Since the time to consider when evaluating leakage of spent fuel dry storage systems is very long, assumptions that continue to leak at the initial leakage rate are too conservative. Therefore, this study developed a dynamic methodology to calculate the change in leakage rate using time-varying variables and apply it to calculate the amount of radioactive leakage during the evaluation period. The developed dynamic methodology was then applied to calculate the leakage radiation source term for a hypothetical dry storage system and used to perform a public dose assessment. When applying the developed dynamic leakage rate evaluation methodology for more accurate confinement evaluation in case of containment damage of dry storage system, it was found that the change of leak rate with time is very insignificant if the hole diameter is small enough, and the leak rate decreases rapidly with time when a hole with a certain diameter or larger occurs. In the case of the accident condition, except when the hole is very large, it corresponds to the chocked flow condition, and the leak rate decreases rapidly as soon as the internal pressure is sufficiently lowered to enter the molecular and continuum flow region. In the case of a small hole diameter, the leakage volume is very small, so even if the dynamic methodology is applied, the evaluation results are not different from the case where the initial leakage rate continues, and when the hole diameter exceeds a certain value, the internal pressure drops according to the leakage volume, and the leakage rate decreases significantly. As a result of evaluating the dose to residents by applying the calculated radiation source term, it was confirmed that the dose criteria was exceeded when a hole with a diameter of about 4 μm occurred under off-normal conditions, and the dose standard was exceeded under accident conditions when a chocked flow occurred between the diameter of the hole and 2-3 μm, resulting in a rapid increase in the dose. The results of this study are expected to contribute to a more accurate evaluation of the confinement performance of storage systems, which will contribute to the design of optimal dry storage systems.

This paper is to investigate the effect of the immersion time in the traditional hairtail hand line for developing the fishing methods and the fishing gear in the coast of jeju. The operating of 32 times was made with each different immersion time of hairtail hand line, and the relations between the catch and the immersion time were examined. As the result, targeted species rate was over 98% of total catch. From about 800 seconds after casting, the hooking rate was decreased and the bite loss rate was increased, it seems to be made by the decreasing factors of predators including the cutting of branch lines etc. In addition, it was supposed that the hooking rate and the bait loss rate had a deep connection with feeding time zone. The level of the correlation coefficient of the bait loss rate according to the immersion time was 0.54 at p≤0.01, in the case of the hooking rate, 0.59 was chosen after about 800 seconds. The hooking rate and the bait loss rate according to the hook number were not irrelevant to the fish school layer. Additionally, it was assumed that the bait loss rate was related to the depth of water.

This study examined pregnancy and fetal loss rates according to different estrus synchronization protocols and injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) after transfer of Korean Native Cattle embryos to Holstein recipients. In Experiment 1, recipients received no treatment (Control, n = 119); two injections of prostaglandin ( ) 11 days apart (PGF group, n = 120); GnRH (day 0)- (day 7)-GnRH (day 9) (Ovsynch group, n = 120); and CIDR (day 0)- and CIDR removal (day 7)-GnRH (day 9) (CIDR group, n = 110). In Experiment 2, the control group was received no treatment of GnRH. The treatment groups were received GnRH at embryo transfer (ET) (day 0), 7 days later, 14 days later, ET and 7 days later, 7 and 14 days later, or ET, 7 and 14 days later. Recipients were assigned to treatment randomly and received two in vitro produced blastocysts. Pregnancy was diagnosed at day 60 by palpation per rectum. Fetal loss to term was determined by palpation every 90 days thereafter. In Experiment 1, the pregnancy rate in the CIDR group (59.1%) were higher than in the Control group (42.0%) (p<0.01); fetal loss rates were similar for all groups (12.0 to 18.5%). In Experiment 2, the pregnancy rate in Day 0+7+14 group was higher (60.2%) than the control (40.2%) (p<0.01) and resulted in a lower fetal loss (p<0.05) than the control (4.6 vs. 11.4%). There were no significant difference between other treatment and the control (p>0.05). These results show that pregnancy rates of bovine embryos can be enhanced by CIDR insertion or GnRH treatment. Additionally, fetal loss may be reduced with GnRH treatment after ET.

We investigate the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of low mass-loss rate O-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars using the infrared observational data including the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) data. Comparing the results of detailed radiative transfer model calculations with observations, we find that the dust formation temperature is much lower than 1000 K for standard dust shell models. We find that the superwind model with a density-enhanced region can be a possible alternative dust shell model for LMOA stars.

현재 정부에서는 폐자원 에너지의 회수･사용을 촉진하기 위해 정책적인 움직임을 보이고 있다. 폐기물 소각시설의 소각열에너지 회수･사용률 산정방법이 2015년에 확정되었고, 이를 반영한 자원순환기본법이 2018년 1월 1일부터 시행될 계획이다. 이에 따라, 국내 폐기물 소각시설의 에너지 회수･사용률을 증가시키기 위해 열에너지 회수를 통한 전기나 열원 생산의 효율을 측정하고 평가하는 것이 필요하다. 폐기물 소각시설 공정에서의 방열손실은 열에너지 회수의 효율을 저하시키는 원인 중 한가지이다. 이를 평가하기 위하여 소각시설의 벽면온도를 측정하여야 하며, 현재의 소각시설 벽면 온도 측정 방법은 환경부 고시 ‘폐기물 처리시설의 세부검사방법에 관한 규정’의 별표1 ‘폐기물 소각시설의 세부 검사방법’에 따른 지점측정 방식이다. 하지만 지점측정 방식의 온도 측정은 접촉식 온도계를 이용한 측정법으로, 대상의 접촉 지점에 따라 온도가 다르게 측정될 수 있으며 대상 시설의 평균 표면온도를 정확하게 측정하는 것에 한계를 가진다. 적외선 열화상 카메라는 대상의 넓은 면적을 동시에 촬영하여 온도를 측정하는 방식으로, 시설의 평균 표면온도를 비교적 정확하게 측정할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실제 가동 중인 폐기물 소각시설의 벽면 온도를 비접촉 온도 측정 방식의 적외선 열화상 카메라를 이용하여 측정하고, 기존에 수행되었던 연구를 통해 정립된 방열손실 산정식을 이용하여 방열손실을 계산하였다. 또한 폐기물의 소각 온도, 소각 용량, 소각로 표면적 크기 등 여러 가지 요인에 의한 방열손실을 고려하기 위하여 소각시설의 입열과 출열 항목을 측정하여 투입된 에너지 대비 손실량인 방열손실률을 산정하여 평가하였다.

This study reviewed sulfuric acid resistance of high acid resistance of inorganic binder based on industrial by-products. As the results of test, the mix of high acid resistance of inorganic binder showed the excellent chemical resistance against aqueous solution of 10% H2SO4 comparing to the mix of OPC, however, the mass of inorganic binder rather increased while approximately 3.4% of mass loss ratio appeared during 7 days of material age of soaking in case of using portland cement usually.

The global rice reduction due to drought averages 18 Mt, especially, 23 Mha of rice fields in Asia are drought-prone. However, rice breeding programs focusing on drought resistance have made little progress to date. Because proper screening approaches with large scale were not developed to evaluate the drought tolerant degree. In here, we have developed of leaf water loss rate with plastic ware in dark conditions for large screening. Through this bioassay system, we examined drought phenotype degrees of 650 rice varieties. To validate whether this optimized bioassay system is corelated with drought phenotype, we chose 14 varieties having the lowest or highest of the water loss rate. We observed the visual drought phenotype and agricultural traits in green house and field conditions. Apo and Samgang having the lowest of leaf water loss rate showed drought tolerance phenotype, whereas Yeolbaeg and Milyang254 having the highest of leaf water loss rate showed drought sensitive phenotype. Apo displayed proper root length trait and Samgang showed good root dry trait in the greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that a simple screening procedure with water lose rate of leaves is effective to perform large scale screening for drought phenotype in rice.