The conversion of coal fly ash into zeolites contributes to the mitigation of environmental problems and turns this by-product into useful material. In this work, zeolitic sorbents for CO₂ adsorption were prepared by waste fly ash from Boryeong coal power plants through the alkali fusion method including hydrothermal treatment at various ratios of NaOH/FA and NaAlO₂/FA. In addition, in order to improve the adsorption capacity for CO₂ molecules a few metal cations were impregnated into the synthesized zeolitic sorbents through the ion exchange. The fusion step could decompose the fly ash to very small amorphous particulate zeolite forms. The fly ash was converted into Na-P1 type with 0.5 NaOH/FA and Na-A type from the ratio of 0.53, NaAlO₂/FA. Although the crystallinity of Na-A increased with increasing temperature, Na-A was transformed into sodalite at 140℃. Thus, the optimum reaction temperature was determined to be 100℃. Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations were impregnated into the synthesized zeolite Na-P1 and Na-A through ion exchanged method. The completed zeolitic sorbents were applied to adsorption the CO₂. As a result of the examination, Ca²⁺ was found to be the best for CO₂ adsorption owing to its electrostatic interactions and acid-base surface properties.

Bottom ash char, which is released and collected from a solid refuse fuel (SRF) gasification pilot plant, has been used as a feed material for one more step of the gasification process. This char contains higher unburned materials than the bottom ash collected from incineration plants. This could have sufficient potential for application to gasification technology. The lab-scale gasification experimental process consists of a downdraft gasifier, a cyclone, a scrubber, and a filtering system for the analysis of syngas. To find the optimal conditions and to decrease loss on ignition, the air equivalent ratio (ER) was adjusted from 0.1 to 0.5. The results of this experiment showed that 0.2 ER was the optimal condition, with 32.41% of cold gas efficiency and 40.41% of carbon conversion ratio. However, compared to the general gasification process, this efficiency and conversion ratio still seem to be low since the feedstock was the leftovers of the gasification process with a lower amount of volatile carbonaceous components. Furthermore, with increasing ER, the loss on ignition of the bottom ash in this experiment decreases due to the enhancement of the oxidation reaction. On average, it decreased by up to about 20% compared to the feedstock.

전 세계적으로 지속적인 화석연료의 사용으로 인하여 화석 연료가 고갈되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 화석 연료를 사용하면서 발생하는 환경오염 때문에 대체에너지를 찾는데 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이와 더불어 정부는 신재생에너지 보급을 늘리기 위하여 노력하고 있으며, 국내 연간 신재생에너지 생산량 중 폐기물 및 바이오매스에 의한 신재생 에너지 보급률이 약 70% 이상을 차지하고 있다. 특히, 국내에서 발생되는 폐기물은 높은 재활용률 덕분에 가연분 함량이 높아 열 회수 시설에 적용 시 화석원료의 대체제로 사용 가능성이 크다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 폐기물 고형 연료화 시설의 경우 반입량 대비 30 ~ 45%의 비율로 잔재물이 배출되어 매립되거나 일부는 소각시설에 의해 처리되고 있는 실정이다. 특히 이를 그대로 매립 하였을 경우 오염부하를 증가시킬 수 있으며, 매립에 의한 처분비용으로 전체 시설 운영비의 약 20%가 소요되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 폐기물 고형 연료 잔재물을 이용한 소각 공정에서 적용하였으며 이러한 공정에서 발생한 바닥재를 보도나 광장의 포장에 사용되는 인터로킹 블록으로 활용하는 방안을 마련하였다. 이에 바닥재에 대한 기초특성분석을 하고 혼합된 벽돌의 흡수율, 휨강도, 압축강도, 치수 등을 분석하여 바닥재 혼합비에 따른 블록 특성 변화를 관찰하였다.

Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash was used for accelerated carbonation via bubbling of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) after treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The influence of alkaline concentration and volumetric flowrate of CO2 was investigated. Experimental results showed that carbonation reduced the leaching of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr. The pH of leachate decreased from around 12 to 10.5. The content of soluble chlorides was also decreased after carbonation. Additionally, the application of accelerated carbonation enhanced the sequestration of CO2 from MSW incineration plants. The TG/DSC analysis indicated that MSWI fly ash sequestrated approximately 185 g CO2/kg waste.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of bottom-ash recycling from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) and investigate the possibility of the use of bottom ash for Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete and Bottom Ash Aggregate for Road Construction according to Korean Industrial Standards (KS). Samples were taken from the MSWI bottom ash collected at the resource recovery facilities “A” and “B.” In the results, both samples did not satisfy the criteria of the particle sizes. In particular, the two samples failed to comply with the physical and chemical characteristics criteria of the Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete. On the other hand, both bottom ash samples met the physical characteristics criteria of the Bottom Ash for Road Construction. Therefore, the recycling of Bottom Ash Aggregate for Road Construction can be more a suitable method for recycling, provided that proper pre-treatment as a screening process for bottom ash is performed.

Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) are disposed of three types (recycling, incineration, landfill). The ashes made after the incineration are also recycled to minimize the volume of waste owing to reducing the amount of landfill. However, MSW incinerations (MSWI) in Seoul are not satisfied with the policy of Korea as a result of experiments about the chemical characteristics of the ash (Ignition loss, pH, Chloride, Cyanide, metals leaching). So, according to the policy, the MSWI in Seoul must be pretreated so as to recycle the MSWI. There are many pretreatments, three pretreatments (washing, weathering, CO2 aging) of which are selected through the literature review. Through Washing, the value of pH and chloride decrease. The optimal ratio (S/L) and time of Washing treatment is 1 : 10 (S/L) and 60 minutes, respectively. The CO2 aging method compensates the defect of weathering method which is required to react long-period time. After CO2 aging, pH and some Heavy metals decrease. So, We will compare and evaluate pre-treatment methods and we find the best method or new method.

The components of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash produced over 3 million ton every year are similarto the components of geological features, therefore it is suitable to be used as the raw materials of lightweight aggregate.Development of lightweight aggregate using this bottom ash will be helpful to solve landfill and environmental problems.Lightweight aggregate was developed at 1,110oC by using clay, kaolin, bentonite and silica as the raw material to 50%of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. Silicon carbide (SiC) was used as a blowing agent. Optimal mixingratio is bottom ash 50%, kaolin 22%, clay 22%, bentonite 6% and blowing agent 0.1%. As the result of quality test,produced lightweight aggregate met the all appraisal standards. The result of heavy metal leaching test was much lowerthan the elution reference value of ceramic manufactures made by using bottom ash.

최근 환경적 · 사회적으로 문제가 되고 있는 산업폐기물을 지반공학적 재료로 재활용하기 위한 관심이 확대대고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 화력발전소의 대표적인 산업부산물인 석탄회 중 저회의 도로 성토용 재료 및 구조물 뒤채움용 재료로의 이용을 위해 폐어망보강 저회의 CBR 특성을 분석하였다. 폐어망의 보강 방법은 지오그리드와 같은 층보강 형태, 그리고 단섬유처럼 불특정보강 형태를 이용하였고, 지지력 시험 결과 CBR 값은 짧게 잘라서 랜덤하게 혼합한 경우보다 층으로 보강하였을 때 더 높은 결과 값을 나타내었다. 또한 보강 층수가 증가할수록 보강효과도 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

In this study, an accelerated carbonation process was applied to stabilize hazardous heavy metals of industrial solid waste incineration (ISWI) bottom ash and fly ash, and to reduce CO2 emissions. The most commonly used method to stabilize heavy metals is accelerated carbonation using a high water-to-solid ratio including oxidation and carbonation reactions as well as neutralization of the pH, dissolution, and precipitation and sorption. This process has been recognized as having a significant effect on the leaching of heavy metals in alkaline materials such as ISWI ash. The accelerated carbonation process with CO2 absorption was investigated to confirm the leaching behavior of heavy metals contained in ISWI ash including fly and bottom ash. Only the temperature of the chamber at atmospheric pressure was varied and the CO2 concentration was kept constant at 99% while the water-to-solid ratio (L/S) was set at 0.3 and 3.0 dm3/kg. In the result, the concentration of leached heavy metals and pH value decreased with increasing carbonation reaction time whereas the bottom ash showed no effect. The mechanism of heavy metal stabilization is supported by two findings during the carbonation reaction. First, the carbonation reaction is sufficient to decrease the pH and to form an insoluble heavy metal-material that contributes to a reduction of the leaching. Second, the adsorbent compound in the bottom ash controls the leaching of heavy metals; the calcite formed by the carbonation reaction has high affinity of heavy metals. In addition, approximately 5 kg/ton and 27 kg/ton CO2 were sequestrated in ISWI bottom ash and fly ash after the carbonation reaction, respectively.

The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) is steadily increasing leading to an urgent need for the effective treatment of these wastes. Incineration is one of the methods for the treatment of these solid wastes. The bottom ashes produced from the incineration process are very unstable at standard atmospheric conditions, so there is need for process to alleviate the ash problems. In this study, the bottom ashes were first converted into the slurry form and then the slurry was made to react with CO2 to produce the carbonates. This carbonate process by using bottom ashes and carbon dioxide will be source recovery technology from waste material and, moreover, will also help to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for the precipitation of CaCO3 using Aspen plus modeling program. The temperature and pressure for the precipitation of CaCO3 process were varied 25 to 500oC and 1.05 bar to 90bar, respectively. For producing the slurry, the optimum ratio of H2O to calcium oxide was determined to be 10 : 1. And the optimum precipitating conditions for calcium carbonate process system were found to be at 35 bar - 210oC.

Recycling the bottom ash from MSWI (Municipal solid waste incinerators) ash is required to reduce the secondary pollution. We characterized the bottom ash and investigated the possibility of application for subsidiary ceramic raw materials. Major components of bottom ash are analyzed as CaO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, MgO, Fe2O3, which are the same components of the earth’s crust. This similarity of components implied that bottom ash could be recycled as ceramic products through systematic treatment. Considering the plasticity and water absorption results, the ceramics, which are the mixture with 74 wt % bottom ash and 26 wt% Pink Kaolin, showed 1.39% water absorption after sintering 1150oC for 1h. This result indicated the possibility of recycling of bottom ash for subsidiary ceramic raw materials.