모기류는 흡혈을 통해 원충, 바이러스, 사상충 등 다양한 병원체를 보유하며 말라리아, 일본뇌염, 웨스트나일열, 뎅기열 등을 사람에게 매 개하는 위해성이 있는 위생해충이다. 이번 연구에서는 해외유입 모기류 감시를 위해 경상남도 고성군에 스마트 고공포집기를 설치하여 2022년 부터 2023년까지 모기류들을 모니터링하였다. 조사기간 동안, 총 3속 5종 43개체가 채집되었으며, 이중 삼일열말라리아를 매개하는 벨렌얼룩날 개모기(Anopheles belenrae)를 경남 지역에서 처음으로 발생함을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 스마트 고공포집기를 통해 해외에서 유입가능한 모 기류에 대한 실시간 모니터링이 가능함을 확인하였다.

국립기상연구소의 보고에 의하면 최근 한반도의 기온 상승으로 인해 온대내륙성 기후형에 속했던 지점은 온대해양성 기후형으로, 온대해양성 기후형은 아열대습윤 기후형으로 변화하고 있다. 이러한 한반도의 기후 변화는 환경 변인에 민감한 질병 매개 곤충의 분포와 밀도 변화에 영향을 미칠 수 있어 지속적인 모니터링이 중요하다. 이 연구는 철새도래지 내 발생 및 유입될 수 있는 모기와 관련 바이러스 감염률을 확인하기 위해 충남 당진의 철새도래지에서 BG-sentinel trap 및 LED trap을 사용하여 2021년부터 2023년까지 4-11월간 월 2회 수행하 였다. 채집된 모기는 총 3,723마리로, 4속 16종을 확인하였다. 그 중 금빛숲모기 (Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans nipponii) 가 1,711마리(45.96%)로 가장 높은 우점도를 나타냈으며, 흰줄숲모기 (A. (Stegomyia) albopictus) 와 큰검 정들모기 (Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus) 각각 588마리(15.79%), 빨간집모기 (Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens) 269마리(7.23%)로 나타났다. 채집된 모기의 Flavi-virus 감염 여부를 확인하기 위해 RNA 추출 및 RT-PCR을 통해 확인하였으나, 모두 음성으로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구 결과들은 기후변화에 맞추어 변화하는 감염병 매개 모기 의 발생 현황을 감시·예측하는데 유의한 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 향후 모기 매개 질환 발생을 예측하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study presents the results of mosquito surveillance monitoring in Chungnam Province from 2017 to 2020. A total of 130,750 mosquitoes were collected, and we analyze variations of mosquito populations with emphasis on the most abundant species. We also provide the field survey data based on the different habitats in Chungnam Province.

The vector mosquito surveillance is important when recommending prevention and control measures. The surveillance of the vectors were conducted at a total of 7 locations with light emitting diode (LED traps) and BG-Sentinel traps from March to November, 2023 in Gyeongnam province. In the surveillance, a total of 13 species belonging to seven genera were collected in a total of 6,537 females and 51.9/trap/night (Trap Index; TI) in 2023. Among the collection sites, Gangseo-gu at the pigsty in Busan with a LED trap recorded the highest TI 60.6 (Species Ratio; SR 65.6%) for Culex tritaeniorhynchus females in 2023. Each one of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus female was firstly collected for 2023 at Eulsukdo in Busan at 22th March. In the results of isolation of viral RNA, Flavivirus were positive in one pool (Chaoyang virus; 30 individuals) of Aedes vexans and negative in 341 pools (4,152 individuals) of 12 mosquito species including Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pipiens, Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus, and Ochlerotatus togoi in 2023.

모기류는 흡혈을 통해 원충, 바이러스, 사상충 등 다양한 병원체를 보유하며 말라리아, 일본뇌염, 웨스트나일 열, 뎅기열 등을 사람에게 매개하는 위해성이 있는 위생해충이다. 이번 연구에서는 해외유입 모기류 감시를 위해 경남 고성지역에 설치한 스마트 고공포집기를 이용하여 2022년부터 2023년까지 모기류들을 모니터링하였다. 조사기간 동안, 총 3속 5종 43개체가 채집되었으며, 이중 삼일열 말라리아를 매개하는 Anopheles belenrae를 경남 지역에서 처음으로 발생함을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 해외유입 모기류에 대한 감시망 구축의 최초 시도로서, 고공 포집기를 활용하여 모기류 감시가 가능함을 확인하였다.

In the Republic of Korea, public health centers conduct vector mosquito control in accordance with infectious disease prevention laws. However, most public health centers have traditionally conducted periodic, uniform vector control across their respective regions without considering specific information on vector occurrence. In 2021, The Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency(KDCA) launched a control project to shift the paradigm toward mosquito control strategy based on mosquito surveillance data. In 2024, 18 local public health centers will participate in this project, which will progressively expanding so that it can be used countrywide. Local public health centers evaluate mosquito monitoring data using data gathered from Daily Mosquito Monitoring System(DMS), which enables them to pinpoint the best times and locations for vector control. Vector control activities carried out by local public health centers are computerized utilizing Vector Control Geographic Information System(VCGIS). Using the new control strategy with mosquito surveillance, the number of mosquito occurrences, number of control activities, and amount of insecticides have decreased compared to the periodic control activities. Based on mosquito surveillance data, it is anticipated that evidence-based mosquito vector control will offer a more efficient and effective means of mosquito control.

Due to climate change and the rise in international transportation, there is an emerging potential for outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya. Consequently, the rapid detection of vector mosquito species, including those in the Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex genera, is crucial for effective vector control. Currently, mosquito population monitoring is manually conducted by experts, consuming significant time and labor, especially during peak seasons where it can take at least seven days. To address this challenge, we introduce an automated mosquito monitoring system designed for wild environments. Our method is threefold: It includes an imaging trap device for the automatic collection of mosquito data, the training of deep-learning models for mosquito identification, and an integrated management system to oversee multiple trap devices situated in various locations. Using the well-known Faster-RCNN detector with a ResNet50 backbone, we’ve achieved mAP (@IoU=0.50) of up to 81.63% in detecting Aedes albopictus, Anopheles spp., and Culex pipiens. As we continue our research, our goal is to gather more data from diverse regions. This not only aims to improve our model’s ability to detect different species but also to enhance environmental monitoring capabilities by incorporating gas sensors.

About 1 billion cases of vector-borne infectious diseases occur every year, of which more than 1 million is dead in worldwide. Japanese encephalitis and malaria continue to occur, and infectious diseases such as dengue fever being imported aborad have been increasing significantly due to the increasing number of overseas travelers in Korea. The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency has established local centers to monitor pathogen vector population density related to chimate change at 16 locations. We collected 59,389 mosquitoes in traps at 36 collection sites in 30 urban regions and migratory bird habitats in 2023. The trap index was 34.6, and the predominant mosquito species were the Culex pipiens complex, Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes vexans, and Ochlerotatus Koreacus. The mosquitoes were pooled into 4,371 pools to monitor flavivirus infection. In flavivirus dietection, no virus was detected.

In light of global climate change, Korea faces significant challenges with indigenous mosquito-borne diseases, notably malaria and Japanese encephalitis. Moreover, there is a growing incidence of imported arboviral diseases attributable to the increasing number of international travelers. Dengue fever emerges as the predominant mosquito-borne ailment among Korean travelers, while cases of Japanese encephalitis and chikungunya are also seeing an upward trend. Many countries have witnessed arboviral infections transmitted by pathogens-carrying mosquitoes, primarily due to the introduction of viruses by travelers. Additionally, the ongoing processes of global warming and urbanization are creating increasingly favorable environments for mosquitoes and the proliferation of mosquito-borne pathogens. This underscores the urgency of assessing both the current status and future projections of mosquito-borne diseases in Korea.

Mosquitoes, the primary vectors of arboviruses, harbor a diverse microbiome that plays a crucial role in their development, immunity, and vector competence, tThe composition of the mosquito microbiome is heavily influenced by the environment and habitats, Therefore, identifying the relationship between the habitat and the mosquito's microbial community can improve the overall understanding of mosquito biology, However, the microbiome profiles of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex orientalis, known as transmission vectors of the Japanese encephalitis virus, are poorly understood. Using 16s rRNA Illumina sequencing, we hereby investigated the microbial profiles in these two mosquito species collected in several areas in Korea. Thirty-six prevalent bacterial familes were identified from these mosquito species. the microbial composition variation were primarily influenced by the mosquito collecting sites. Moreover, species biomakers were identified by utilizing the regional specificity of the mosquito microbiome. Based on the microbiome profiles representing high similarity, Culex orientalis may share an ecological niche with Culex tritaeniorhynchus.

Mosquitoes were collected from three different environments (urban area, migratory bird refuge, and cowshed) in Gyeoungbuk from March to November 2022. A total of 4,701 female mosqutoes were collected: 1,635 from urban area, 2,801 from migratory bird refuge, and 265 from cowshed. Among collected 9 species, Aedes vexans was the most dominant species (50.9%), followed by Culex pipiens complex (31.8%), and A. albopictus (7.1%). In urban area, C. pipiens complex was the dominant species at 75.5%, while A. vexans was the dominant species at 82.3% and 58.9% in respective migratory bird refuge and cowshed. Among 253 pools tested for flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (type Ⅴ) was detected in one pool of C. orientalis collected from the migratory refuge.

The repeated use of biocidal products, including household insecticides and disinfectants, has led people to seek safer alternatives, such as light traps, ultrasound generators, or repellent lamps. By appearances, these physical/non-chemical alternatives seem appealing to many consumers and are gaining more attention. However, unlike biocidal products, these alternatives are not subject to mandatory approval and registration processes, and no standards for efficacy and safety are in place. Given the increasing numbers of insect traps on the market, there is an urgent need to investigate their efficacy. In the present study, we examined the attraction activity of ten commercially available insect trap products. They varied in size, structure, trapping methods (fan or sticky pad), and attractants. Their efficacies were assessed under both laboratory condition (1.8m x 1.8m x 1.8m) and semi-field room condition (4m x 6m x 2m). Ul*****APTM demonstrated the highest capture rate (%), leading us to further study the role of its attractant. Notably, the capture rate increased by 28.9% when the CO2 attractant was used, displaying statistical differences (P = 0.032). For practical application in the field, consumer acceptance and satisfaction were monitored using 20 participants. The potential of insect traps as viable alternatives to biocidal products is discussed.

모기는 감염병을 매개하는 종으로 전염병 확산 억제를 위해서는 개체수의 감시와 정확한 예측이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 모기 개체수 및 기상 및 현장 자료를 활용해 모기 개체수 머신러닝 모델을 개발하였다. 모기 개체수는 디지털 모기 측정기(Digital Mosquito Monitoring System, DMS)의 2015 년~2022년의 5월~10월의 자료를 활용하였다. 기상 자료는 기온, 강수량, 풍속, 습도를 사용하였으며, 현장 조사 자료는 현장을 명목척도와 서열척도로 나누어 기록하여, 명목 척도의 경우 원핫 인코딩으 로 변환해 수치화하여 사용하였다. 분석에 사용된 머신러닝 모델은 Artificial Neural Network, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Machine, Support Vector Machine이며 성능지표로 R2, RMSE를 사용하였다. 연구 결과, Gradient Boosting 모델이 R2 0.4, RMSE 22.45로 가장 좋은 성능을 나타냈다. 현장 조사 자료 를 분석에 활용하였을 때 R2는 증가하였고, RMSE는 감소하였다. 본 연구 결과 모기 개체수에 현장 조사 자료가 예측 정확도를 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.