The purpose of this study is to optimize the composition of the medium for turmeric fermentation and to select competent turmeric fermentation strains using bacterial isolates from kimchi. Initially, 30 isolates from kimchi were cultured in 5% (w/v) yeast extract and 1% (w/v) maltodextrin to determine viability. As a result, eight strains showed a tendency to maintain viability until the fifth day of fermentation. Subsequently, the eight isolates were fermented in an optimum medium for turmeric fermentation, 5% (w/v) yeast extract, 1% (w/v) maltodextrin, and 5% (w/v) turmeric for seven days to determine the viable cell count and antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacities of turmeric fermented by the eight isolates were similar or higher than turmeric fermented by Lactococcus lactis KCTC 2013, while maintaining high viable cell counts of both the eight isolates and L. lactis KCTC 2013 until the seventh day of fermentation. The antioxidant capacities of the selected five strains during fermentation might increase possibly due to the biological conversion of active compounds in turmeric by fermentation. Consequently, a total of five strains of the isolates showing higher antioxidant capacity (4.81±0.19-5.81±0.04 VCE/mL) than fermentation day 0 were selected for fermentation of turmeric.

Coffee is a commonly consumed beverage that contains anti-inflammatory compounds such as caffeine, chlorogenic acid, cafestol, trigonelline, and kahweol. Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid bacterium most frequently used in the fermentation of food products of plant origin. L. plantarum is able to degrade some food phenolic compounds and provide high value-added compounds such as powerful antioxidants or food additives approved as flavouring agents. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of coffee extract fermented by L. plantarum on RAW264.7 macrophages. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, these coffee extracts exhibited antiinflammatory activities through the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase expression. Fermented coffee extracts significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and interferon γ. Cyclooxygenase-2, which is one of the key biomarkers for inflammation, was significantly suppressed. These results might be helpful for understanding the anti-inflammatory mechanism of fermented coffee extract on immune cells and, moreover, suggest that fermented coffee extract may be a beneficial anti-inflammatory agent.

녹말은 그들이 가지고 있는 여러가지 단점들 때문에 식품산업에서 그 사용이 매우 제한적인데, 그것을 극복하기 위해 녹말을 변성 시키는 다양한 방법들이 연구되고 있다. 하지만 가장 일반적으로 사용되었던 화학적 변성 녹말은 최근 소비자들의 친환경적인 제품에 대한 선호도와 건강에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 지양되는 추세이다. 그래서 식품 회사들은 물리적 변성 녹말과 같은 Clean starch를 추구하고 있다. 팽윤, 동결, 건조는 일반적으로 식품 가공에 사용되는 처리 과정인데, 그들은 녹말의 물리화학적 특성을 변화시킬 수 있고, 결과적으로 물리적 변성 녹말을 만들 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 그래서 본 연구의 목적은 팽윤, 동결, 건조 과정을 거쳐 물리적 변성 녹말을 제조하고 그들의 물리화학적 특성을 조사하는데 있다. 옥수수 녹말을 두 온도(30℃, 60℃)에서 팽윤 시킨 후, 두가지 동결 속도(급속 동결과 완만 동결)로 처리하였다. 위와 같은 방법으로 팽윤 정도와 동결 속도를 다르게 처리한 후, 열풍건조, 동결건조, 분무건조 세가지 방법을 통해 건조하여 물리화학적 특성들을 분석하였다. 광학·편광 현미경을 통해 형태학적 특성을 조사하였고, 시차주사열량법(DSC)과 신속점도측정기(RVA)를 이용해 열적 특성과 페이스팅 점도특성을 각각 조사하였다. 팽윤 직후 현미경 사진에서는 60℃ 팽윤처리구가 물을 흡수하며 팽창되어서 유의적으로 과립 크기가 커졌음을 확인하였지만, 모든 처리가 끝난 후 현미경 사진에서는 모든 처리구들에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이는 동결·건조 되면서 물이 빠져나가 다시 녹말 과립이 수축되어 다시 원래의 크기로 돌아간 것으로 생각된다. 하지만 DSC 결과에서 팽윤·동결처리를 하였을 시 대조구보다 호화개시온도(To), 최대호화온도(Tp)가 낮아졌으며, 30도 팽윤처리구와 완만동결처리구에서 특히 유의적인 차이를 보였다. RVA 결과에서 최대 점도와 breakdown이 대조구보다 유의적으로 변하였으며, 특히 급속동결처리구와 30도 팽윤처리구에서 유의적인 변화를 보였다. 열풍건조와 분무건조는 대조구에 비해 큰 변화를 가져오지 못하였으며, 동결건조는 DSC나 RVA결과에서 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 그러므로 팽윤, 동결, 건조는 녹말의 물리화학적 특성을 변화 시킬 수 있고, 녹말의 변성 방법으로서의 이용가능성을 제시하였다.

A cultivar (Malus domestica cv. Fuji) of apple was selected to make apple peel (AP) powder by three different powdering methods. Frozen AP was thawed and subsequently was dried or ground without drying. After AP was dried by hot-air drying at 60°C or freeze-drying, the dried AP was ground using a conventional blender. Separately, the thawed AP was powered by using a cryogenic micro grinding technology (CMGT). The ground AP and three types of AP powder were extracted using deionized water, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% methanol, followed by vacuum evaporation. The total phenolics contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging capacities of each extract were compared to determine an efficient powdering method. Lyophilized AP powder extract using 60% methanol showed the highest TPC and DPPH radical scavenging capacity. In contrast, 60% methanol extract of the powder by CMGT, resulting in the smallest particle, exhibited the highest TFC and ABTS radical scavenging capacity. This study suggests that the extraction yield of bioactive compounds from AP may be varied according to different powdering methods and that a new powdering process such as CMGT may be applicable to develop functional foods efficiently.

산양삼(cultivated wild ginseng)의 생리학적 활성 성분은 진세노사이드(ginsenosides), 폴리아세틸렌(polyacetylenes), 인삼 단백질(ginseng proteins), 다당류(polysaccharides) 및 페놀성 물질(phenolic compounds) 등으로 알려져 있다. 이 중 가장 대표적인 생리활성 성분은 진세노사이드로 종류에 따라 항암, 항당뇨, 충추신경계(CNS) 억제, 동맥경화 및 고혈압의 예방, 항피로, 항스트레스, 항산화, 항염증, 면역기능의 증강 등의 효능이 보고되었다. 진세노사이드는 major와 minor계열로 나뉘며 minor 계열에서 유효한 생리활성이 보다 많이 보고되었다. 산양삼은 인삼보다 진세노사이드 Rb1, Rd, Re, Rg1의 함량이 높다고 알려졌으며, 비교적 열에 안정하고, 가공 중 열이나 산, 발효, 증건 등의 과정을 거쳐 유효성분이 극대화 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 산양삼의 유효성분 함량을 극대화하기 위해 식품에 적용 가능한 시판 효소를 이용하여 반응 온도와 시간, 효소농도를 다르게 하여 생물전환 후, 진세노사이드 함량 변화를 분석하였다. 4년근 산양삼을 70% EtOH로 추출한 농축액에 시판 효소를 최종 부피의 5, 10, 15%로 첨가하여 50°C에서 1시간 반응시킨 후, BuOH 추출을 통해 진세노사이드를 추출하였다. High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)를 이용하여 BuOH 추출물의 진세노사이드 성분을 분석하였다. 그 결과, pectinase와 β-glucanase, cellulase계 효소를 첨가하여 효소반응을 하였을 때, 산양삼 추출액에서 minor계열 진세노사이드가 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 시판 효소를 사용한 산양삼의 생물전환이 가능할 것으로 생각되며, 선택된 효소를 사용하여 진세노사이드 극대화를 위한 생물전환의 최적 조건을 확립할 수 있을 것이다.

Proximate analysis and antioxidant activity of cultivated wild Panax ginseng (CWPG) were investigated to provide fundamental information of CWPG with different ages and to increase its industrial application. Proximate analyses of CWPG with different ages were performed. Extraction of CWPG with different ages was carried out using heatreflux extraction, and their extraction yield, crude saponin content, ginsenoside content, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. Moisture content decreased, but crude fat and crude protein were increased with aging. Extraction yield and crude saponin contents did not show a specific pattern while 5-year-old CWPG revealed the highest extraction yield and crude saponin content. All CWPGs showed typical ginsenoside profiles containing C-K and Rh2 ginsenosides, which are not found in ginseng. The 3-year-old CWPG showed the highest antioxidant activity including total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Moreover, 3-year-old CWPG also revealed the highest acidic polysaccharide content. Therefore, these results suggested that 3-year-old CWPG, which is the cheapest, can be used in industrial application due to its high antioxidant activity and acidic polysaccharide content with similar ginsenoside profile compared to 5- and 7-year-old CWPGs.

It is well-known that cultivated wild Panax ginseng has anti-inflammatory effect. However, a comparative study on cultivation period vs biofunctionality is currently lacking. In this study, 70% ethanol extracts of 3-years (yrs)-, 5-yrs-, or 7-yrs-old cultivated wild ginseng were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Specifically, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), the expression of surface proteins (CD80, CD86, and MHC-II), and the phagocytic properties were investigated. RAW264.7 cells were induced by 500 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm of samples. LPS-induced IL-6, TNF-α and surface proteins in all samples were downregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Both IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly reduced at 10 ppm of the 7-yrsold sample compared to 10 ppm of 3-yrs- and 5-yrs-old samples. CD80 and CD86 were also reduced at 10 ppm of all samples, and there was no difference among samples. The phagocytosis has no difference except in 10 ppm of 3 yr-old sample. The results suggest that cultivated wild ginseng extract has anti-inflammatory effect without decreasing phagocytosis.