In this study, we investigated the time signal devices of Deungnu (circa 1270) and Gungnu (1354), the water clocks produced during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). These clocks influenced Heumgyeonggaknu (1438) of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), exemplifying the automatic water clocks of the Yuan Dynasty. Deungnu, Gungnu, and Heumgyeonggaknu can be considered as automatic mechanical clocks capable of performances. The Jega-Yeoksang-Jip (Collection of Calendrical and Astronomical Theories of Various Chinese Masters) contains records of Deungnu extracted from the History of the Yuan Dynasty. We interpreted these records and analyzed reproduction models and technical data previously produced in China. The time signal device of Deungnu featured a four-story structure, with the top floor displaying the four divine constellations, the third floor showcasing models of these divinities, the second floor holding 12-h jacks and a 100-Mark ring, and the first floor with four musicians and a 100-Mark Time-Signal Puppet providing a variety of visual attractions. We developed a 3D model of Deungnu, proposing two possible mechanical devices to ensure that the Time-Signal Puppet simultaneously pointed to the 100-Mark graduations in the east, west, south, and north windows: one model reduced the rotation ratio of the 100-Mark ring to 1/4, whereas the other model maintained the rotation ratio using four separate 100-Mark rings. The power system of Deungnu was influenced by Suunuisangdae (the water-driven astronomical clock tower) of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127); this method was also applied to Heumgyeonggaknu in the Joseon Dynasty. In conclusion, these automatic water clocks of East Asia from the 13th to 15th centuries symbolized creativity and excellence, representing scientific devices that were the epitome of clock-making technology in their times.

CAIWUPU is a dictionary of lexicographical features. This book has the nature of an encyclopedia. Recording to the survey, this book has six versions with our searching: first published in ouchi; the second published in ouchi; A copy of the blue grid; A copy without a grid; A copy of the single CAIWUPU, The new published by Korea’s governor. The first one is our research object. This book has an activity effect on collation of ancient books. Dictionaries research. Meibutsu research. For example, the collation of ancient books can correct the error in the book and it is not the modern researcher can pay attention to it. The Dictionaries research can give some supplement in the grant dictionary like Grand Chinese Dictionary, Chinese Dictionary which make it by the Current scholar. The Meibutsu research can help us to know the Classification system and Interpretation system in ancient Korea. It has an active effect on related research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the literature in connection with the names and recipes of japgwabyung recorded between 1392 and 2000. The names of japgwabyung were classified into eight types, including japgwabyung, japgwapyun, japgwajumbyung, japgwago, and japgwadanja. The names of japgwatteoks, classified with recipes, were Jjjin-tteoks, Chin-ttoks, and Salmeun-tteoks. The main ingredients used for japgwabyung were glutinous rice, nonglutinous rice, and buckwheat. The subsidiary ingredients were fruits, spices, seeds, and sweeteners. This study classified the names of japgwabyung, depending on the recipes, as japgwabyung, japgwapyun, japgwadanja, and japgwainjulmi. In addition this study classified recipes, depending on names, as steamed rice cakes made of sedimentary rice, steamed valley rice cake, steamed rice ]cakes with stuffs filled in and with bean powder dredged after striking, and steamed or struck rice cake with bean powder dredged. The main ingredients were glutinous rice and nonglutinous rice. The subsidiary ingredients were chestnuts, jujubes and dried persimmons, with other fruits being added according to taste.