본 논문은 Schumpeter의 기술변화 3단계 개념에 기초해서 기술진보가 실질 경제성장에 기여하는 정도를 측정하는 새로운 방법을 제시한다. 통계청 광업제조업조사 마이크로데이터를 이용해서 2003-2018년 기간 동안 기술진보의 실질 성장기여 정도를 총요소 생산성 성장률(성장회계방법), R&D투자 기여율, 슘페테리안 혁신성장률로 각각 측정하고 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성장회계의 총요소생산성 성장률과 슘페테리안 혁신 성장률에 의한 기술진보의 실질 성장기여에 대한 측정에서 상반된 결과를 나타낸다. 둘째, 생산성장률이 감소추세에 있으면 증가추세에 있을 때와 비교해서 생산성장률과 총요소생산 성성장률 차이가 커지고, 반대로 증가추세에 있으면 감소추세에 있을 때와 비교에서 생산성 장률과 총요소생산성성장률의 차이가 작아진다. 셋째, 혁신성장률에 영향을 미치는 기술기회, 즉, 어느 한 분야의 연구개발과 그 인접분야까지의 연구개발 유인이 혁신성장에 미치는 기여도는 3.3%에 불과하다. 이 결과가 기존의 기술진보의 성장기여에 대한 인식과 다른 이유는 기술 진보라는 동일한 용어를 측정하면서 서로 다른 실체를 측정하고 있는 것에 기인한다. 따라서 총요소생산성 성장률은 거시적 경제효율성, R&D투자는 신기술공급의 효과성, 슘페테리안 혁신성장률은 기술진보의 경제적 영향을 측정하는 데 사용해야 한다. 본 논문 연구 결과의 정책적 함의는 다음과 같다: ① 기술공급일변도의 정책에서 기술공급과 신기술수요지원의 융합정책으로 전환, ② 임무지향형 R&D 정책과 국가 R&D와 민간 R&D가 연계되는 R&D 정책, ③ 신지식체화 정도를 반영한 자본재의 재분류.

The change of fishing power index was analyzed to identify the development of the vessel and gear technology that may improve the fishing efficiency of the offshore conger eel pot fishery from 1980s to 2015. Gross tonnage per fishing vessel was rapidly increased annually. The standard of pot was maintained, but the number of pot used rapidly increased by using conger eel pot hauling devices, carrying and loading devices, main line hauler, casting devices and slide type pot. Fish finder system to identify fishing ground information and the conger eel pot hauling devices were modernized, and supply rate was also increased. Therefore, the relative fishing power index in the offshore conger eel pot fishery increased from 1.0 in 1980 to 1.3 in 1990, to 1.8 in 2000 and to 2.0 in 2015. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fisheries stock management of the offshore conger eel pot fishery.

Thousands of pelagic and demersal fishes inhabit the waters around Korea and many of them are overexploited. One of the reasons is technological development, which increases the efficiency of the vessels continuously. The analysis was conducted to identify the change of fishing power index to develop the vessel and gear technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of the otter trawl fishery from 1960s to 2010s. Gross tonnage was decreased stably, but horse power was increased annually. The perimeter of net mouth was somewhat longer, but little changed. Color fish finder was utilized from the mid-1960s. Hydraulic net drum were introduced in the early 1990s, and supply rate was gradually increased. Surveys on the supply and upgrading of fishing equipment utilized visiting research. Therefore, the relative fishing power index in the trawl fishery increased about two to three times in the 2010s compared to the 1980s. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fisheries stock management.

Thousands of demersal fishes inhabit in the waters around Korea and most of them are overexploited. One of reasons is technological development, which increases the efficiency of the vessels continuously. The analysis was conducted to identify the change of fishing power index to develop the vessel and gear technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of the Danish seine fishery from 1960s to 2010s. Gross tonnage was decreased stably, but the horse power was increased annually. The length of ground rope, warp and hand rope was somewhat longer, but changed a little. Color fish finder was utilized from the mid-1960s and positioning system was used five years later. A hydraulic line hauler were introduced in the mid-1980s, and supply rate was gradually increased. Surveys on the supply and upgrading of fishing equipment utilized visiting researchers. Therefore, the relative fishing power index in the Danish seine fishery increased stably from 1.0 in 1970 to 1.0 in 1980, to 1.2 in 1990, to 1.3 in 2000 and to 1.3 in 2010. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fisheries stock management.

The small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) is one of the representative high-class fish species in Korea. The catch of small yellow croaker in adjacent water fisheries has been continuously decreasing from 59,226 tons in 2011 to 19,271 tons in 2016. The small yellow croaker is caught by gillnet, stow net and bottom trawl, among which about 55~65% is caught by gillnet. For the sustainable use of small yellow croaker, the fishing power of small yellow croaker drift gillnet is very important. Therefore, the change of fishing power index were analyzed to identify the development of the vessel and gear technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of the small yellow croaker drift gillnet fishery from 1960s to 2010s. Gross tonnage and horse power per fishing vessel was increased annually. The mesh size was 75.0 mm in the 1960s, but reduced to 60.6 mm in the 1980s and to 51.0 mm in the 2000s. In the 1960s, it was hauled out by manpower. However, the net hauler were modernized and supply rate was also increased since 1970. Due to the mechanization of the net hauler, the number (length) of used net gradually increased from 1.5 km in the 1960s to 7.5 km in the mid-1980s and to 15 km in 2010. Colour fish finders and positioning system were introduced and utilized from the mid-1980s. Surveys on the supply and upgrading of fishing equipment utilized visiting research. Therefore, the relative fishing power index in the small yellow croaker drift gillnet fishery increased from 1.0 in 1980 to 0.8 in 1970, to 1.1 in 1990, to 1.6 in 2000 and to 1.9 in 2010. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fisheries stock management of the small yellow croaker drift gillnet fishery.

Squid is one of the important fisheries resources in Korea. Therefore, squid has been designated and managed as a target species of total allowable catch (TAC) since 2007, but the catch amount is gradually decreasing. The analysis was conducted to identify the change of relative fishing power index to develop the vessel and gear technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of the offshore squid jigging fishery from 1960s to 2010s. Gross tonnage per fishing vessel increased with the increase in size until 1990, but then gradually decreased to 41.0 tons in 2000 and 37.1 tons in 2010. The illuminating power (energy consumption) by fishing lamps increased to 180 kW in 2005 and stabilized to 120 kW in 2015. Jigging machine started to be supplied to fishing vessels from the early 1970s, and fish finders began to be supplied in the early 1980s and gradually increased. Therefore, the relative fishing power index in the offshore squid jigging fishery increased from 1.0 in 1980 to 1.1 in 1990, to 3.5 in 2000 and to 2.5 in 2010, but the increment rate slowed down gradually. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fisheries stock management.

Industrial innovation in Britain, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, stimulated the introduction of the factory system and the migration of people from rural agricultural communities to urban industrial societies. The factory system brought elevated levels of economic growth to the purveyors of capitalism, but forced people to migrate into cities where working conditions in factories were, in general, harsh and brutal, and living conditions were cramped, overcrowded and unsanitary. Industrial developments, known collectively as the ‘Industrial Revolution’, were driven initially by the harnessing of water and steam power, and the widespread construction of rail, shipping and road networks. Parallel with these changes, came the development of purchasing ‘middle class’, consumers. Various technological ripples (or waves of innovative activity) continued (worldwide) up to the early-twenty-first century. Of recent note are innovations in digital technology, with associated developments, for example, in artificial intelligence, robotics, 3-D printing, materials technology, computing, energy storage, nano-technology, data storage, biotechnology, ‘smart textiles’ and the introduction of what has become known as ‘e-commerce’. This paper identifies the more important early technological innovations, their influence on textile manufacture, distribution and consumption, and the changed role of the designer and craftsperson over the course of these technological ripples. The implications of non-ethical production, globalisation and so-called ‘fast fashion’ and non-sustainability of manufacture are examined, and the potential benefits and opportunities offered by new and developing forms of social media are considered. The message is that hand-crafted products are ethical, sustainable and durable.

Lots of fishery stocks are overexploited and the overcapacity exists in Korean fishing fleets. One of the reasons is technological development, which increases the efficiency of the vessels continuously. The analysis was conducted to identify the change of fishing power index to develop the vessel and gear technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of the offshore large powered purse seine fishery from 1960s to 2010s. Gross tonnage and horse power per fishing vessel was increased annually. Fishing gear material was changed to the knotless webbing to settle faster. Fishing equipments was modernized and supply rate was also increased. Therefore the relative fishing power index in the offshore large powered purse seine fishery increased from 0.4 in 1970 to 1.0 in 1980, to 1.5 in 2000 and to 1.6 in 2010, but the rate of increase slowed down gradually. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fishery stock management.

농업 R&D 투자의 연구생산성 변화에 대한 기여도를 분석 하기 위해 비모수적 방법인 자료포락분석법을 이용하고 기술 효율성 변화와 기술수준 변화를 계측해 생산성 변화요인을 확 인하는 맘퀴스트 생산성지수 분석방법을 적용하였다. 분석에 이용된 자료는 2007년부터 2011년까지 5개년간 국립원예특작 과학원에서 수행한 연구과제의 연구비와 그 연구의 결과로 생 성된 논문 (SCI, 비SCI), 산업재산권 출원, 영농활용, 정책제안, 품종육성 등 6개의 성과물을 대상으로 하였다. 투입요소는 국 립원예특작과학원에서 수행한 연구비 총액이고, 산출요소는 6 개의 성과물을 기준으로 하여 분석하였다. 불변규모(CRS)를 가정한 후에 자료포락분석법을 이용해 거 리함수를 계산한 결과 영농활용이 1.000으로 가장 효율적인 성과로 분석되었고, 비SCI논문이 0.671, SCI논문이 0.343, 품 종육성이 0.301, 정책제안이 0.288, 산업재산권이 0.251 순으 로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과로 판단해 볼 때 연구성과 효율성 을 향상시키기 위해서는 연구과제 특성에 따른 목표설정 및 재원배분, 인력, 시설, 장비 등의 추가적인 투자가 필요하다. 거리함수를 이용해 맘퀴스트 생산성지수를 도출한 결과 2007년부터 2011년까지 5개년간 원예특용작물분야 농업 R&D 투자로 인한 연구성과의 생산성은 연평균 17.5%가 향상되었 다. SCI논문이 39.4%로 가장 높은 생산성 증가율을 나타냈으 며, 산업재산권 출원이 27.8%, 정책제안이 17.4%, 영농활용이 16.8%, 품종육성이 6.3%, 비SCI논문이 1.1%의 성장률을 나타 냈다. 표본기간 동안의 기술효율성의 연평균 변화율은 0.6%로 나타났고, 기술수준의 변화는 16.8% 향상한 결과를 보여주고 있다. 또한 기술효율성 변화의 두 요소인 순수효율성과 규모 효율성 변화는 불변규모를 가정한 관계로 규모효율성의 변화 가 없어 기술효율성의 변화는 순수효율성 변화와 동일한 값을 보여주고 있다. 결과적으로 5개년간 국립원예특작과학원에 투자한 농업 R&D는 17.5%의 생산성 향상을 가져왔고, 연평균 성장률에 대한 기여가 0.6%인 기술효율성 변화보다는 16.8%인 기술수 준의 변화가 더 큰 기여를 하였다. 이는 원예특용작물분야 농 업 R&D 투자로 인한 성과의 생산성 향상에 기술효율성의 개 선보다는 기술진보가 훨씬 큰 기여를 하였다는 것을 보여주는 것으로서 개별 연구성과의 효율성 개선보다는 연구능력 향상, 우수인력 유치, 시설 확대 등 기술혁신을 일으킬 수 있는 요 소에 대한 투자가 우선되어야 하며, 생산성 향상을 유도하는 투자가 지속적으로 이루어져야 함을 의미한다. 다만 본 연구에서는 R&D 투자 시점부터 연구성과가 발생하기까지의 시차와 개별 연구성과에 대한 투자규모가 다른 점을 고려하지 않았으며 향후 추가적인 연구가 필요함을 밝 혀둔다.

오래도록 生産性向上曲線(또는 學習曲線), 生産函數, 그리고 代替曲線 등은, 서로 관련이 없는 別個의, 그리고 순전히 經驗的인 (empirical) 現象들인 것들로서 이해 되어 왔었다. 그러나 1980년대 중반에 발표된 Muth 敎授의 探索理論 (Search Theory)이 생산성향상곡선에서 관찰된 諸般현상들을 모두 설명함으로써 이들 현상 온 하나의 통합이론체계에 의하여 일관되게 설명되게 되었다. 이 理論의 초기형태는 그 普遍性을 구속하는 네가지 假說위에 설립되었었으나 점차적으로 이들 가설들이 완화되면서 (relaxed) 이 理論은 또한 解釋力에서 뿐만 아니라-般性에 있어서도 계속 강화되어 왔다. 본 論文외 目的은, 이들 네가지 가설들 중 유일하게 아직 綬和되지 못하고 있는, 實際 현상과 다분히 遊離된, 두번째 假說, 즉 『생산성향상을 위한 탐색과정에서 새로이 발견된 개량 新技術(또는 생산방식) 온 卽刻的으로 採澤될 것』이라는 가설을 綏和함으로써, 보다 현실에 대한 해석력과 일반성 면에서 개선된 모델을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 제시된 모델은 Muth 교수의 탐색이론모델에 두가지 변수를 더함으로써 擴張하여 만든 모델이다. 이 두 변수는 신기술의 채택(또는 획득)을 위하여 지불하여야 하는 投資費변수와 탐색과정을 통하여 발견은 되었으나 아직 채택은 되지 않은, 留保상태 신기술의 運營費用변수 (또는 收益性변수) 등이다. 이 모델의 內容은, 생산성향상은 신기술이 具現된 (embodied) 裝備 (equipment)를 使用함으로써 실현되며, 따라서 創意的 活動의 利得은 이들 裝備에 대한 投資행위로서 실현된다는 것이다. 이 모델은 보다 나온 신기술이 또 발견될 것이라는 期待下에, 현재 발견된 最新技術을 채택하지 않는 投資遲延현상을 예측·설명해 주며 따라서 이로 인한 技銜的 非效率性의 존재이유를 제시한다. 또한 이 모델은 생산성향상곡선의 初期屈曲현상, 停滯현상, 그리고 跳躍현상 등을 모두 설명해 준다.