바나듐 산화환원 흐름 전지에 핵심적으로 사용되는 이온교환막은 일반적으로 양이온교환막을 사용하고 있으나 co-ion인 바나듐 이온의 투과에 의한 장기적 성능 저하 문제를 해결하기 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바나듐 투과도 및 장 기 운전 안정성의 특성을 파악하기 위해 세 가지 다른 관능기를 보유한 음이온교환막을 제조하였다. 기저막으로는 다공성 폴 리에틸렌 필름에 benzyl chloride (VBC)과 divinylbenzene (DVB)을 충진 및 가교 중합하여 제조한 후, 세 가지 다른 아민 관 능기를 각각 도입하였다. 제조된 음이온교환막들에 대해 바나듐 이온 투과 정도 및 장기 운전 안정성을 관찰한 결과 triethylamine을 관능기로 적용한 음이온교환막에서 높은 에너지효율을 유지하면서도 가장 장기적 운전 안정성을 확보할 수 있었다.

고온 무가습 조건에서 고분자 전해질 막의 수화성 및 수소이온 전도도 향상을 위해 sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone) 전해질 고분자에 sulfated ZrO2 (s-ZrO2)를 함침시킨 유-무기 복합막을 제조하였다. X-ray diffraction를 통해 s-ZrO2 의 구조적 특징과 입자크기를 확인하였으며 추가적으로 FT-IR 분석을 통해, s-ZrO2입자에 술폰산기가 화학적으로 결합되어 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 다양한 s-ZrO2 조성비를 가진 유-무기 복합막의 이점을 확인하기 위해서 이온교환능력, 함수율, 수소이온 전도도를 측정하였다. 실험결과, s-ZrO2의 조성비를 달리한 유-무기 복합막의 수소이온 전도도는, 5 wt% s-ZrO2를 함유한 유-무기 복합막의 경우에서, 상온 수화조건 뿐만 아니라 100℃ 이상의 무가습 조건에서 매우 높은 수소 이온 전도도를 나타내었다. 특히 120℃ 무가습 조건에서도 5 wt% s-ZrO2를 함유한 유-무기 복합막이 0.0018 S cm -1의 매우 높은 전도도를 나타냄으로써 100℃ 이상의 고온에서도 높은 수화도를 유지하는 유-무기 복합막의 제조가 가능하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how COP displacement of a hemiplegic foot in stance phase during gait is related to clinical balance measures and the recovery stage in hemiplegic stroke patients. Twenty-eight functionally ambulant hemiplegic patients who had suffered from strokes and thirty age-matched healthy subjects participated in this study. COP parameters were calculated. Clinical balance was measured using the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT). The recovery stage, proprioception, and clonus of the ankles or lower extremities were also measured for physical impairment status. The COPx max-displacement in the medial-lateral side of the stroke patients was significantly longer than that of the normal group (p=.038). The COPy max-displacement in the anterior-posterior side of the stroke patients was significantly shorter than that of normal group (p<.001). Significant differences in the COPx and COPy displacement asymmetry index were found between the two groups (p<.01). The FRT was correlated with the COPx displacement (r=.552) and COPy displacement (r=.765). The TUGT was correlated with the COPy displacement (r=-.588) only. The recovery stage of the lower extremities was correlated with COPy displacement (r=.438). The results of the study indicate that the characteristic of COP displacement in hemiplegic feet in stance phase during gait is related to balance ability and recovery in stroke patients. COP parameters acquired by the mapping of foot pressure in stance phase during gait will provide additional useful clinical information. This information can be used by clinicians to assess objectively the pathologic gait with other diseases and to evaluate the therapeutic effects on gait in stroke patients.

The performance of various air-cleaning devices and an assembled air cleaner has been evaluated for the removal of biological pollutants in indoor air. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses were sprayed in a test chamber, and air samples in the chamber were taken for analysis. Air-cleaning devices - UV lamp, ion generator, an UV LED and plasma electricity dust collector - were tested for their ability in the removal of microorganisms in the air. The UV lamp and the ion generator tested exhbited complete sterilization effect within 4hrs of operation. Other devices were less effective: The extent of removal by the UV LED and the plasma electricity dust collector after 6hrs of operation was about 20% to 82%, depending on the microorganisms tested. The performance of an assembled air cleaner was much superior to individual air-cleaning devices: the extent of removal being 97.6%, 99.1%, 98.7%, and 93.7% for Staphylococcus aureus (Gram(+) bacteria), Escherichia coli (Gram(-) bacteria), Aspergillus niger and Penicillium funiculosum (fungi), respectively, after 3hrs of operation. The removal of influenza virus was even more effective, with 99.9% of removal within 25min of operation. The results show that the air cleaner is effective for the removal of microbial and viral pathogens in the air.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the upper limb nerve mobilization (ULNM) on functional recovery of upper extremity in hemiplegic patients following stroke. Twenty patients who had functional impairment on upper extremity were participated. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: Control group (n=10) received traditional physical therapy only for 4 weeks; Experimental group (n=10) received ULNM treatment along with traditional physical therapy for the same period. Upper extremity functions were assessed by manual muscle test (MMT), modified Ashworth scale (MAS), and Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) before and after the treatment. In both experimental and control group, upper extremity functions were significantly improved in MMT (p<.01) and FMA (p<.01), however only experimental group showed significant improvement in FMA after the treatment (p<.05). Moreover, experimental group showed significantly greater improvement than control group in MMT (p<.05), MAS (p<.05), and FMA (p<.05). We conclude that the upper extremity functions is a useful additional therapeutic technique for the effective treatment of upper extremity deficits in hemiplegic patients.

Si(111) 표면을 NH3분위기에서 실리콘질화물(SiNx)로 변형시킨 후 탄화규소(silicon carbide, SiC) 박막을 성장하였다. 질화시간이 증가함에 따라 SiC 박막 두께가 감소함을 관찰하였다. 또한 성장변수에 따라 SiC/Si 계면에서 결정결함인 틈새를 없앨 수 있었다. 100nm, 300nm, 500nm의 SiNx/Si 기판 위에 SiC 박막을 성장시켰다. 성장된 SiC 박막들은 모두 [111]면을 따라 성장되었고, SiC 결정들이 원주형 낟알로 성장되었다. SiC/SiNx 계면에서 void를 관찰할 수 없었다. 이러한 실험 결과는 SOI 구조의 산화규소를 SiNx로 대체함으로써 SiC 소자 제작에 응용될 수 있는 방향을 제시하고 있다.

고온에서 증발된 금속 갈륨 (Ga)을 암모니아 (NH3) 기체와 직접 반응시켜 사파이어 (α-Al2O3) 기판 위에 GaN 후막을 성장하였다. 성장된 GaN는 주로 [0002] 방향으로 성장하였으나 낮은 성장온도에서는 [1011] 방향의 성장이 관찰되었으며 V-형태를 가진 매우 거친 표면을 보였다. 그러나 성장온도가 증가하면 [1010]와 [1011] 방향으로 성장이 관찰되었으며 피라미드면을 가진 육방정 결정이 성장되었다. 성장된 GaN의 두께는 온도가 증가할수록 증가하였으나, 1270˚C의 고온에서는 열분해를 일으켜 두께가 감소하였다. 공급된 NH3의 유량이 증가할수록 GaN의 결정성과 광특성은 향상되었다. X-선 회절기 (X-ray diffraction)와 광루미네센스(photoluminescence) 분석결과로 GaN 후막이 (1010) 면으로 성장되면 황색발광이 증가됨을 관찰할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to assess the fatigue in lumbar and abdominal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain compared with normal subjects using spectral analysis with mean power frequency and median power frequency. The experimental group consisted of twenty subjects who had experienced chronic low back pain for over one year after the onset day. A control group consisted of twenty normal subjects with no history of low back pain. All subjects stood in an apparatus to perform sustained contraction in the lumbar and abdominal muscles for 30 seconds with 60% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The resulting electromyographic (EMG) recorded time serial data were transformed into frequency serial data by Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). The results were as follows: 1) lumbar muscles measured, the frequency change ratio of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly greater for experimental group compared with control group group (p<0.05). In measured two abdominal muscles (inferior rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis) except superior rectus abdominis, the frequency change ratio of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly greater for experimental group compared with control group (p<0.05). 2) In all three (longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum, multifidus) lumbar muscles measured, the initial frequency value of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly lower for the experimental group compared with the control group (p<0.05). In the two (inferior rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis) abdominal muscles measured (superior rectus abdominis not included), the initial frequency value of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly lower for the experimental group compared with the control group (p<0.05). These results suggest that in patients with chronic low back pain there is a trend for more fatigue to occur in both lumbar and abdominal muscles than in the normal control group. This would seem to suggest that in treatment programs for patients with chronic low back pain, improvement of endurance in all trunk muscles should be considered.

This study examined the rates of spinal abnormal curvature and the correlation of the Body Mass Index (BMI), Low Back Pain (LBP) and spinal curvature by measuring scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis in university students. The study population included 67 male, 92 female university students, making a total of 159, in Wonju City. Spinal curvature was measured by an electrogoniometer in a computerized skeletal analysis system. Lateral curvature of spine of more than 10 degrees was considered as nonspostural scoliosis. The correlation of BMI, LBP and the spinal curvature was analysed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and t-test. The following results were obtained: 1. The overall incidence and rate of scoliosis in cases with a greater than 10 degree curve in males was an incidence of 8 and a rate of 11%. In females the incidence was 36 and the rate 39.2%. 2. The overall incidence and rate of kyphosis of less than 20 degrees in males was a rate of 9 and an incidence of 11.9%. In females, the rate was 5 and the incidence 5.4%. In kyphosis cases of more than 40 degrees, the male rate was 5 and the incidence 7.7%. For female the rate was 13 and the incidence 14.2%. 3. The overall incidence and rate of lordosis with curves of less than 20 degrees was a rate of 6 for males and an incidence of 9.0%. For females, the rate was 5 and the incidence 5.4%. In cases of more than 50 degrees lordosis, the female rate was 2 and the incidence 2.2%. There were no males in this category. 4. There was a negative correlation between kyphosis and BMI. The greater the kyphotic curve, the less the BMI in males (p<0.05). There was no significant BMI difference by gender in either scoliosis or lordosis. There was, however, a significantly decreased sacral angle in the female group with LBP. The results of this study cannot be generalized to the general population because the subjects were all from one university. The measurements were quite reliable because the angles determined by the Metrocom System were highly correlated with radiologic findings. This study shows the need for a regular screening system for spinal curvatures in university health examination procedures.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) on delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS). Twenty males performed eccentric exercise of the elbow flexor. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) a group (=7) that received low frequency TENS (7 Hz), 2) a group (=7) that received high frequency TENS (500 Hz), 3) a control group (=6) that received no treatment. DOMS was induced in a standardised fashion in the non-dominant elbow flexor of all subjects by repeated eccentric exercise. Treatments were applied immediately following exercise and again at 24 hours and at 48 hours after. Subjects attended on three consecutive days for treatment and measurement of elbow flexion, extension and resting angle(universal goniometer), and pain(Visual Analogue Scale; VAS) on a daily basis. Measurements were taken after treatment. Analysis of results using repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA) and post hoc tests were as follows: 1) there were between groups differences in pain value at 48 hours after (p<0.05), 2) one-way ANOVA with repeated measurement for pain, resting angle, flexion angle and extension angle revealed significant differences within low frequency TENS group, 3) one-way ANOVA with repeated measurement for flexion angle revealed significant difference within high frequency TENS group.

P-type Si(111)기판 위에 3C-SiC박막 성장시 TMS(tetramethylsilane)유량, 반응온도, 반응압력, 가스공급방법등 다양한 성장변수에 따른 박막의 결정성변화를 연구하였다. 증착된 막은 모두 (111)방향성만을 나타내었고, free Si, C의 존재는 관찰할 수 없었다. TMS 유량 0.5 sccm에서, 1100-1200˚C의 반응온도에서 , 반응압력 12-50Torr 조건에서 비록 dislocation과 twin등이 발결되었으나 단결정 3C-SiC 박막을 성장시킬 수 있었으며, 박막의 결정성은 기판에 흡착된 Si-종과 C-종이migration할 수 있는 시간과 에너지에 크게 영향 받음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 SiC/Si계면에서 carbonization공정에서 관찰되는 것으로 알려진 void를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 이러한 void의 발생은 기체공급방법을 달리함으로서 제거할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

TMS(tetramethysilane, Si(CH3)4)를 이용하여 RTCVD(rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition)장치에서 Si(111) 기판 위에 β-SiC(111)를 성장시켰다. 실험변수로는 반응온도, TMS유량, 반응시간, H2유량을 변화시켰으며, XRD, IR, SEM, RBS, TEM등을 이용하여 성장된 박막을 분석하였다. 성장된 박막은 crystallized Si, C또한 Si-H, C-H결합은 관찰할 수 없었으나 다결정이었다. TMS의 유량이 증가함에 따라, 성장온도가 감소함에 따라서 미려한 박막을 성장시킬 수 있었으며, 반응의 활성화에너지는 20kcal/molㆍK이었다.