Monochamus saltuarius Gebler are the insect vector of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) mostly in the mid-northern areas of South Korea. In 2017, we installed sentinel logs to lure efficient parasitic wasps of the vector and to evaluate ecological characteristics of parasitoids in prior to the development of biological control strategy for the PWN transmitting insect vector. As a result of the survey, we found Spathius verustus Chao (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a predominant parasitoid with the highest parasitism rate among six species of larval parasitoids. The parasitism rate was higher along the edge (0m of the forest depth) of the survey sites than the inner sides (20m and 40m of the forest depth). Also, the parasitoid showed highest parasitism rate in late-May at one of Gapyeong_sites, where was supposed to be the oldest infected areas. Lastly, the parasitism rate along the trap heights was higher at height of 0m than the 1.8m above the ground.

A tick survey was conducted to monitor ticks using tick traps attached dry ice and a flagging method at each four sites in Busan, Ulju, and Geoje areas of Gyeongnam Province from April to November, 2018. Haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently collected, representing 99.8% in Ulju. A total of 27,247 ticks were collected as H. longicornis (Trap Index; TI 283.2), H. flava (TI 0.3), and Ix. nipponensis (TI 0.3). In the collection environment, a total number of 15,672, 5,798, 4,876, and 901 ticks were collected from glassland, tump, tomb, and mountain path, respectively. On the other hand, H. longicornis and Ix. nipponensis were collected with flaggings at the four sites in Ulju, Busan, and Geoje in May and June, 2018. A total of 1,517 ticks collected H. longicornis (Flagging Index; FI 9.3) and Ix. nipponensis (FI 0.1) in Ulju. Haemaphysalis longicornis were collected 2,183 (FI 13.6) and 1,596 (FI 10.0) in Geoje and Busan, respectively. In the results of the isolation of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) from the ticks, no pathogens detected from RNA of 557 pools of the ticks using a Polymerase Chain Reaction method in 2018.

As world become closer and many people travel around the world, infectious diseases are likely to be prevalent, Dengue, chikungunya, Zika virus would become endemic diseases in many places in the world as climate is more likely to be fit to mosquito vectors than before. As a matter of fact, Aedes albopictus mediating these diseases became endemic species in Japan and France recently. One of the things that we employ is that we need to apply the Internet of Things concept in disease vector control soon to increase the accuracy of vector species in time as they are present unexpectedly. Here in this presentation, many lines of current state-of-the-art technologies to control the disease vectors using big data informatics application and machine learning strategies. With this trend, this presentation will add future directions of integrated vector management with new research endeavors to monitor the population of disease vectors concisely and precisely, Application of internet of things (IoT) in disease vector management will be addressed in this presentation. This will change future research and development of apparatus to monitor and control disease vectors.

모기는 말라리아, 황열, 뎅기열, 웨스트나일열, 사상충, 치쿤구냐, 일본뇌염, 지카 등의 여러 질병을 매개하고 있고 자연적 요인과 인위적 요인에 의한 지구의 기후변화는 이들 병원성 매개모기들이 점점 더 번성하게 만드는 요인이 되고 있다. 현재 우리나라에서 주목해야 될 감염성 매개질병으로 말라리아와 뎅기열은 기후변화에 의한 기온 상승 요인으로 매개모기의 분포지역 확대와 함께 교통수단의 발달 및 국가 간 빈번한 교류에 의해서 유럽을 비롯한 오세아니아, 동아시아의 온대 지역에서도 감염자의 발생빈도 수가 최근 지속적으로 증가 추세를 보이고 있다. 따라서 기후변화 요인과 인간 활동 등에 의한 요인으로 감염 지역과 매개모기 분포가 미래 예측 불확실성과 복잡성을 가지고 있지만 국내 침입을 막기 위한 해외 유입 방지에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 방제뿐만 아니라 국가 간 방제 프로그램 공조를 통한 모기에 의해 매개되는 질병 확산에 대비하는 것이 중요할 것으로 생각된다.

Malaria is notorious disease to transmitted by Anopheline mosquitoes. In Korea, Plasmodium vivax malaria was re-introduce in 1993 and exceed to more than 4,000 cases in early 2000s. Based upon our control efforts, it was sharply decreased and diagnosis 576 cases in last year. We made Action Plan in this year for certification of malaria elimination by WHO until year 2024. In this plan, we need to strengthen our capacity of vector surveillance and control. For vector surveillance, we will introduce daily mosquito population monitoring system. In 2020, every malaria high risk area install two mosquito counters and send information to main server. For vector control, we will try building capacity of malaria mosquito control people in the Public Health center and military section. To decrease no. of mosquitoes, we will concentrate our resource to cattle shed, which is main blood source of Anopheline mosquitoes. Based on the ecological characteristic of Anopheline, we will adopt Integrate Vector management (IVM) including physical, chemical and biological method. Based on the reconciliation with North Korea, we will support technical and material support for malaria elimination.

This research is about a study on the flow stress of Inconel 601 under hot deformation. For Inconel 601, hot compression tests on gleeble 3500 system under 925℃, 1050℃ and 1150℃ and 0.001/s, and 5/s of strain rates were done. The flow behavior of the Inconel 601 was studied and modeled. In this study, the flow stress was modeled using deep neural network and support vector regression algorithm. The flow stress of Inconel 601 was dependent on strain rate and temperature. It was found that both the deep neural network and support vector regression adequately described the flow stress variation of Inconel 601. However, the model by the support vector regression was found to be superior to the model by the deep neural network. The construction of the model by SVR was more efficient than the construction by DNN. Also the prediction accuracy of the model by SVR was better than the accuracy of the model by DNN. It is found that the MAPE(Mean absolute percentage error) of the DNN based model was 4.89% while the MAPE of the SVR based model was 1.98%.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are similar to pathogenic viruses, but because they have no nucleic acid, they have excellent safety and immunogenicity and are used as a good vaccine material. However, in the selection of various structural proteins of pathogenic viruses to form VLPs, all expression systems consume a lot of time in common. Among them, the baculovirus expression system causes additional time consumption to construct the recombinant baculovirus. Therefore, there is a need for a system that can rapidly determine the structural proteins required for effective VLP production. This study aims at solving this problem by constructing a BmNPV inducible expression platform through the construction of vectors induced by BmNPV. The platform was evaluated for overexpression using EGFP. We also confirmed the formation of virus-like particles through overexpression of canine parvovirus structural proteins.

소나무재선충병의 예방을 위하여 실시하는 예방나무주사는 소나무재선충 피해를 예방할 수 있는 매우 효과적인 방제방법이지만 매개충에 대해서는 효과가 밝혀진 바 없다. 본 연구는 살선충제와 살충제가 혼합된 약제를 나무주사하여 소나무재선충병의 예방효과 뿐만 아니라 신초를 후식하는 하늘소류에 대해 소화중독에 의해 매개충살충까지 동시에 가능한 방제방법을 개발하기 위하여 실시하였다. Abamectin+Sulfoxaflor DC을 비롯한 3개 약종 2018년 3월 6일에 소나무에 나무주사 후 90여일 이 경과한 6월 5일에 소나무 가지에 망대를 설치하고 각 망대에 솔수염하늘소 1마리씩을 접종하여 7, 14, 21일의 살충율을 조사하였다. 나무주사된 3약종 모두 솔수염하늘소에 대하여 살충력이 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 경기도 남양주시 잣나무림에 Abamectin+Sulfoxaflor DC를 나무주사 후 산란유인목을 설치하여 현장 실험을 실시한 결과 대조구와 비교하여 유충에 의해 발생된 목설흔이 매우 적게 나타나 소나무재선충병 방제에 적용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

소나무재선충병의 방제를 위한 나무주사는 살선충제를 사용하여 예방적인 측면에서 이루어 졌다. 본 연구는 소나무에 살충제를 나무주사하여 약제를 소나무 전체에 침투 이행시킨 후 우화한 매개충이 후식하는 과정에서 약제가 포함된 신초를 섭식하게 되면 소화중독으로 교미 및 산란 전에 살충시킴으로서 매개충을 방제하고자 실시하였 다. 이러한 살충제 나무주사 방법은 신초를 후식하는 하늘소류만을 소화중독에 의해 살충시키는 방법으로 기존의 항공방제에 비해 환경에 대한 영향을 최소화 할 수 있다. 살충제 나무주사에 가장 적합한 약제 선발을 위해 실내에서 Neonicotinoid계 살충제 7종을 각 2,000배로 희석한 후 솔수염하늘소에 2㎕를 경구투입하여 살충효과를 평가한 결과 Clotianidin SL, Thiamethoxam DC이 소화중독에 의한 살충효과가 가장 우수하였으며, 이들 살충제를 야외에서 소나무에 나무주사 후 가지에 망대를 설치하고 솔수염하늘소를 접종하여 살충력을 검정한 결과 Thiamethoxam DC가 살충력이 가장 우수한 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 현장적용을 위해 잣나무림에 나무주사후 산란유인목을 설치하여 무처리구와 비교한 결과 살충제 나무주사 시험지의 산란유인목에서는 산란이 이루어지지 않아 현장방제에 적용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

The nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector insect Monochamus alternatus are major quarantine pests of timber products in Korea. Due to the phaseout of methyl bromide as a fumigant for plant quarantine and pre-shipment treatments, the need for an alternative fumigant is essential. Based on preliminary studies on the efficacy of ethanedinitrile (C2N2) to these two pests, three quarantine trials on logs covered with PVC-tarpaulins were conducted at three dosages and three temperatures potential for inhalation exposure was assessed by monitoring atmospheric levels of C2N2 in relation to the threshold limit value (TLV, 10 ppm, v/v). Concentration × time products (Ct) of 398.6, 547.2 and 595.9 g h m-3 were obtained for each quarantine trial. A 100% mortality of B. xylophilus and M. alternatus larvae at 23±4°C and 10±4°C occurred with a load factor of pine logs of 46% and at 3±1°C with a load factor of 30%. During all fumigant procedures, atmospheric levels of C2N2 20m downwind from the PVC tarpaulin were below the TLV. During aeration, levels 10 m and 5 m downwind were below the TLV after a maximum of 0.4 h and 1 h, respectively. For the purpose of an emergent quarantine or phytosanitary treatment, specific doses of C2N2 at the temperatures that occurred during fumigation could control B. xylophilus and M. alternatus larvae without significant inhalation risk to workers.

Bemisia tabaci is a vector of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) but Trialeurodes vaporariorum is not. To determine the effect of TYLCV acquisition on vector and non-vector, we compared various physiological characteristics between two species. Our results showed that TYLCV acquisition significantly affected B. tabaci but not T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci increased susceptibility against thermal stress but weakened chill coma recovery, shortening of longevity, low fecundity and abbreviated developmental time by virus acquisition. At the molecular level, B. tabaci increased hsp70 and hsp90 levels by TYLCV ingestion. However, T. vaporariorum did not shown any changes of those characteristics. Therefore, the physiological manipulation of TYLCV was specific to vector species but not non-vector species.

Naegleria fowleri is pathogenic free-living amoeba leading to primary amoebic meningoencephalitis(PAM) in human and animals. The nfa1 gene cloned from N. fowleri is located on food-cup structure called pseudopodia and function an adherence of host target cells. To evaluate the effect of nfa1 vaccination against N. fowleri infection, we constructed retroviral vector(pQCXIN) expressing nfa1 gene. To determine the effect of vaccination and protective immunity in in vivo models, we measured the immunoglobulin levels, cytokine induction, and survival rate in mice infected with N. fowleri. Both levels of IgG and IgG subclass in DNA vaccinated mice were significantly elevated. The cytokine analysis show that DNA vaccinated mice induces production of IL-4 and IFN-γcytokines suggesting a Th1/Th2 mixed type immune response. The levels of nfa1 specific IgG antibody were maintained highly until 12 weeks post-vaccination in vaccinted mice. The nfa1 vaccinated mice using retroviral vector increased significantly survival rate(60%) after N. fowleri infection. Consequently, the nfa1 vaccination effectively induces protective immunity by upregulation of immune response in mice infected with N. fowleri. These results suggest that DNA vaccination using retroviral vector may be proper trial for treatment and prevention of PAM.

The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is an effective and widely used system for the production of recombinantproteins in insect cells or larvae. However, the expression efficiency of recombinant proteins using the polyhedrin promotercould not acquire the protein yields observed for native polyhedrin. In this study, we tried to develop hyper expressionvector by the optimal combination of previously reported various enhancer factors. The selected enhancer factors for optimalexpression consists homologous region5 (hr5), VP39 promoter and burst sequences. Seven recombinant viruses were madeto compare EGFP expression level. Each recombinant viruses showed different expression levels respectively, and themost of expression level was observed with higher than those of the previous vectors. This study suggests a new optionfor hyper expression of useful recombinant protein using the BEVS.

RNA interference (RNAi) has been considered as an alternative strategy to control agricultural pests whereby double-strandedRNA triggers a potent and specific inhibition of its homologous mRNA. Since small double-stranded RNAs are requiredfor various RNAi applications, there is a need for cost-effective methods for producing large quantities of high-qualitydsRNA. Bacillus thuringiensis produces much insecticidal proteins with expression of their encoding genes being drivenby sporulation-dependent promoters. To develop dsRNA mass-production platform utilizing Bt, the pHT1K-EGFP plasmidvector which has cyt1Aa sporulation-dependent promoter was constructed. The transcriptional level of target gene (EGFP)is higher 113 times than Bt reference gene (ssPE). It was applied to protect honeybee from Sacbrood virus, so targetgene was replaced to SBV-vp1. By ingestion of Bt-derived dsRNA to honeybee shows positive effect on SBV suppression.

In this study, we isolated and identified an aggregation-sex pheromone from Monochamus saltuarius, the major insectvector of the pine wood nematode in Korea. Adult male of M. saltuarius produces 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol, which is knownto be an aggregation-sex pheromone in other Monochamus species. We performed field experiments to determine the attractivenessof the pheromone and other synergists. More M. saltuarius adult beetles were attracted to traps baited with the pheromonethan to unbaited traps. Ethanol and (-)-α-pinene interacted synergistically with the pheromone. Traps baited with pheromone+(-)-α-pinene+ethanol were more attractive to M. saltuarius adults than traps baited with pheromone, (-)-α-pinene, or ethanol alone.Ipsenol, ipsdienol, and limonene were also identified as synergists of the aggregation-sex pheromone for M. saltuarius adults.

Vector-borne plant virus transmission is a complex mechanism. Plant viruses modify development and behavior of vectorinsects in a positive, negative, or neutral manner. Bemisia tabaci transmits Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) whichis a virus that seriously damaged tomato cultivars all around the world. We compared several behavioral and physiologicalcharacteristics between non-viruliferous (NV) and TYLCV-viruliferous (V) of whiteflies. When B. tabaci acquired TYLCV,total life span was shorter and fecundity was lower than NV ones. V whiteflies were more susceptible to thermal stressby increasing hsp mRNA levels but higher in mortality by either heat or cold shocks. Further, V whiteflies increasedthe rates of plant sap probing and light attraction behaviors than NV ones. Our results provide insights to understandvector’s role in relation to the acquisition and transmission of plant viruses.

The relationship between virus, vector insect and its host plant has been studied in epidemic of virus disease, fitnessof vector insect, symbiosis and phylogenesis of the relationship, etc. The biological association, symbiosis, concept hasbeen suggested on the virus-vector relationship since 2000. We have conducted such a typical study with the Rice stripevirus and the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus. In addition, it is able to extend our view to ecosystemservice of the relationship. We reviewed the trophic efficiency included with virus factor. Nutrient loss of the host plantby virus is negative effect but terrestrial decomposition by the virus may be positive feedback in ecosystem. Thus, thevirus-vector relationship is able to be understand not only as competition for the host plant’s nutrition but also as indirectmutualism for the efficient utilization of the host plant or fitness to environmental conditions, especially climate change.

The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, which transmits rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of thenotorious pests of rice plants. To investigate the factors of vector insect responding to virus introduction, the total RNAof RSV-viruliferous SBPHs was subjected to RNA-Seq to analyze the SBPH-RSV interactome. Based on the transcriptomicchanges of RSV carrying SBPHs, eight cDNA sequences possibly related to RSV replication in SBPH were selected,and dsRNAs targeting those sequences were synthesized and applied to SBPH. Three of those dsRNAs showed over 90%of substantial RSV suppression efficiency in SBPH, that demonstrated a potential of RNAi-based virus-vector managementprogram.