Although ethylformate and phosphine fumigants are widely used for pest quarantine, studies related to their mechanism of action and metabolic physiological changes in Drosophila models are still unclear. In this study, we investigated how key metabolites altered by fumigants and cold treatment are associated with and affect insect physiology by comparative metabolome analysis. Fumigant treatment significantly altered cytochrome P450 and glutathione metabolites involved in the detoxification mechanism and showed lower expression of PGF2α involved in the immune response compared to the control. Additionally, most of the metabolites functioned in metabolic pathways related to the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and cofactors.

배경/목적: 췌장암은 일반적으로 불량한 예후를 보이며, 조기 진단이 어렵다는 점이 이에 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각되고 있다. 본 연구는 한국인 췌장암 환자에 있어서 혈장내 대사체 분석을 시행하여 건강 자원자의 대사체 프로파일과 비교 하였다. 방법: 각 10명으로 비한국인들을 대상으로 이루어진 기존 연구에 비하여 대상자 수가 매우 적지만 검진으로 시행한 복부 CT상 췌장 질환의 증거가 없는 건강한 자원자를 모집하였으며, 이는 췌장암의 조기 진단이 어렵다는 점을 감안할 때 기존 연구에 비한 장점이 될 수 있겠다. 결과: 혈장내 대사체 비교 분석상 췌장암 환자에서 L -lysine의 혈장 농도는 1.36배 높고 L -leucine은 0.63배, palmitic acid는 0.93배 낮은 것으로 나타나 이 세 가지의 대사체 프로파일의 조합이 건강자원자와 췌장암 환자를 가장 잘 구분해 주는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 앞으로 췌장암의 조기 진단 혹은 발생 역학의 규명을 위하여 대사체 분석에 대한 연구가 더 필요하겠다.

Background : Morus alba L. (M. alba L.) belongs to the family Moraceae and has been industrially used as a food source for the silkworm and as a sedative in traditional medicine due to their adaptogenic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and anti-adipogenic properties. In this study, metabolic profiling of diploid and tetraploid in Morus alba L. ‘Cheongil’ Methods and Results : Carotenoids are secondary metabolites found in most of the higher plants. In the current study, the levels of carotenoids were much higher in tetraploid of M. alba L. ‘Cheongil’ than diploid of M. alba L. ‘Cheongil’. Particularly, the levels of lutein, 13z-β-carotene, α-carotene, E-β-carotene, and 9Z-β-carotene were 2.51, 5.53, 7.68, 4.43, and 4,46 times higher in tetraploid of M. alba L. ‘Cheongil’, respectively. Additionally, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was carried out using Pearson’s correlation results in order to determine the relationships between metabolites of diploid and tetraploid in Morus alba L. ‘Cheongil’. The results of HCA revealed the degree of correlation among 42 metabolites, which were identified and quantitated by GC-TOFMS. Among TCA organic acids, succinic acid was positively correlated with fumaric acid (r = 0.8250, p < 0.0001) and malic acid (r = 0.9436, p < 0.0001). Among carbohydrates, fructose was positively correlated with glucose (r = 0.9398, p < 0.0001) and mannose (r = 0.9394, p < 0.0001). Conclusion : In this study, we investigated primary metabolites and secondary metabolites (carotenoids) in diploid and tetraploid in Morus alba L. ‘Cheongil’ in order to provide information on the difference between

Background : Morus alba L. (M. alba L.), belonging to the family Moraceae, is widely distributed in East Asia. Fruits of M. alba L. have been used in traditional herbal medicine due to their antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Phenolics play a main role for the growth, development, and pigment accumulation of plants. In this study, metabolic profiling of white (M. alba L. ‘Turkey’) and red (M. alba L. ‘Cheongil’) fruits during maturation. Methods and Results : Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites found in most of the higher plants. In the current study, the levels of phenolic compounds decreased during the maturation of Turkey and Cheongil fruits. Particularly, the Turkey fruits showed a dramatic decrease in the accumulation of phenolics. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of powerful tools to identify overall patterns in the multivariat experimental data. The PCA score plots results revealed a clear classification between Cheongil and Turkey. Additioanlly, each group spread left to right in the X-axis by maturity. Two principal components of the score plot explained 71.1% of the total variance. Principal component 1 was associated with the separation of each group by maturity and isolation of Turkey 1. Conclusion : In this study, we investigated primary metabolites and secondary metabolites (phenolics) in the white fruits (M. alba L. ‘Turkey’) and red fruits (M. alba L. ‘Cheongil’) in order to provide information on change in metabolite patterns during maturation.

Background : Galantamine is mainly obtained from the bulbs and flowers of Galanthus caucasicus, Galanthus woronowii, and other related genera such as Narcissus tazetta, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Leucojum aestivum, and Lycoris radiata. Galantamine is used to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and as an AD painkiller. Narcissus tazetta (N. tazetta), belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, is a ornamental plant containing galantamine. In this study, metabolic profiling of N. tazetta different organs was performed. Methods and Results : The amount of galantamine in bulb of N. tazetta is the highest levels. About 0.61 ± 0.09 ㎎/g in bulb, 0.15 ± 0.17 ㎎/g in root, and 0.10 ± 0.0 ㎎/g in leaf. Contents of galantamine in root and leaf are not statistically significant. The total phenolic contents in leaf are the highest level. Rutin and kaempferol are identified all part of N. tazetta. On the other hands, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is existed in leaf and caffeic acid is only existed in root. None of the bulbs except rutin and kaempferol are identified. Because plant secondary metabolism is closely related to plant primary metabolism, we used GC-TOF-MS on the levels of hydrophilic low-molecular-weight molecules in the N. tazetta. A total of 41 metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, organic compounds, and phenolic acids, were identified and measured, and the resulting quantitative data were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA). The results of PCA of metabolic profiles clearly showed the lack of marked variance among different organs of L. radiata. Two principal components of the score plot explained 86.79% of the total variance (component 1; 55.40%, component 2; 31.39%). Component 1 resolved the separation of leaves from the other plant parts. Conclusion : Narcissus tazetta belongs to amaryllidaceae family. These family has various alkaloids, in particular, galantamine is beneficial to Alzheimer patients. All parts of N. tazetta produce galantamine, in particular, the highest level is existed in the bulb. In contrast, phenolic compounds are identified

Background : Members of Amaryllidaceae family produce several alkaloids with unique structures and a variety of medicinal properties. Galantamine, in particular, is one of the alkaloids approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the European Registration Bureau for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Lycoris radiata (L. radiata), belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, is a bulbous plant containing galantamine, which exhibits selective and dominant acetylcholinesterase inhibition. In this study, metabolic profiling of L. radiata different organs was performed. Methods and Results : Galantamine in root, bulb, and leaf of L.radiata analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The amount of galantamine in leaf is about 1.07 ± 0.17 ㎎/g and it is the higher than bulb (0.88 ± 0.01 ㎎/g) and root (0.75 ± 0.01 ㎎/g). These results are statistically significant. Six phenolics are identified in L. radiata through high performance liquid chromatography. Total amounts of phenolics are the highest in bulb. Because plant secondary metabolism is closely related to plant primary metabolism, we used GC-TOF-MS on the levels of hydrophilic low-molecular-weight molecules in the L. radiata. A total of 41 metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, organic compounds, and phenolic acids, were identified and measured, and the resulting quantitative data were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA). The results of PCA of metabolic profiles clearly showed the lack of marked variance among different organs of L. radiata. Two principal components of the score plot explained 89.4% of the total variance (component 1, 51.86%; component 2, 37.54%). Component 1 resolved the separation of leaves from the other plant parts. Conclusion : Amaryllidaceae family synthesize galantamine belonging to alkaloids. Particularly, in bulb of Lycoris radiata, galantamine contents are the highest level. Thus, bulb is very beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease because the galantamine is well known as treatment of dementia of Alzheimer type.

Soybean seed contains a wide range of secondary metabolite compounds such as isoflavones, phyto-sterols, lecithins and saponins. The secondary metabolites are diverse in chemical structure and property. Therefore, it is not easy to analyze simultaneously the diverse metabolites. We assessed LC-MS profiling analysis to evaluate seed component diversity in 33 soybean cultivars and to identify diverse substances according to their fragmentation patterns. The 33 cultivars were divided clearly into two groups according to PCA of the profile data of seed components. The soluble extracts from hypocotyle as well as cotyledon in Group 1 were characterized by the presence of a compound with 969.5 m/z, while the extracts in Group 2 were characterized by the presence of a compound with 980.6 m/z. The two cultivars Williams 82 and Enrei were selected from each group, and then subjected to further analyses. PMF (Peptide MS Fingerprint) data generated by the Q-TOF analysis and MASCOT database search identified the compounds composed of 37 amino acids as the 4-kDa peptide (Albumin 1b). Substitution of three amino acids was found between the two groups. Three candidate genomic sequences were distributed on soybean genome. Expression analysis by RT-PCR indicated one of the three sequences encodes the 4-kDa peptide and expressed in developing seed. In this study, we confirmed the comprehensive analysis with LC-MS is a powerful tool to elucidate metabolite diversity in plant materials including soybean seed.