Today, the principles of green chemistry are being fundamentally applied in the chemical industry, such as the nitrobenzene industry, which is an essential intermediate for various commercial products. Research on the application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize nitrobenzene synthesis was conducted using a sulfated silica (SO4/SiO2) catalyst and batch microwave reactor. The nitrobenzene synthesis process was carried out according to RSM using a central composite design (CCD) design for three independent variables, consisting of sulfuric acid concentration on the silica (%), stirring time (min), and reaction temperature (°C), and the response variable of nitrobenzene yield (%). The results showed that a three-factorial design using the response surface method could determine the optimum conditions for obtaining nitrobenzene products in a batch microwave reactor. The optimum condition for a nitrobenzene yield of 63.38 % can be obtained at a sulfuric acid concentration on the silica of 91.20 %, stirring time of 140.45 min, and reaction temperature of 58.14 °C. From the 20 experiments conducted, the SO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a selectivity of 100 %, which means that this solid acid catalyst can potentially work well in converting benzene to nitrobenzene.

In this study, the synthesis of nitrobenzene was carried out using sulfated silica catalyst. The study delved into H2SO4/SiO2 as a solid acid catalyst and the effect of its weight variation, as well as the use of a microwave batch reactor in the synthesis of nitrobenzene. SiO2 was prepared using the sol-gel method from TEOS precursor. The formed gel was then refluxed with methanol and calcined at a temperature of 600 °C. SiO2 with a 200-mesh size was impregnated with 98 % H2SO4 by mixing for 1 h. The resulting 33 % (w/w) H2SO4/SiO2 catalyst was separated by centrifugation, dried, and calcined at 600 °C. The catalyst was then used as a solid acid catalyst in the synthesis of nitrobenzene. The weights of catalyst used were 0.5; 1; and 1.5 grams. The synthesis of nitrobenzene was carried out with a 1:3 ratio of benzene to nitric acid in a microwave batch reactor at 60 °C for 5 h. The resulting nitrobenzene liquid was analyzed using GC-MS to determine the selectivity of the catalyst. Likewise, the use of a microwave batch reactor was found to be appropriate and successful for the synthesis of nitrobenzene. The thermal energy produced by the microwave batch reactor was efficient enough to be used for the nitration reaction. Reactivity and selectivity tests demonstrated that 1 g of H2SO4/SiO2 could generate an average benzene conversion of 40.33 %.

Sulfated polysaccharides are known to be immune-stimulators in mammals and can be used as food additives to enhance immunity. In this study, the immune-stimulating activity of water-soluble anionic macromolecules F2 fractionation isolated from Codium fragile using ion-exchange chromatography was tested in olive flounder, Paralichythys olivaceus, in vitro and in vivo. The gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β was adopted to check the immune-affection. As a result, in vitro study revealed that the expression of IL-1β was significantly upregulated in head kidney cells by 1 and 5 μg/ml of polysaccharides 4 h and by 5 μg/ml of polysaccharides at 24 h. In vivo, IL-1β gene expression in head kidney was significantly upregulated by 20 and 100 μg of the polysaccharides at day 1 post-i.p. injection, while downregulated at day 3 but not significant. Meanwhile, in peritoneal cells, it was upregulated by 20 μg of the polysaccharides at day 1 but the upregulation was sustained until day 3 though it was not significant. These results indicate that the sulfated polysaccharides from C. fragile are an immune-stimulator and might be potential feed additives for olive flounder.

For the last few decades, especially during summer Korean aquaculture industry has been huge economic loss due to massive blooms caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Moreover, high dispersion speed along the coast and high cell densities (above 10,000 cells ml−1) of C. polykrikoides resuling in red tides for a longer duration (at least for 30 days). C. polykrikoides can be used as a prolific source of extracellular sulfated polysaccharides. Sulfated polysaccharides have showed strong antiviral properties against influenza virus. However, little has been investigated about industrial application of sulfated polysaccharides as a high valuable byproduct from C. polykrikoides. Current commercial microalgal biomass production systems are costly and require advanced instrumental and cultural facilities. From economic point of natural blooms of C. polykrikoides, therefore it is likely to be utilized as a cost-effective way of microalgal biomass production for commercial applications.

Our previous research on sulfated polysaccharide purified from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga found in Jeju island, Korea, showed that sulfated polysaccharides modulate the apoptotic threshold of intestinal cells, thereby preventing intestinal damage caused by ionizing radiation. In this study, we investigated the ability of sulfated polysaccharide to augment restoration of small intestinal stem cells from γ-ray-induced damage. In our results, sulfated polysaccharide treatment increased the numbers of Ki-67-positive cells as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing cells in the small intestine compared with those of irradiated only mice. Meanwhile, exposure to irradiation increased the number of paneth cells, which are frequently associated with intestinal inflammation, whereas sulfated polysaccharide treatment reduced the number of paneth cells in the small intestinal crypt. Conclusively, our data suggest that reduction of iNOS-expressing cells and paneth cells in sulfated polysaccharide-treated mice contributes to the inhibition of radiation-induced intestinal inflammation.

고온 무가습 조건에서 고분자 전해질 막의 수화성 및 수소이온 전도도 향상을 위해 sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone) 전해질 고분자에 sulfated ZrO2 (s-ZrO2)를 함침시킨 유-무기 복합막을 제조하였다. X-ray diffraction를 통해 s-ZrO2 의 구조적 특징과 입자크기를 확인하였으며 추가적으로 FT-IR 분석을 통해, s-ZrO2입자에 술폰산기가 화학적으로 결합되어 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 다양한 s-ZrO2 조성비를 가진 유-무기 복합막의 이점을 확인하기 위해서 이온교환능력, 함수율, 수소이온 전도도를 측정하였다. 실험결과, s-ZrO2의 조성비를 달리한 유-무기 복합막의 수소이온 전도도는, 5 wt% s-ZrO2를 함유한 유-무기 복합막의 경우에서, 상온 수화조건 뿐만 아니라 100℃ 이상의 무가습 조건에서 매우 높은 수소 이온 전도도를 나타내었다. 특히 120℃ 무가습 조건에서도 5 wt% s-ZrO2를 함유한 유-무기 복합막이 0.0018 S cm -1의 매우 높은 전도도를 나타냄으로써 100℃ 이상의 고온에서도 높은 수화도를 유지하는 유-무기 복합막의 제조가 가능하였다.

rt is well known that glycosaminoglycans are 01' fllndamental importance to the processes 01' morphogenesis and cytodifferentiati on dllring the teeth development , With HlD-TCH-SP(High - iron diamine-thiocarbohydrazide-silvel protcinntc) , s lllfatcd glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate and heparan slllfate have been localized a t the III trastrllctural level i n a wide variety of tlssues The pmpose of this stlldy were to examine slllfated glycosaminoglycan at llltrastrllctllral level fo 1' the phase of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of hllma n fetal tooth germs, and to detect the protein expression of slllfated glycosaminoglycan by immunoslot blot Human tooth gerll1s fl'Oll1 the a lveolar bone of twenty still born fetuses we1'e fixed in a mixtllre of 2% gllltaraldehyde/1% forma ldehyde, The 미 t 1'athin sections were stained witb HID-TCH-SP and were treated with 0, 05% solution of t esticular hyaluronidase to identify the histochemical properties 01' tbe HID-TCH-SP stain deposits , For semi quantitative protein assay , immllnoslot blot was done Sulfated glycocongugated deposits were localized in DEJ, peri tubular dentin , and mantle dentin matrix‘ enamel prism sheath , interrod area , and enamel matnx Heparan sll l띠 te deposits i n DEJ resisted to testicular hyalllronidase treatment prior to HID-TCH-SP staining, Immunoslot blot s howed that• chondroitin sulfate was detected higher in enamel and dentin extract, while heparan sulfate was relatively expressed in enamel and dentin extract, but rarely expressed in enamel or dentin extract It suggest ecl that chonclroi tin and hepa ran slllfate woulcl play an important role in the formation of DEJ, while chondroitin sulfate would in the clevelopll1ent of enamel prism sheath, enamel matrix, and mantle 01' peritublllar clentin of human fetal tooth germs,

It is well known that glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are of fllndamental importance to the processes of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation dllring the teeth development. With HID-TCH-SP(High-iron diamine-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate), slllfated glycosaminoglycans sllch as chondroitin slllfate and heparan slllfate have been localized at the 1I1trastructurallevel in a wide variety of tisslles. 까le pllrpose of this study were to characterize slllfated glycosaminoglycan profiles of hllman fetal tooth genns at 비trastructurallevel for the phase of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation, and to detect the protein expression of sulfated glycosaminoglycan by immunoslot blot. Human tooth germs from the alveolar bone of twenty still born fetuses were f1xed in a mixture of 2% glutaraldehyde/ l% fonnaldehyde. The ultrathin sections were stained with HIDTCH- SP, and some sections were σ'eated with 0.05% solution of testicular hyaluronidase to identify the histochemical properties of the HID-TCH-SP stain deposits. For semiquantitative protein assay, immunoslot blot was done. The obtained results were as follows 1. HID-TCH-SP staining showed sulfated glycocongugated deposits in DEJ, peritublllar dentin, and mantle dentin matrix, enamel prism sheath, interrod area, and enamel matrix. 2. Heparan sulfate deposits in DEJ resisted to testicular hyalllronidase treatment prior to HID-TCH-SP staining 3. In immunoslot blot, chondroitin slllfate was detected higher in enamel and dentin extraα ， while heparan slllfate was relatively expressed in enamel and dentin extract, but rarely expressed in enamel or dentin extract. From the aboving results, it was suggested that chondroitin and heparan sulfate would play an important role in the formation of D티， while chondroitin sulfate would in the development of enamel prism sheath, enamel matrix, and mantle or peritllblllar dentin of human fetal t∞th germs.

1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-undecyl-2-imidazoline[I] was converted into various types of sulfonated or sulfated amphoteric surfactants as following. 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-(3-sulfonatedpropyl)-2-undecyl-2-imidazolium[III] 1-(2-sulfatedethyl)-1-methyl-2-undecyl-2-imidazolium[IV] 1-dioxylethylene methyl sulfonated-1-methyl-2-undecyl-2-imidazoliun[V] N-[N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(3-sulfonatedpropylammonio]ethyl dodecanoyl amide[VI] Mono sodium N-[N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N'-disulfonatedpropylammonio]ethyl dodecanoyl amide[VII] N-[N'-(2-hydroxyethyl-N'-(2-hydroxypropl-N'(3-sulfonatedpropyl)ammonio] ethyl dodecanoyl amide[VIII] The alkylimidazolines could be readily hydrolyzed to give amidoamines, but by quaternerization, hydrolysis stability of imidazoline and amide type amphoteric surfactantes were increased in the alkali and acid conditions. Also, at least three carbon chains introduce to the main group, water solubility was sparingly increased.