An aeroponic seed potato production technology project has been established in Pakistan through the Technical Cooperation Project (TCP) between RDA-KOPIA and PARC. For sustainable potato production, producing high-quality and disease-free potato seeds is critical in Pakistan. The majority of the farmers recycle their own seeds or obtain them through informal ways. Consequently, tuber-borne illnesses proliferate, seeds deteriorate, and yield diminishes. To mitigate such problems, the country moved to sustainable seed potato production by adopting rapid seed multiplication strategies like the combination of tissue culturing with aeroponic seed production technology which is being evaluated as an alternative to traditional pre-basic seed production methods. A series of experiments were carried out to evaluate the shoot development and mini tuber production attributes between two cultivars, different plantlet size and planting period between October 27, 2021, and January 27, 2022, at the NARC aeroponic facility. A CRD design with three replications was used. The study aimed to compare the productivity by variety, plantlet size and planting period to improve aeroponic seed production technology in Pakistan. The results indicated that Lady Rosetta outperformed Asterix in terms of shoot growth and small tuber output. Early planting at an optimal temperature of 27 degrees Celsius in the daytime showed a substantial difference when compared to late planting in November and tuberization was commenced 50-55 days after transplantation. Furthermore, in an aeroponic seed potato production system, normal plantlets (8-10 cm) at the time of transplantation, performed better than medium and small plantlets. In a nutshell, it was determined that normal size plantlets (8-10 cm) of Lady Rosetta cultivar, planted at optimum time to plant showed best results in the aeroponic system at NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Anthocyanins, a class of flavonoids, are natural water-soluble pigments, which are mainly found in vegetables and fruits. Anthocyanins have attractive pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of anthocyanins-rich fraction (ANF) from Korean purple sweet potato variety, "Shinjami", against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. In our results, pre-treatment of HepG2 cells with ANF (10μg/mL) significantly prevented cell death and maintained cell integrity, following exposure to 0.9 mM hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2-dependent production of intracellular ROS was also significantly decreased by pre-treatment with ANF (6 h, 10μg/mL). In addition, ANF increased the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and glutathione level in H2O2-treated HepG2 cells. These results indicated that ANF protected HepG2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by inducing protective system.

고령지농업연구소에서 육성된 '자심' 감자(Solanum tuberosum L.) 괴경의 자주색 육색은 안토시아닌 색소의 축적에 기인한다. 본 연구는 이러한 '자심' 감자의 괴경 조직에 안토시아닌이 축적될 때 결정적으로 관여하는 기상 환경요인을 분석하고 색소 함량 증대를 위한 질소시비 기준을 설정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 기상 환경요인이 뚜렷하게 다른 3개 지역에서 파종시기 또는 재배 작형을 달리하여 '자심' 감자를 재배하고 수확된 괴경의 안토시아닌 함량을 분석한 결과, 수확일을 기준으로 수확전 30일 동안의 야간온도가 낮을수록 괴경내 안토시아닌 축적이 왕성한 것으로 나타났다. 안토시아닌 축적에 영향을 미치는 질소시비 수준의 효과를 분석한 결과 고랭지인 대관령에서는 권장시비량 처리구에 비해 감량시비 혹은 증량시비 처리구에서 안토시아닌 함량이 낮은 결과를 보였다. 그러나 평난지인 강릉에서는 시비수준간 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 안토시아닌이 고농도로 축적된 자주색 육색의 '자심' 감자를 생산하기 위해서는 적절한 재배지대 및 작형의 선택과 시비관리가 매우 중요할 것으로 생각된다.

‘오륜(Oryun)’은 강원도농업기술원 특화작물연구소에서 ‘대서(Atlantic)’를 모본으로, 페루 수집종 ‘CIP705’를 부본으 로 인공교배한 후 2012년에 선발 육성된 품종이다. 2010년부 터 2012년까지 3년간 특성검정과 지역적응시험을 수행하였 다. ‘오륜(Oryun)’의 생장 습성은 반직립형이며 초세가 강하 고 내도복성이다. 괴경 크기는 편원형이며, 꽃색은 흰색이며 표피색은 황색, 육색은 백색이다. ‘오륜(Oryun)’의 휴면기간 은 90～100일로 ‘수미(Superior)’ 보다 5～10일 정도 길다. ‘오륜(Oryun)’의 지역적응시험 결과 상품 수량은 ha당 36.8 M/T이며 괴경의 평균비중은 1.080으로 ‘수미(Superior)’에 비해 높다. 또한 역병에 비교적 강하여 친환경재배에 알맞은 품종이다.

제염중인 간척지 토양에 감자재배 가능성을 검토코자 새만금 간척지 토양을 대조구를 포함한 4수준의 염농도로 조정하여 충진한 포트에 5개의 감자 품종을 식재하여 시험을수행하였다.1. 토양염농도에 따른 감자 입모는 4.8 dS m-1까지 결주없이 균일하게 입모 되었다. 염농도별 감자 출현소요일수는 숙전토양 비하여 1.6 dS m-1에서는 품종에 따라 3-4일이 지연되었고, 3.2 dS m-1에서는 6-10일이,4.8 dS m-1에서는 7-13일이 지연되었다.2. 토양염농도에 따른 경수는 숙전토양에 비해 1.6 dS m-1에서는 품종에 따라 각각 14%-58%가 감소되었으며,이후 토양염농도가 높아질수록 감소가 심했다. 초장은주당 경수가 적었을 때 커지는 경향으로 염농도보다경수의 영향을 더 크게 받았다.3. 괴경 수량은 대조구 대비 1.6 dS m-1일때 33.7%, 3.2 dS m-1일때 59.5%, 4.8 dS m-1에서는 79.3% 가 감소되었다.4. 회귀곡선을 이용하여 수량의 감소가 시작되는 염농도를 분석한 결과 추동은 1.2 dS m-1, 추백은 1.8 dS m-1,추강과 추영은 1.9 dS m-1, 그리고 수미는 2.0 dS m-1이었고, 수량의 50%가 감소되는 염농도는 추백은 2.4 dS m-1,추동 2.45 dS m-1, 추강 2.81 dS m-1, 추영 3.03 dS m-1,수미는 3.29 dS m-1였다.이상의 결과를 종합하였을 때 간척지 재배에 적당한 감자품종은 수미로 판단된다.

감자로부터 바이오에탄올을 생산함에 있어, 감자 품종, 성분 함량, 감자 수확시기가 에탄올 생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1. 단순 회귀분석 결과에 의해서 감자의 전분과 수분 함량이 에탄올 생산량에 유의하게 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났는데, 전분 함량이 높을수록 그리고 수분함량이 적을수록 에탄올 생산이 증가하였다. 2. 감자 품종별 중량 및 단위면적당 에탄올 생산수율을 조사한 결과, 하령 감자가 94.3±1.9 L/ton과 3111.9±62.7 L/ha으로서 가장 높은 에탄올 생산수율을 나타내었고, 조원이 79.9±0.9 L/ton과 2556.8±28.8 L/ha로 가장 낮았다. 3. 가장 많은 에탄올 생산을 나타낸 수확 시기는 품종마다 다르게 나타났는데, 최적 수확시기가 6월 30일인 경우는 고운과 대서이었고, 7월 9일의 경우는 하령과 가원이었다. 조원의 경우는 6월 30일과 7월 9일의 에탄올 생산량이 비슷하였고, 7월 9일이 약간 높게 나타났다. 한편 7월 20일이 수확 최적 시기인 품종은 없었다. 4. 이상의 결과들로부터 에탄올 생산을 위한 감자는 그 품종과 수확시기의 선택이 중요함을 알 수 있다. 전체적으로 볼 때 가장 많은 에탄올 생산량은 하령 감자를 7월 9일에 수확한 것에서 나타났다.

"Chuyoung" as a new double cropping potato variety was bred in 2005 for table use through a cross between "Dejima" with short tuber dormancy and HRB-31 which is a tetraploid derived from an interspecific cross between "Russet Burbank" and Solanum phureja line. It was evaluated for short dormancy, growth and tuber characteristics every twice a year from 1997 to 2001. Regional yield trials were performed from 2002 to 2004 at three locations, Jeju, Namhae and Gangneung of Korea, respectively. Its tuber shape is oblong with yellow skin and flesh colors. Its dormant periods is 60~70days. It showed less incidence of physiological disorders such as cracking or knobs on tubers, and higher resistance to common scab by Streptomyces scabies compared to "Dejima". It has tall plant height and erect growth type with green-broad leaflets and white large inflorescence. Its average yields are 29.5 and 22.6 ton/ha at 90 days after planting in spring and autumn cropping, respectively. It also showed higher marketable yield due to the lower incidence of common scab and physiological disorders compared to "Dejima".

"Chugang" as a new double cropping potato variety for table use was bred in 2003 from a cross between H83005-2 with short dormancy and "Superior" with common scab resistance. It had been evaluated for short dormancy, growth adaptability and tuber characteristics every twice a year from 1990 to 1999. Regional yield trials had been performed from 2000 to 2002 at three locations, Jeju, Namhae and Gangneung of Korea, respectively. It has round oblong tuber shape with yellow skin and white flesh color. Its tuber dormant periods is approximately 50~60 days. It showed less physiological disorders such as cracking or knobs, and more tolerant to environmental stresses such as plant death by flooding and damages by frost or severe wind compared to "Dejima". Average yields of "Chugang" are 34.6 and 31.1 ton/ha at 90 days after planting in spring and autumn cropping, respectively. It is more resistant to common scab and less susceptible to late blight (phythophthora infestans) compared to "Dejima". However, it is susceptible to potato virus Y (PVY) and andean mosaic virus (AMV).

Lately, the autumn cropping areas of potato have been steadily increased to supply fresh potatoes all year round in Korea. Although "Dejima" is a main cultivar for autumn cropping, it is very susceptible to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) and show high frequency of physiological disorders such as knobs and cracking on tubers. "Chudong" was bred in 2002 for fresh table use from a cross between H83520-3 with short tuber dormancy and "Superior" with common scab resistance. It has attractive, round tuber shape with white skin and flesh colors. Its tuber dormant periods is 5 days longer than 65 days of "Dejima". Its average yields were 32.4 and 21.8 ton/ha at 90 days after planting in spring and autumn cropping of regional yield trials, respectively. It is more resistant to common scab and potato leaf roll virus and less susceptible to late blight (Phythophthora infestans) compared to "Dejima". However, it is susceptible to potato virus Y.

Since 1962, varietal development and dissemination for summer upland crops have been actively initiated by the Crop Experiment Station, Office of Rural Development, Suweon, Korea. The major breeding objectives of soybeans have been to develop varieties which are early maturing, disease resistant, and adaptable to late planting for after-barley cropping. Development of eleven new soybean varieties including Hwangkeumkong, Jangyeobkong, Danyeobkong, and Kwangkyo has greatly increased the soybean yield throughout country. For com, after development of Hwangok #2, a synthetic, in early 1960's, nine corn hybrids-single crosses, double-crosses, and three-way crosses-such as Jecheon-ok, Hoengseong-ok, Kwangok, Suweon #19, etc., have been disseminated mainly to Kangweon province, a major corn producing area in Korea, and drew up the yield over 4 tons per hectare. The major breeding objectives of sweet potato have been to develop varieties which have high starch content and root yield. Hwangmi, Hongmi, and Shinmi are three sweet potato varieties developed and disseminated by the Crop Experiment Station, Office of Rural Development and are grown most widely in Korea. Most of researches on cultural practices of upland crops have begun on a full scale from early 1960's. In soybeans, for example, no fertilizer but for barley was applied although the effects of phosphate and potassium fertilizers were great on soybeans in after-barley soybean croppings. The effects of heavy application of phosphate and calcium fertilizers on soybeans in newly reclaimed soils were recognized. Recently a mixed fertilizer for soybean (N; 40, P:70, K:60 kg/㏊) was developed and sold for soybean growers. The optimum planting densities of 220, 000 plants/ha in full-season cropping and 330, 000 pts/ha in after-barley cropping of soybeans were known from repeated experiments. For higher yield, a means of cultural practices such as transplanting-pinching, direct planting-pinching, and hilling-up, etc., were developed along with barley-stubble planting with no tillage and integrated herbicide application for labour savings. For sweet potato, cultural practices for planting date, harvesting date, fertilizer, and planting density were fully established. For early marketing, a technique of vinyl-mulching on sweet potato has also fully developed. For com, planting density of 37, 000 pts/ha in early 1960's has been changed to 55, 000 pts/ha for grain production and 67, 000 pts/ha for silage. The amounts of fertilizers have also been changed from 120-120-120kg/ha (N-P-K) in early 1960s to 180-150-150 kg/ha. These increases in number of plants per unit area and fertilizer levels have resulted in greater production for both grain and silage. At the same time, the production techniques of F1 seeds have also improved.