우리나라에서는 최근 아동 돌봄서비스에 대한 사회적 요구에 따라 다양한 서비스의 확대를 통해 사각지대를 해소하고자 노력해 왔지만, 공간적 관점은 부족하였다. 이 연구의 주된 목적은 아동의 생애주기를 고려하여 돌봄서비스들의 공간적 접근성을 종합적으로 분석함으로써 돌봄 사막과 같은 사각지대의 공간적 패턴을 탐색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 아동 돌봄서비스의 공간적 접근성에 대한 이론적 논의와 선행연구를 검토하였다. 이어 2SFCA를 이용해 생애주기에 따른 돌봄서비스의 공간적 접근성을 측정하고, 이를 종합해 돌봄서비스의 사각지대를 파악하기 위한 방법을 제시하였다. 경상북도의 시군을 사례로 분석한 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 돌봄 사각지대는 크게 거리와 공급의 부족으로 구분될 수 있으며, 두 경우 모두 중학생 돌봄시설 에 대하여 가장 접근성이 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 모든 시기에 있어서 도시지역이 농촌지역보다 접근성이 우수하였고, 읍･면 지역의 돌봄의 사각지대가 두드러졌다. 셋째, 접근성이 취약한 지역, 이른바 돌봄 사막은 영유아 시설에서 중학생시설에 이르기까지 공간적으로 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 생애주기를 고려하여 아동 돌봄서비스의 사각지대가 공간적 패턴을 이루고 있음을 파악한 본 연구의 결과는 향후 돌봄서비스 제공에 있어 중요한 정책적 시사점을 제공한다.

PURPOSES : This study is aimed to economic analysis of the ferronickel slag pavement method carried out to suggest the necessity of developing ferronickel slag pavement technology. METHODS : A life cycle cost analysis of the application of the Ferronickel Slag pavement method and the cutting + overlay pavement method was performed to compare the economic indicators and greenhouse gas emissions for each pavement method. RESULTS : As a result of the analysis, regardless of the Ferronickel Slag mixing rate, if the common performance of the Ferronickel Slag pavement method is the same or superior to the existing pavement method, it is more economical than the existing pavement method. Furthermore, the lower the maintenance cost of the Ferronickel Slag pavement method, the higher the economic feasibility due to the high Ferronickel Slag mixing rate. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced from at least 9% to up to 53% through the application of the Ferronickel Slag pavement method, except for some scenario analysis results. CONCLUSIONS : This study provided that the Ferronickel Slag pavement method was superior to the existing pavement method in terms of economic and environmental aspects. Therefore, it was found that the objective justification of developing road pavement technology using Ferronickel Slag was secured.

Recently, the construction of tall buildings utilized by high strength-concrete in the whole world is tending to be on the rise. The application of high-rise structural system in buildings results in the excellent cut-down effect in construction materials due to section reduction. Therefore, in order to investigate the CO2 and resource reduction effect for the high-rise structural system, comparisons of GWP and ADP in embodied energy of structural materlais between 4 type of high-rise structural system have been performed. As a result, GWP emission increased in the order of steel structure outrigger system, RC shear wall system, and RC outrigger system. On the other hand, ADP emissions increased in the order of RC shear wall system, RC outrigger system, and steel structure outrigger system.

농림축산검역본부는 해외해충 연구를 위해 밀폐능력을 갖춘 검역해충실험동을 구축하였다. 연구실험실로써 검역해충실험동의 적합성을 확인하기 위해 파밤나방을 이용하여 해충사육, 연구, 밀폐기능을 검증하였다. 해충사육 기능검증에서 한 세대의 파밤나방 완성에 필요한 온도별 생활사는 25°C에서 32.2일이 소요되었으며, 알 부화율은 80%, 유충 용화율은 86.6%, 번데기 우화율은 90%로 조사되었다. 연구기능 검증에서 살포법과 침지법을 이용하여 2종의 살충제(풀룩사메타마이드와 히드라메칠론)에 대한 고도의 유충 감수성을 확인하였다. 밀폐기능 검증에서는 겨울 동안 수행된 검역해충실험동의 유출시험에서 외부에 설치된 성페로몬 트랩에 파밤나방 수컷성충이 포획되지 않아 성충 유출은 없었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 해외해충에 대한 다양한 연구가 검역해충실험동에서 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

In the second half of the twentieth century, climate scientists have observed significant climate change events. Climate change scenarios characterized by increased temperature and precipitation in urban areas have resulted in disasters such as the urban heat island effect or street flooding. In response to these extreme climate scenarios, engineers have proposed permeable pavement technology. Permeable pavement is a type of pavement that allows water to flow through existing cavities into the pavement. The benefits of permeable pavement include reducing storm water runoff, reducing the heat island effect, and improving water quality, and reducing noise. In this study, a mechanistic-empirical analysis was performed to model the performance of permeable pavement in a subtropical climate with two variations of base and soil materials under both low and high traffic scenarios. The performance criteria for fatigue cracking and rutting were used to determine the service life of the permeable pavements. Furthermore, the estimated pavement performance was used to perform the life cycle analysis of the permeable pavements. Economic, environmental, and social sustainability aspects during the construction, maintenance, and operation periods were modelled for a 20 year analysis.

PURPOSES : So far, aged cement concrete pavement on express highways has been rehabilitated mainly with asphalt concrete inlay. However, potholes were the major problem, and they shortened the life of the inlay mainly owing to the poor drainage of water once it infiltrated the interface of the concrete and asphalt. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance and economic efficiency of asphalt overlay and inlayMETHODS: Overlay and inlay were compared through accelerated pavement testing, and a life-cycle cost analysis was conducted in this study using the CA4PRS program.RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : It was found from accelerated pavement testing that the overlay exhibited reflective crack resistance that was more than twice as effective as that of inlay. The total cost (construction cost + user cost) within the analysis period (20 years) of the overlay was 37% lower than that of the inlay.

Since Taejongdae Resort Park’s designation as the first tourist area in 1969, a total of 230 domestic tourist areas have been designated, constructed, and operated thus far. Forty-seven years after the first tourist area designation, 38.8% of domestic tourist areas are now in a stage of stagnation/decline. As these declining domestic tourist areas only play their role as normal tourist areas during peak season, this study examined the causes of decline in tourist areas in general and of each tourist area in particular, so that the analysis could be used as basic data for the regeneration/revitalization of tourist areas. In order to understand the causes of decline, an index of cause of decline in tourist areas was drawn up. Data were collected based on this index, with tourist areas in the stagnation/decline stage as the target, which was drawn from previous research. Based on the results, factor analysis was conducted on both decline cause and discriminant analysis to understand the causes of decline in each tourist area. The results demonstrate that the diverse uses for tourists, sustainability, and preservation of tourism resources have a huge influence as internal factors, while the external capital investment and competitiveness of tourism resources have a huge influence as external factors. As this study only analyzed the quantitative index in accordance with physical characteristics, it is necessary to conduct additional research based on qualitative indices. In this case, this study could be used as basic data. This study is expected to be applied as basic research to seek solutions for each cause of stagnation/ decline in tourist areas, and also to establish measures to regenerate/revitalize those areas.

PURPOSES: Concrete pavement has been used in the construction of the Jungbu expressway in 1987. More than 60% of the pavement on the expressway is currently made of concrete, but most has been used far beyond their design life. Pavement life has been extended through routine maintenance or overlay. However, the structural capacity of the pavement has reached its limit, and extensive rehabilitation/reconstruction with long time traffic blocking should be considered. The three following issues on concrete rehabilitation/reconstruction will be discussed: (1) economic comparison of asphalt inlay and asphalt overlay, (2) economic comparison preventive overlay on a section which is currently good and routine overlay on the section which will be poor, and (3) economic analysis of early-strength concrete when it is used in concrete reconstruction. METHODS: First, various life cycle cost analysis tools were compared, and the proper tool for the extensive rehabilitation/reconstruction was selected. Second, a sensitivity analysis of the selected tool was performed to find the influential input variables, which should be carefully selected in the analysis. Third, three case studies, which can be issues in the rehabilitation/reconstruction of the expressway concrete pavement in Korea, were performed. RESULTS: Asphalt overlay without milling the deteriorated concrete showed 18~25% lower life cycle cost than the current asphalt inlay with milling. The good current preventive overlay on the section was economically justified within the scope of this study. The construction cost limit of the early strength concrete was suggested to be economical for 1, 3, and 7 days of construction alternative opening. CONCLUSIONS: CA4PRS was a viable tool for comparing various rehabilitation/reconstruction issue alternatives. Several concrete issues associated with the rehabilitation/reconstruction of the deteriorated concrete pavement were discussed as mentioned above.

When designing Water Distribution System (WDS), determination of life cycle for WDS needs to be preceded. And designer should conduct comprehensive design including maintenance and management strategies based on the determined life cycle. However, there are only a few studies carried out until now, and criteria to determine life cycle of WDS are insufficient. Therefore, methodology to determine life cycle of WDS is introduced in this study by using Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA). LCEA adapts energy as an environmental impact criterion and calculates all required energy through the whole life cycle. The model is build up based on the LCEA methodology and model itself can simulate the aging and breakage of pipes through the target life cycle. In addition the hydraulic analysis program EPANET2.0 is linked to developed model to analyze hydraulic factors. Developed model is applied to two WDSs which are A WDS and B WDS. Model runs for 1yr to maximum 100yr target life cycle for both WDSs to check the energy tendency as well as to determine optimal life cycle. Results show that 40yr and 54yr as optimal life cycle for each WDS, and tendency shows the effective energy is keep changing according to the target life cycle. Introduced methodology is expected to use as an alternative option for determining life cycle of WDS.

본 논문에서는 면진시스템이 원전에 적용될 경우 원전구조물의 생애주기 성능에 미치는 영향을 소개한다. 최근 내진설계와 더불어 강진발생 예상 지역에 적용을 목적으로 개발되는 면진시스템은 구조물을 장주기화하여 응답가속도를 줄이고 상대변위를 늘려줌으로써 구조물의 안전성을 증진시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서, 구조물의 안전성이 중요시되는 원전구조물에 면진시스템을 적용하기 위한 연구가 국내에서 진행 중에 있다. 본 연구에서는 원전구조물의 생애주기 성능분석에 있어서 특징을 분석하고, 면진시스템이 적용될 경우 원전구조물의 생애주기성능에 있어서 미치는 영향을 평가함으로써, 도출된 결과를 면진시스템 적용의 정량적인 타당성 평가에 활용할 수 있다.

This study investigated the life cycle of menus and made suggestions on the appropriate time for when new menus should be developed. For this purpose, a total of 636 customers who visited ‘T’ Restaurant more than 25 times in the past three years were used for analysis. After estimating product life cycles based on sales and selling period, an empirical study was conducted. In terms of product life cycle, a growth stage was observed in the category of pasta and pizza in both stores A and B, whereas sales in the rice category stayed constant. Regarding trend in seasonal sales, a big difference was detected between the two stores. While store A was already in the decline stage of the life cycle in all menu categories, store B remained in the growth stage. In terms of menu life cycle, the product life cycle of long-lived products was observed in the pasta category in both stores A and B. While the pizza category was in the growth stage, the product life cycle of long-lived products was observed in the rice category. It is expected that the results of this study could be useful in development of new menus and product life cycle management to fulfill diverse customer needs in the dining-out business.

This study was carried out to evaluate the Life Cycle Cost(LCC) of four types of BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaic) systems -Glass plus Granite, Crystalline BIPV, Crystalline BIPV + Glass plus Granite and See through Amorphous BIPV -which were vertically installed to generate the same capacity(2kW) and the same area. Initial investment costs, cost savings and maintenance costs had been predicted during the period of analysing the LCC of four types of BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaic) systems installed for the purpose of evaluating the LCC. In case of cost savings, it had been analyzed by measuring the amount of electric power generated, reduction in lighting load and heat & cooling loads through simulation. From this analysis, it was predicted that the See-through amorphous BIPV offering cost saving advantages demonstrated the economical efficiency similar to the Glass plus Granite when it is backed by more than 20 years of durability.

The contents of articles on nutrition in life cycle, health and disease in the Korean daily newspapers were analyzed for the evaluation of the trends in nutrition information in mass media. Among 922 articles pressed from January 1960 to June 1996, articles on nutrition in life cycle were most frequently appeared, which is followed by articles on nutrition in disease, health foods and other related food and nutrition informations. There was a deep contrast in that the proportion of articles on nutrition in life clyle decreased from 58% in the 60's to 33% in the 90's, and those of nutrition in disease, and health foods increased from 23% and 5% in 60's to 34% and 18% in 90's, respectively.

In this study, we analyzed all of the waste streams associated with household waste to provide a basis for incorporating the individual characteristics of municipalities in setting targets for waste-to-resource circulation. Toward this end, we examined how household waste is treated based on the disposal method (mixed waste disposed of in standard volumerate garbage bags, separation recyclable waste, and food waste) and the amount of residuals generated at their respective treatment facilities. The actual recycling rate or actual waste-to-energy conversion rate was calculated as the ratio of the actual amount of waste that is recycled or converted to energy against the amount of waste intake at waste treatment facilities. The conversion factor of actual recycling rates at 17 municipalities showed an average of 63.9% for public material recovery facilities (MRFs) with those for individual municipalities ranging from 50.4% to 93.2%, and an average of 93.8% for private and public food waste treatment facilities with slightly higher rates found for public facilities (70.4 ~ 100%) than private facilities (63.3 ~ 100%). The actual waste-to-energy conversion factor was 59.3% on average for combustible waste-to-energy facilities (17.2 ~ 72.3%) and 92.0% on average for biological waste-to-energy facilities (77.1 ~ 99.5%). To achieve the national target for the actual recycling rate, additional strategies for recycling or converting the residuals generated at recycling or combustible waste-to-energy facilities into resources are needed. The actual recycling and waste-to-energy conversion rates provided in this study based on a full examination of household waste streams hold valuable insights for incorporating the individual situations of municipalities in setting their targets for wasteto- resource circulation indicators and creating new strategies for improving the actual recycling rate.