Lee, En Hye, & Lee, Chee Hye. (2024). “Phonological Aspects of American and British Englishes Embedded in Korean English: A Perspective of Linguistic Realities”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 32(1), 43-74. This paper explores the rationale behind the shift from Quirk’s deficit linguistics to Kachru’s liberation linguistics in English widely used in Korea. Despite the Korean government’s efforts to enhance communicative competence aligned with Inner Circle-oriented American Standard English, the study questions the perception of Korean English being solely dominated by American English from sociolinguistic perspectives. To delve into both psychological and empirical perspectives on English in Korea, a questionnaire survey involving 100 Korean college students is employed. The focus is on assessing the extent of influence from both American English and British English on Korean English. Additionally, the study examines how linguistic realities, disregarding sociolinguistic or functional aspects, contribute to the current state of Korean English. The analysis of survey data reveals that Korean linguistics, especially phonology, plays a role in shaping the dynamics of Korean English, supporting Kachru’s liberation linguistics. This contributes to the shift from the stage of aspiring to be more native-like American English to the stage of World Englishes, establishing itself as a variant of English in its own right.

The present study examined the receptive and productive knowledge of collocations of second language (L2) and heritage speakers of Korean and also investigated the influence of phrasal frequency, exposure to Korean, and phonological short-term memory (PSTM). Seventeen L2 learners and 14 heritage speakers of Korean were tested on 30 Korean noun-verb collocations, which varied in phrasal frequency, using an acceptability judgment task and a collocation completion test. The results showed that both L2 and heritage speakers demonstrated considerable receptive knowledge of Korean collocations while productive knowledge was more limited for both groups. The mixed-effects modelling results of four independent variables of interest (i.e., phrasal frequency, exposure via media, academic use, and PSTM) showed that phrasal frequency was the only significant predictor of receptive knowledge of collocations for both L2 and heritage speakers; none of the four factors had a significant impact on productive knowledge of collocations for either group. These data are discussed in relation to previous studies on collocation development of L2 learners and heritage speakers.

The Chinese and English Instructor, compiled by T‘ong Ting-kü and published in Canton in 1862, is an English teaching material that utilized many newly-created Chinese characters to phonetically express the pronunciations of English words which were difficult to express with pre-existing Cantonese sounds. These characters featured an existing glyph and a pseudo radical ‘mouth’ 口, such as, 呷, composed of 甲 and 口. The explanatory notes at the beginning of this book listed many such characters. This study investigates the phonological effects of the addition of this component, focusing on the newly-created characters with the mid front unrounded vowel /e/ as their main vowel. The results showed that the values of certain parts of the syllable changed by regularly adding the pseudo radical ‘mouth’ to the existing glyph. It was observed that besides the vowel shift occurring in the main vowel in almost all groups, tone alternation occurred in most groups as well.

고대 운서의 반절 주음(注音)은 음가가 아닌 음 범주를 반영한 것으로, 반절의 표 음방식은 반절 상·하자 음운 자질에 근거하여 분석해야 한다. 음운 자질에 근거해 반 절 상·하자의 성모와 주요모음, 운미의 자질 대응 관계를 분석했고, 반절 상·하자가 피절자와 일정한 대응 관계를 이루는 것을 발견하였다. 반절 상·하자는 각 성모의 조 음자가 대응하며, 주요모음의 개구도가 대응하고, 운미는 V-C(Vocal-Cords), Lab(La bial), Cor(Coronal), Dor(Dorsal)의 자질이 다양하게 대응했다. 이러한 분석으로 반절 상·하자가 각 성모와 운모를 나타내면서도 서로 대응 관계를 이루는 유사 음운이 되 도록 고려했다는 결론에 이를 수 있으며, 반절 상·하자는 피절자의 음을 표기하기 위 해 선별된 최적의 쌍으로 정교하고 치밀한 관계에 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

This study examined the linguistic backgrounds and dialectal characteristics of Changnyeong and Dalseong regions, which are located in the transitional area between Gyeongsangnam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. It was confirmed that the language of each region was not severed but share many commonness based on various characteristics found in the transitional area existing discussions and field surveys, As a result, 19 (18) consonants were realized by elderly people and 19 by young people in Changnyeong and Dalseong regions. In the case of vowels, six by elderly people and Seven vowels by young people. Also, it was investigated that language variations, such as Word-initial Glottalization, palatalization, and umlaut, were more active in the Changnyeong region than Dalseong region. The difference between these three variations can be attributed to the perceptions and attitudes of older speakers.

주지하다시피 우리말에서 차용해 활용되고 있는 한자음에는 지금까지도 중국 고대 한어의 특징이 잘 보존되어 있다. 이러한 인과 관계를 밝히기 위해 지난 연구에서 입성운자를 중심으로 양주방언과 우리말 한자어 입성운미의 대응관계를 살펴 본 바 있으나, 중국은 지역적으로 다양한 민족과 언어가 사용되고 있음을 고려할 때, 중국 의 특정 지역만을 가지고 한ㆍ중 양국의 入聲韻을 살피기에는 역부족인 측면이 있 다. 이에 본고에서는 광동어에도 고대한어의 입성운과 양성운이 잘 보존되어 있다는 사실에 주목하여 광동어를 중심으로 우리말 한자어의 음운 대응관계를 고찰해 보았 다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 먼저 광동어 일명 粤语와 우리말 한자음의 형성을 조사하 였고, 그 다음으로 중고음과 粤语의 대표 방언인 廣州話와 우리말 한자어 간의 발음 의 대응관계를 정리 및 분석하여 음운학의 연관성을 밝혀보았다. 특히 본 연구는 粤 语 중에는 우리말의 한자음과 유사하거나 똑같은 경우가 적지 않은 바 광동지역의 학생들이 우리말을 학습할 때 두 언어 간에 나타나는 음운의 유사성을 인식하고, 이를 토대로 그 대응관계를 이해한다면 보다 쉽게 우리말을 배우는데 도움이 될 것이 라고 기대해본다.

This study investigated how Japanese learners of Korean perceive the similarity of stop sounds between the Korean and Japanese languages. The results found, compared to the beginner’s group, the advanced group showed a lower rating value for the similarity for the same stimulus sound, and the learners with a higher perception ability distinguished lower similarities, even among the inner groups of the beginner’s and advanced group. This study also investigated how the related information in the native language affects how the learners perceive lenis consonants in word-medial position in the Korean language, as Japanese stop sounds are divided into two sounds depending on [±voiced] feature, whereas Korean stop sounds do not have a voiced sound in word-initial consonantal context, but the lenis consonants go through voicing in word-medial position. In result, Japanese learners tend to perceive the lenis consonants in word-medial position much better than other sounds, and it was shown that the related information in native language had played a positive role in perceiving Korean word-medial consonants.

본 연구는 일반아동과 청각장애 아동의 말소리 낱말 위치, 조음 방법, 조음 위치에 따른 자음정확도와 음운 변동 반응 특성을 알아보는 것이다. 연구의 대상은 G시에 거주하는 일반 아동 10명과 청각장애 10명의 아동을 선정하여 아동용 한국어 조음 검사를 실시하여 80%의 전체 자음정확도를 기준으로 자음정확도가 높은 집단과 낮은 두 집단으로 나누어 발달적 음운 변동과 비 발달적 음운 변동의 출현율을 비교하였고, 두 집단 간 자음정확도에 따른 발달적 음운 변동과 비 발달적 음운 변동의 차이는 독립 표본 t 검정을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 자음 정확도 비교는 조음 방법 중 마찰음에서 청각장애아동이 일반아동보다 유의하게 높은 정확도를 보였다. 음운 변동 비교에서 일반 아동은 긴장음화에서 유의하게 높은 출현 빈도를 보인 반면 청각장애아동 집단은 긴장음과 대립되는 이완 음화가 높은 출현 빈도를 보였다. 집단 간 음운 변동 비교에서 일반 아동 집단이 비 발달적 음운 변동을 거의 나타내지 않은 반면, 청각장애 아동 집단은 초성 생략, 이완 음화, 성문 음화, 탈 비 음화 등의 비 발달적 음운 변동이 나타났으며, 청각장애아동 집단에서도 자음정확도가 낮은 집단에서 유의하게 높은 빈도로 나타났다.

Research in foreign accent has reported various factors of accentedness. However, very little attention has been given to the relationship between L2 speakers’ accentedness and their awareness of, or sensitivity to, L2 phonological system. The present study aims to explore the relationship between ESL learners’ phonological awareness, as measured by several tasks, and their accentedness, as rated by native speakers of English. Twelve advanced adult ESL speakers participated in seven tasks purported to tap into their sensitivity to English sounds and sound structures. They also read an English passage, and four native speakers rated their foreign accentedness on a 9-point scale. The learners showed individual differences in their phonological awareness despite the fact that they were from an intact class presumably at the same proficiency level. They also exhibited varying degrees of foreign accent. Correlational analyses revealed that in general there was a nonsignificant correlation between the learners’ L2 phonological awareness and their accentedness, and that the awareness did not seem to have translated into L2 production. The study addresses some methodological and procedural issues that suggest crucial points for refinement of the phonological awareness tasks and the L2 speech data collection method.

The purpose of this paper is to compare between Korean and Arabic in terms of phonology and seek effective ways of teaching Arabic for Korean students. Arabic as a Semitic language has 28 consonants and 3 basic vowels (each of which is short and long, and 2 diphthongs). Meanwhile, Korean has 19 consonants and 22 vowels. Due to the phonological differences between Korean and Arabic, it is somewhat difficult for Korean students to learn the correct Arabic consonant phonemes. In this paper, firstly, the consonants are grouped into two: one group common to both languages, and another unique to Arabic consonants. They are explained by phonological and phonetic methods to teach the correct pronunciation of Arabic consonants. Secondly, the Arabic vowels are explained through the examination of allophones in comparison with Korean. Thirdly, the syllables are explained by the structure, sorts, and characteristics. Lastly, it is suggested that professional training in phonology and phonetics fields be provided to instructors so that they can teach correct Arabic pronunciation.

This paper sought to analyze the frequency of appearance of final consonants in Korean in order to provide basic data for teaching foreign learners pronunciation. In this paper, the audio materials contained in the elementary textbooks, ‘Korean as a foreign language 1, 2’ were transcribed into Hangul and the frequencies of appearance of phonemes were analyzed using SynKDP ver 1.6. The results showed that the frequency of final consonants out of all phonemes was approximately 14%. Of the final consonants, 88% were shown to be sonorants /m, n, ŋ, I/ and 12% were shown to be obstruents /p˥, t˥, k˥/. The frequency of appearance of nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ/ was shown to be quite high at approximately 66%. The ratio of obstruents that became nasal sounds by the nasal assimilation, was shown to be approximately 16%. Lateral /l/ sound showed a frequency of 21% and only 1% of them were identified to be the result of the lateralization of obstruents. Meanwhile, approximately 74% of obstruent final consonants involved fortition, and only approximately 26% were pure obstruent final consonants. Finally, cases where the aspiratization occurred after neutralization were found in only 57 words out of 5,577 words in total. Pedagogical implications are discussed.

본고는 오픈소스 통계프로그램 중 하나인 R 중 “다중분류 변항의 논리 회귀분 석(Multinomial Logistic Regression)”을 이용하여 광동어 성조가 어떻게 중고 음을 거치면서 변화하여 왔는가를 살피고자하였다. 우선 열 개항의 중고음 자료 (反切上字, 反切下字, 字母, 清濁, 全次, 攝, 韻, 等, 呼, 洪細, 平水韻目, 四聲, 平仄)와 광동어 성조를 가진 한자 코퍼스 자료를 구축한 후, “다중분류 변항의 논 리 회귀분석(Multinomial Logistic Regression)”을 이용하여 통계적으로 어떤 중고음 자료가 현재의 광동어 성조에 유효한 영향을 미치는가를 예측하고, 이에 따라 중고음에서부터 현재의 광동어까지 이르는 성조의 변화 조건과 규칙을 발견 해 내었다. 분석 결과 1.중고음의 사성은 광동어 성조의 사성의 구별을 결정하였으며, 2.중 고음의 청탁음은 광동어 성조의 음양의 구분을 결정하였고, 3.중고음의 섭(攝)은 광동어의 음입(陰入)과 중입(中入)의 구분을 결정하였고, 4.중고음의 전차(全次)는 광동어 성조의 양상(陽上)과 양거(陽去)의 구분을 결정하였다. 이러한 네 가지 조건의 예측 능력은 도합 0.86, 곧 이 네 항이 고자료에서 유효한 예측을 가지는 것은 86%였다. 개별 한자의 광동어 성조를 살펴았을 때, 이 네가지 항목이 가지 는 예측능력은 四聲 > 清濁 > 攝 > 全次. 순으로 강하였다. 이 연구의 가치는 다음 다섯 가지로 요약할 수 있다. 전통적인 광동어 성조에 대한 견해 곧 1, 2, 4항에 대해 과학적인 실증 자료를 제공하였다. 2.섭(攝)의 광동어의 음입과 중입의 구분의 조건이 됨을 증명하였다. 3.위의 네가지 항목이 각기 다른 조건에서 서로 다른 영향의 깊이 순서를 가짐을 알아내었고, 4.R프로그램을 이용함으로써 다른 학자들이 반복적으로 응용하여 중 고음과 성조의 관계를 연구할 수 있는 기초를 마련하였으며, 5.통계학연구가 어떻 게 중국어 연구에 응용될 수 있는가를 보임으로써, 현대과학의 의의에 맞는 한자 통계학이라는 분야를 구축하는데 한 걸음을 보탰다.

We investigated the possibility of whether there is a post-vocalic ‘r’ in phonological representations of Korean L2 English speakers and the extent to which they exploit their knowledge of mapping graphemes onto phonemes within each correspondence between orthography and phonemes. First, the results obtained in the pseudohomophone task showed that R-items were responded to with higher accuracy and shorter RT than Non-R items. It suggests that there is no post-vocalic ‘r’ in phonological representations of Korean L2 speakers unlike Australian native English speakers and that Korean L2 learners are truly non-rhotic speakers. Another striking finding is that accuracy and RT for visual lexical access varied depending on the transparency between orthography and its corresponding phonemes. This indicates that Korean L2 speakers’ knowledge about the association of graphemes and phonemes varies depending on each type of correspondence between spellings and phonemes. Finally, it was found that the frequency of the base words also affected the retrieval of words along with the orthographic depth in grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences.

Choi, Kyung-ae. 2012. A study on the unexpected phonological change in the English loanwords in Korean from Japanese. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 20(1). pp. 295-315. The purpose of this study is to inquire about sound change by tracing the transition of English loanwords in Korean, which came from Japan, from phonological and sociolinguistic perspectives. The Japanese-style English loanwords from an earlier period have been transformed into newly adjusted forms at a surprisingly rapid rate and many of them have shown unexpected sound changes which went against general Korean phonological rules. This shows that sound change is not necessarily expected to occur in accordance with language-specific phonological rules. It can occur through the political and sociological will of speakers against their native grammar at a surprisingly rapid rate.

This paper discusses what the basic principle of Korean consonantal assimilation and tensification is and how to teach the two processes to learners. Since some of the Korean phonological changes including these two processes are complicated and cannot easily be seen in other languages, students may face difficulty in learning such processes. It has been claimed that these processes are due to the "principle of economy" in pronunciation. That is, certain consonant clusters or consonantal sequences that are difficult to produce undergo changes in a way to make them easy to pronounce. In this paper I argue against such a claim by adopting the principle of English, which has two different types of consonant clusters, namely "word-initial and word-final clusters". The phonotactic constraints of the word-final clusters in this language, which are opposite to the case of word-initial clusters, have the ascending structure in the consonantal strength between the two consonants. We see that the two consonants in sequence in Korean have almost the same structure. Unlike English, these constraints must be obeyed whether words are simple or complex in Korean. The two consonants that are not kept up to these constraints by the morphological process undergo phonological process. This is the principle of consonantal assimilation and tensification in Korean, and thus, teachers (and also possibly learners) of Korean should recognize the principle to understand the processes correctly.