학적 관점에서 연구하여, 이러한 기법이 무용 주체로서 무용수 자신 의 창작과 예술성 향상에 기여할 수 있는지를 알아보려는 것이었다. <매듭처럼 맺히는 외침>은 특정한 스토리텔링이나 기교전달보다는 무용공연을 준비하고 공연 하는 전 과정에서의 몰입체험이 용이하도록 구성한 작품이다. 본 연구자는 이를 위해 몸학에서의 몸과 마음의 통합적인 사고관과 몸적 학습방식을 활용하였다. 따라서 이 작품은 퍼포머가 몸과 마음, 실기와 연구에 대한 이분법적 사고를 극복하도록 도움으로서 무용 활동 그 자체를 몰두할 수 있도록 하였다. 이를 바탕으로 작품에서는 몰입 정도에 따라 호흡에 따른 몸의 감각 인지와 능동적인 움직임의 확장과 변화, 자신의 변화를 재인식하고 수용하는 과정을 통해 몰입체험을 경 험하였다. 또한 이러한 체험은 의식와 행위사이에서의 통합뿐만 아니라 본인 스스로 몸에 대한 이해와 자각을 얻게 하여 기능적, 표현적 측면에서의 움직임의 가능성 개발을 도왔다. 따라서 본 연구는 무용작품 창작 작업자체를 다음과 같이 구조화하였다. 첫째는 몸의 자각을 위해 호흡을 통한 명상을 하였고 둘째는 움직임의 자발성, 자연스러운 에너지의 흐름을 위해 움 직임 패턴을 반복적으로 사용하는 방식을 적용하였다. 마지막으로 의식과 행동의 자연스러운 통 합을 위해 즉흥연습방식을 통하여 몰입체험을 보다 용이하도록 하였다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해 몰입체험을 위해서 몸학적인 접근이 유용하다는 점을 발견하였다. 또한 몸학적 접근의 몰입체험은 무용 수행에 있어 기교향상이나 심리적 안녕을 넘어 움직임에 대 한 통찰, 무용수의 몸적 자각 개발의 기회, 몸 수련의 실천방안을 제공하며 일회성으로 끝나는 것 이 아니라 지속적으로 무용수의 동작 개발과 창의성 향상을 위한 실천 방안임을 확인하였다. 따 라서 본 연구의 사례를 토대로 한 무용수의 몰입체험 연구가 무용수의 고유의 움직임 방식을 계 발하는데 도움을 줄 것이라고 사료된다.

The nematicidal activity of Phellodendron amurense rhizome-derived materials (methanol extract) toward Meloidogyne Spp. second-stage juveniles (J2) and these effects on Cucumis sativus and Cucumis melo. Results were compared with these of fosthiazate. J2 was examined using 24-well plate tests, pot bioassays (C. sativa and C. melo) and Field trials (C. melo). In 24-well plate test with J2, methanol extract of P. amurense exhibited 98.7% and 69.8% mortality at 0.25 and 0.125 mg/ml toward J2, respectively, whereas Fosthiazate showed 100% mortality at 1 mg/ml. In pot bioassays with J2, P. amurense rhizome methanol extract gave 79.5% and 57.4% mortality at 2ℓ/m2(1,000x) and 2ℓ/m2(2,000x)/3kg soil from C. sativa and 73.7% and 53.3% mortality at 2ℓ/m2(1,000x) and 2ℓ/m2(2,000x)/3kg soil from C. melo, respectively. In Field test at C. melo in greenhouse showed 55.1% and 26.9% mortality at 2ℓ/m2(1,000x) and 2ℓ/m2(2,000x) applied soil. P. amurense rhizome-derived materials, merit further study as potential root-knot nematode control agents because of their nematicidal activity.

본 연구는 10년 이상 과채류를 재배하여 뿌리혹선충 피해가 많이 발생되었던 시설재배 토양에서 친환경적인 뿌리혹선충방제를 위하여 밀기울 토양환원처리 효과를 구명하였다. 토양소독처리후 뿌리혹선충의 밀도를 조사한 결과 시험전과 비교하여 모든 처리구에서 뿌리혹선충밀도가 감소하는 경향을 보였지만 특히 밀기울처리구에서는 높은 방제효과를 보였다. 처리후 90일경에도 밀기울처리구가 매우 낮게 유지되었으며 멜론의 생육도 가장 양호하였다. 수확기 멜론의 고사율을 조사한 결과 무처리구 65%인데 비해 밀기울처리구, 3%로 현저히 낮았으며 과실의 크기와 품질도 밀기울처리구가 우수하였다. 따라서 밀기울 토양환원처리는 뿌리혹선충 발생포장에 농약을 사용하지 않고 멜론을 1작기 동안 안전하게 재배할 수 있는 유망한 소독방법일 뿐만 아니라 멜론의 품질을 개선하는데 매우 효과적인 방법으로 생각되었다.