본 연구는 현대 중국어 ‘刚才+V+了’ 구문에 사용된 동사 ‘V’의 의미 기능과 제약조 건을 분석하였다. 일반적으로 구문에 사용되는 동사 ‘V’는 구문에서 ‘관계’, ‘심리’, ‘동 작’, ‘종결’, ‘순간’의 의미자질로 구분된다. 그러나 이러한 의미자질을 가진 동사가 ‘刚 才+V+了’ 구문에 모두 사용할 수 있는 것은 아니다. 사실 ‘刚才+V+了’ 구문이 필요 로 하는 동사는 일정한 사용조건이 필요하다. 이를 밝히기 위하여 본고는 우선 ‘刚才 +V+了’ 구문에 사용된 ‘V’를 의미질의 특징에 따라 유형별로 분류하였다. 이를 토대 로 ‘刚才+V+了’ 구문의 의미와 ‘了’의 의미 기능 그리고 구문에 사용된 동사 ‘V’의 제 약에 대해 분석하였다. 이를 기초로 하여 의미자질을 유형별로 비교한 후 사용조건 에 부합되는지를 우선 분석하였다. 그 결과, 동사는 의미자질에 따라 다음과 같은 조 건에 부합되는 경우 구문이 성립되었다. 첫째, ‘刚才’가 ‘了’와 결합하지 않는 경우이 다. 이 경우 출현할 수 있는 동사는 동작의 시작점과 종결점, 지속의 과정을 모두 가진 동사이어야 구문이 성립되었다. 둘째, 시간명사 ‘刚才’와 ‘了’가 결합할 경우, 중간 에 출현할 수 있는 동사는 사건 시간량이 ‘刚才’의 시간량보다 짧아야 성립될 수 있 었다. 또한 동사의 의미자질이 시작, 지속, 종결을 지닌 경우, 그리고 지속, 종결만을 가진 경우, 시작과 종결이 일치한 동사가 지속성이 없이 순간성을 지닌 동사이어야 구문이 성립된다는 결론을 얻었다. 셋째, ‘刚才+V’와 ‘刚才+V+了’ 중 ‘V’의 공통점은 동사의 시간량이 ‘刚才’보다 [+短时]여야 성립되었으며, ‘了’의 결합 여부에 따라 강조 되는 정도가 달랐다. 다시 말해, ‘刚才+V’ 구문의 강조점은 시작점이고, ‘刚才+V+了’ 구문의 강조점은 동작의 종결점이었다.

Sentiment analysis is a method used to comprehend feelings, opinions, and attitudes in text, and it is essential for evaluating consumer feedback and social media posts. However, creating sentiment dictionaries, which are necessary for this analysis, is complex and time-consuming because people express their emotions differently depending on the context and domain. In this study, we propose a new method for simplifying this procedure. We utilize syntax analysis of the Korean language to identify and extract sentiment words based on the Reason-Sentiment Pattern, which distinguishes between words expressing feelings and words explaining why those feelings are expressed, making it applicable in various contexts and domains. We also define sentiment words as those with clear polarity, even when used independently and exclude words whose polarity varies with context and domain. This approach enables the extraction of explicit sentiment expressions, enhancing the accuracy of sentiment analysis at the attribute level. Our methodology, validated using Korean cosmetics review datasets from Korean online shopping malls, demonstrates how a sentiment dictionary focused solely on clear polarity words can provide valuable insights for product planners. Understanding the polarity and reasons behind specific attributes enables improvement of product weaknesses and emphasis on strengths. This approach not only reduces dependency on extensive sentiment dictionaries but also offers high accuracy and applicability across various domains.

Syntax-semantics mismatch refers to a phenomenon whereby a part of a sentence appears to be attributive in form, but is in fact semantically matched with other syntactic components. Throughout previous research on the phenomenon of syntax-semantics mismatch, there has been a certain consensus in the academic community on some issues. It is believed that the syntax-semantics mismatch structure can be mainly divided into two types: pseudo possession and pseudo nominal quantity. The syntax-semantics mismatch structure is not a prototype structure, but a transformation from a certain prototype structure. The NP2 in the syntax-semantics mismatch structure is an undirected component. In addition, there are still some issues in the academic community that have not reached consensus. Different scholars have different opinions on the issue of whether there is a possessive relationship within the syntax-semantics mismatch structure (pseudo possessive). Some scholars believe that there is no possessive relationship between NP1 and NP2 within the form meaning mismatch structure, while others hold the opposite view. In terms of the mechanism of the formation of the syntax-semantics mismatch structures, different scholars have different research perspectives, and scholars with the same research perspective also have specific differences in their viewpoints. The article reviews previous research from three aspects: the qualitative nature of the syntax-semantics mismatch structure, the semantic characteristics of the syntax-semantics mismatch structure, and the generation mechanism of the syntax-semantics mismatch structure. It also briefly summarizes the existing problems in current research.

Manner-of-motion verbs show both unergative and unaccusative behavior, namely the variable behavior. The variable behavior of these verbs is a problem for Perlmutter's (1978) Unaccusative Hypothesis, which claims that the unergativity or unaccusativity of a verb is based on the meaning of the verb. The Unaccusative Hypothesis loses its predictive power if a certain verb can be both unergative and unaccusative. Mateu (2005) argues that the unaccusativity of manner-of-motion verbs, which are basically unergative, is derived by their conflation into a phonologically null verb heading the canonical unaccusative structure, which is associated to the directed motion event. Despite its apparent simpler manner of explanation, this paper argues that Mateu's (2005) l-syntactic approach to the variable behavior of manner-of-motion verbs is problematic in that it induces the overgeneration problem by exploiting the overly powerful operation of generalized transformation. Although his analysis may give a correct syntactic description of the problem of the variable behavior of manner-of-motion verbs, it cannot gain the status of syntactic explanation without an additional constrained grammatical device to distinguish grammatical structures from ungrammatical configurations, such as Hale and Keyser's (2005) revision of conflation in terms of selection.

서울시 간선축자전거도로의 경우 한강변을 중심으로 축이 형성되어 있어 이용자가 많은 한강변 주변에 거주자들의 이용이 높은 반면, 도심지역 거주자들의 한강변자전거도로의 이용도는 낮다. 이는 한강변자전거도로를 연결하는 자전거도로와 도심지역의 자전거도로와의 연계성이 떨어지는 것으로 판단되며, 한강이남자전거도로의 접근성을 높이기 위한 정책보다는 시설위주의 정책을 시행하고 있다. 한강변자전거도로의 이용만이 아닌 서울시 자전거도로의 연계성을 높이기 위한 합리적인 개선책이 필요한 시점이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 한강이남자전거도로를 대상으로 자전거도로의 접근성을 분석하기 위하여 한강이남지역의 공간구조를 Space Syntax Model을 이용하여 현재 및 자전거간선축설치계획 후와 일반도로설치 후를 비교하여 강서 강동지역간의 연계성을 분석하고, 그에 따른 변화를 예측하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 사용된 주요 분석방법은 Space Syntax Model을 이용한 한강이남자전거도로의 특성을 분석하였다. 결과적으로, 강서 강동지역간 자전거도로 연결 시 한강이 남자전거도로의 접근성은 향상하였으나, 공간구조명료도(R2)는 낮아지는 것으로 나타나 현재에 비해 지역 전체에 예측률이 낮다고 할 수 있다. 이는 현재의 한강이남자전거도로와 간선축 설치계획안 일반도로설치안 비교 시 상대적으로 가장 높은 공간구조명료도를 나타내어 자전거도로가 지역 간 연결이 이루어지기 전인 도로형태이기 때문인 것으로 분석되었다.

본 논문은 지속가능한 개발 및 도시 내 균형발전의 관점에서 시행된 서울시 청계천복원사업이 도심부 보행네트워크에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 복원 전과 후의 보행네트워크를 Space Syntax를 이용하여 Global Integration 및 Local Integration의 변화 정도를 살펴보았으며, 동서축과 남북축의 주요 가로를 대상으로 비교 분석하여 영향력의 차이를 확인하였다. Global Integration의 경우 복원 전에는 동서축으로 높게 나타나는데 반해 복원 후 돈화문로, 삼일로의 위계가 커지면서 보행네트워크가 공간적으로 균형 있게 분포하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 한편 Local Integration의 경우 업무 및 상업용도가 주를 이루는 태평로~삼일로 구간에서는 복원 전 삼일로 방면으로 집중되던 네트워크가 복원 후 동서, 남북축 가로의 연결성이 모두 향상되었다. 공구상가가 중심을 이루는 삼일로~배오개길 구간에서는 네트워크의 큰 차이는 없으나 전체적으로 통합도가 향상되었다. 또한 시장이 주를 이루는 배오개길~동대문운동장 구간에서는 복원사업 후 청계천로의 연결성이 크게 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 청계천복원사업에 따른 영향은 전체적으로 남북축과 동서축 접근이 균형적으로 이루어지게 하였으며, 지역적으로 남북축 연결성의 높은 향상이 이루어짐과 동시에 동서축의 연결성 향상에도 기여함을 알 수 있다.

중국에서는 한문의 어법 체계를 서구의 라틴어 문법 이론으로 분석한 馬氏文通이 1898년에 발행되고부터 自國의 언어 현상을 규명하기위해 서구의 이론을 능동적으로 수용하였다. 한국 역시 10 년 뒤 初等作文法이 1908년에 발행된 후 1921년까지 4 권의 한문문법서가 발행되었다. 상당한 공백기를 거친 후 1975년까지 丁南洙의 漢文解釋을 시작으로 1971년 6월 許世旭의 漢文通論, 7월 權重求의 漢文大綱, 1973년 文璇奎의 漢文敎疑書, 1975년 趙鍾業의 漢文通釋등이 출간되었다.본고는 이들 문법서에 수록된 品詞 理論에 대한 연구에 이어 統辭 理論을 분석해 보았다. 이러한 연구는 초기에 간행된 한문 문법서의 統辭 理論이 40년간의 공백기를 거친 후 발간된 한문 문법서에서 어떻게 收容變貌 되었는가를 파악할 수 있을 것이고, 80년대 이후 발행된 한문 문법서에는 어떻게 수용되었는가도 알 수 있는 지표도 될 것이다. 결과적으로 한문 문법사의 흐름을 이해하는데 일조할 것이라 생각된다. 본고는 문장의 성분에서는 主要成分從屬成分獨立成分으로 나누어 분석할 것이며 문장의 종류에서는 주어와 서술어의 결합관계와 주종관계에 따른 構造上 分類와 서술어의 성질행위주체화자가 청자에 대한 의향동작의 진위 여부서술의 범위 등으로 분류하는 性質上 分類를 연구의 대상할 것이다. 4종 문법서 제시된 내용들은 현대 문법 이론의 관점에서 분석할 것이며, 초기문법서에서 연구된 내용들이 어떻게 수용되었는가도 비교할 것이다.

The content of the paper can be summarized as follows: (1) The typical structure of nominal expressions in Mandarin Chinese is analyzed as [DP [NumP [ClP [NP ]]]]. (2) NP is a lexical category which describes the contents of entities or notions. (3) NumP is a functional category which denotes the number of entities described by a noun, and ClP, too, a functional category which makes nouns of Mandarin Chinese countable. (4) DP has the function of mediating between the description provided by NP and entities in the real world the description is applied to. It gives referential meanings such as “Definite”, “Indefinite”, and so on. (5) When D is lexically filled, DP has a definite referential meaning. A null determiner functions as an existential operator to produce an indefinite meaning. (6) A DP with a null determiner can appear only in the lexically governed position due to Empty Category Principle. (7) A sequence [Num+Cl+N] can be interpreted as having two structures, a DP with a null determiner and a NumP. (8) Bare nouns can be interpreted as “indefinite”, “definite”. An indefinite bare noun has the structure of [DP e [NP N ]] and a definite bare noun, [DP Ni [NP ti ]]. (9) In general, pronouns and proper nouns always carry a definite referential meaning and so can appear in D. (10) The pronouns and the proper nouns appearing in N do not denote a specific entity. Their meanings are similar to common nouns which denote types or kinds of entities. (11) NP"s can not be used as an argument but as a predicate.

This paper investigates the syntax of multiple wh’s in Korean, especially when such multiple wh’s are of reduplicative form. Particularly focusing on locality in deriving a pair-list interpretation in the construction at issue, we argue that the clause-boundedness restriction follows from quantifier raising (QR) and absorption that multiple wh’s undergo. At the same time, we examine how Dayal’s (1996) wh-triangle and Watanabe’s (1992) additional wh effects materialize in Korean multiple wh-constructions, providing a comparativesyntactic account for the issues at hand. Meantime, we also investigate the issue of how Pesetsky’s (1987) D-linking comes into play in the construction in question.

In this study, I argue that appositives in the traditional sense and afterthoughts should be treated as a single construction. Afterthoughts share the attested properties of appositives, differing only in linear position. Therefore, I refer to appositives that appear adjacent to the anchor as anchor-adjacent appositives and those that appear non-adjacent to the anchor as afterthought appositives. Within the framework of Constructionbased HPSG, I show that the parenthetical properties of anchor-adjacent and afterthought appositives can be accounted for without having to assume a noncanonical structure. Syntactically, appositives are integrated into the host clause as NP-adjuncts. Specifically, I propose a new subtype of the headmodifier- cx(construction): head-parenthetical-modifier -cx. In terms of semantics, I propose a new semantic dimension to deal with parenthetical elements, inspired by Potts’ (2005) work.

With a view to creating beautiful farm villages, this study aims to exploit space syntax and thereby establish a systematic plan for refurbishing common farming facilities in farm villages by expanding a remodeling plan that has so far been focused on farm houses to cover different villages as well as in spatial scope. For this purpose, the study has extracted a system of categories for common ownership facilities in farm villages and applicable elements needed for collaboration in the space of joint production by performing a comprehensive analysis of related literature for the purpose of researching the distribution of common farming facilities. Based on such categorization of applicable elements, the study conducted a field survey of the four types of farm villages such as suburban area (Hwaseong), inland farming-centered area (Jeungpyeong), coastal & plain area (Goheung), and mid-mountain area (Gangneung), through group discussions by participating researchers and field pilot surveys. Also, space analysis has come up with measurements based on the five criteria of integration, local integration, control, connectivity, and spatial depth. And a plan for type-specific remodelling of common farming facilities has been drawn up through standardization based on the values in integration for different villages and spatial depth for common farming facilities. The significance of the current study consists in identifying how the location of common farming facilities influences the characteristics of different villages in terms of spatial structure and then drawing up guidelines for planning their placement.

In farming area, the elderly population is increasing year after year. And the gap between farming area and the city regarding quality of life is getting bigger and bigger. Besides, it has much poorer ground for living than the city. The current farming village maintenance project is adopting a different system now from the top-down project exclusively led by the government in the past to the bottom-up one reflecting how the residents think positively. Lack of the residents' understanding and education about the maintenance project, however, some of them are just focused on maintenance and development distorted from making a village where people want to live. Accordingly, this study will analyze the characteristics of farming villages by their types based on field research and spatial analysis using Space Syntax in order to develop more premeditated and effective maintenance plans to perform maintenance in farming area. As a result, When you install streetlights street lights should be installed at places with a high of Connectivity and spatial depth is deep. Based on this method, the research is going to suggest the current status of street furniture improvement in the villages and the proper positions for their future installation.

This paper examines multiple Fragmenting in Korean to argue that it can be accounted for in the most effective way by the thesis that Fragmenting applies to cleft structure. We first propose that the underlying structure of the single or multiple fragment answer is the cleft construction where the copula links the subject cleft clause and the pre-copula inferential cleft clause. In deriving its surface structure, the former clause takes the pro strategy in identity with the preceding question sentence, and the latter clause allows survivor(s) to escape out to the periphery of it, which undergoes clausal ellipsis. This conception of the fragment construction sheds new lights on accounting for some peculiar effects of the overt or the covert copula on the immediately preceding Case marker/postposition-less survivor. In addition, this paper provides an explanation for the now celebrated clausemate requirement for the survivors in the construction at issue.

This study explores Korean learners' knowledge of adverb positions in L2 English. A questionnaire of 28 items, constructed based on Ernst's (2002) scope-based theory of adverb positions, was administered to 56 Korean university students and 17 native English speakers. The data analysis revealed the following: 1) The Korean students' knowledge of adverb placement diverged from that of the native speakers in several aspects, possibly due to L1 influence or limited L2 proficiency. 2) Scope reversal errors incurred by incorrect adverb placement were relatively frequent in the learners' responses, with the low and mid proficiency groups exhibiting higher error rates. 3) The scope of manner adverbs was observed to be acquired before that of clausal adverbs, and speech act adverbs before evaluative and subject-oriented adverbs. 4) L1 influence was manifested in the avoidance of the s-final position for manner adverbs and in the interruption of the verb and object by an adverb. The status of the Interface Hypothesis in L2 acquisition (Sorace & Filiaci, 2006) was discussed in light of the results.

본 논문에서는 게임 맵에 대한 공간 분석을 통하여 정량적인 공간 분석 수치를 제공함으로써기획자들로 하여금 게임 객체를 배치하는데 있어서의 합리성을 제공할 수 있도록 하는 것이 본 연구의 기본 목적이다. 본 연구의 의의로는 Space Syntax을 이용한 게임 플레이어들의 행태 분석에 국한된 기존 연구의 한계를 벗어나, 게임 개발 단계인 레벨 디자인에서 Space Syntax를 활용하여 효율적인 게임 객체의 배치가 가능할 수 있도록 한 것이다. 본 논문의 산업적인 가치로는 합리적인 게임 객체의 배치에 따라 기존의 레벨 디자인 단계에서 발생할 수 있는 반복적인 작업들을 줄여 게임 개발 기간 및 개발 기대 비용을 절감할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This study tried to establish a renewal guideline for rural villages through the analysis on locational characteristics of amenity/disamenity elements. Space Syntax Method was applied to analyze the locational characteristics of amenity/disamenity elements in qualitative terms. The study was carried out by 5 steps: Selection of amenity/disamenity classification table and case study villages(used same ones as in the previous study) → Drawing of base-map for spatial analysis → Preparation of final study-map after field survey → Spatial analysis using the Space Syntax Method → Proposing of a rural village renewal guideline. Through the application study to the case study villages, it was ascertained that the renewal guideline proposed in this study would well help reflect spatial characteristics of amenity/disamenity elements in plan-making works of rural villages.