We present N-body simulations of globular clusters including gravitational field of the Galaxy, in order to study effects of tidal field systematically on the shape of outer parts of globular clusters using NBODY6. The Galaxy is assumed to be composed of central bulge and outer halo. We mvestigate the cluster of multi-mass models with a power-law initial mass function (IMF) starting with different initial masses, initial number of particles, different slopes of the IMF and different orbits of the cluster. We have examined the general evolution of the clusters, the shape of outer parts of the clusters, density profiles and the direction of tidal tails. The density profiles appear to become somewhat shallower just outside the tidal boundary consistent with some observed data. The position angle of the tidal tall depends on the location in the Galaxy as well as the direction of the motion of. clusters. We found that the clusters become more elongated at the apogalacticon than at the pengalacticon. The tidal tails may be used to trace the orbital paths of globular clusters.

The unique colors of paper, that is, blue, green, red, and yellow were used in the estimation of color from the subjective feeling. The monochrome with unique color or the unique color surrounded with the background color was presented. subject gazed the monochrome or the unique color, which was tailed target rotor. The target and background color were the complementary color each other. The various ratios of the area of gazed color and background were taken. Subject answered the level of subjective feeling consisted of pair of adjective items for unique color presented. With the use of the subjective feeling for the target color presented, the estimation of the unique color was cai\ulcornerlied out due to Fuzzy theory and neural networks. The results of color difference between unique color presented and the estimated color gave very small value for the case without background, while the results of the case with background color depended on the ratio of area of presented color and background color till the ration of 2:1, The relation showed the Kirschman's law, The color difference saturated In the increase of area of background with the ratio more than 2:1.

This study examined the environmental factors that increase juvenile delinquencies, reviewed the current state and problems of the policy for protecting delinquent juveniles, and proposed improvement plans. Environmental factors that increase juvenile delinquencies are believed to be rapid urbanization, the malfunction of families and schools, changes and diversification of the value system, the influence of mass communications, etc. Therefore, as social and political measures for protecting delinquent juveniles, it is necessary to promote juvenile delinquency prevention movements by local societies, reinforce the function of families, strengthen the all-round education of schools, establish a new value system, and tighten regulations on mass communications harmful to juveniles. In addition to these, as measures based on the Juvenile Law, it is required to individualize and diversify educative measures, pay special attention to sending delinquent juveniles to training schools or reform schools, develop various types of training schools and their programs, create regulations on the juvenile diversion of the police, and assure a due procedure in the protective process of juveniles.

As of late 1999, the number of individuals convicted of all kinds of drug offenses exceeded 10,000, far below the 200,000 actual drug users or 1 out of 230 Koreans. Given that the index of drug crime that represents the number of arrested drug criminals per 100,000 people has a threshold of 20, the current index of 23 exceeds this threshold. Thus, the severity of drug crime may be said to be a social problem in Korea. In the past, the epidemiology of drug users had been predominantly talents or entertainers. However, since the 1990s, a distribution of drug users has expanded into many other sectors throughout society to include taxi drivers, households, students, professionals, and farmers. Thus, the impact of drug problems has become bigger worse, the increasing number of drug users among juveniles is alarming. Given the significance of the issue of severity and spread of drug crimes, this research will be confined the drug. The Korean Government is of the opinion that drug abuser can be both punished and treated. Therefore, under the Korean drug-related law, a drug abuser who turns out to be a drug addict can be subject to compulsory treatment or to punishment. The biggest problem of the method of approaching to drug matters of Korea is that the Korean Government emphasize the supply more than the demand. Therefore, I think that from now on we must put more attention and investment on the demand than the supply for the policy of controling drug in Korea.

The modern society is changed into mass production, complicated circulation society and mass consuming society because of the development of the fast science technology since the occurrence of the industrial revolution. Also, the human life style is changed into the abundant consumption society because of the appearance of the various products. The society change like the above provide comfortable life to us. but We are facing with danger for the bad food, illegal medicines and bad products. So, To solve the danger like the above, The Product Reliability Law be made. The both The enterprise and consumer need The Product Reliability Law to protect one's own interest. The consumer is claiming to use the product of safety of the resonable price and good quality in modern society, So, 1 studied on countermeasures of domestic enterprise to increase the competitive power of the enterprise according to Product Reliability Law

Though the Honorary Industrial Safety Supervisor System was activated from 1995, the system did not show the better effectiveness due to the unconcern of top management and the insufficient support of government etc. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems of the system and to present the improvement direction of that system. The research result points out that we have to consider the following countermeasures; First, the government should make up the support system by a law dealing with proper compensation and professional education for the supervisor, and tax reduction for companies. Second, the companies should make an effort firming up the safety consciousness of top management, and strengthening the employees' concern about safety through continuous safety education and campaign by a labor union, and promoting the supervisor's pride through recognition from top management and other employees.

Recently, juvenile prostitution in Korea is increasing. The government and civic organizations presented various tough measures designed to fight ever-increasing prostitution involving girls, one of them is a Law on Protection for Juvenile's Sex enacted in June 2000. In comparison with the Anti-Prostitution Law, the law aggravates punishment on adult buying sex from under 19, but regards juvenile involved the prostitution as victims and prescribed protective disposition on prostituted juvenile to the exclusion of criminal punishment to promote reform through education and protection. When we analyzes the criminal-justice-system response to prostituted juvenile. we find the fact that police or prosecutors routinely release most of the prostituted juvenile(about 90% or more) to parents or guardians irrespective of investigation to prostituted juvenile's family environment, personality. and other relevant information. But considering that most of prostituted juvenile have run away from their homes or are from the structural and functional incomplete family, the police and prosecutor's routinized simple return home measure to prostituted juvenile is not seen as an effective measure. Also, juvenile involved in prostitution is difficult to easily overcome by temptation into prostitution for themselves, because they can make a great amount of money, with just the sacrifice of their body and without much excessive labor. On the other hand, in the case of voluntarily entering civil welfare facilities to accommodate prostitutes such as youth rest center, most of them are apt not to stay at there for a long time. Therefore, law enforcement officers are in need of actively making use of protective disposition attempting to harmonized the welfare function and judicial function. But, for the protective disposition to become effective measure to help the rehabilitation of prostituted juvenile needs a variety of changes in juvenile protection and rehabilitation policy. First, juvenile investigator system have to fulfill its function in practice through supplement of competent investigators, the increasement of funds and the development of inquiry technology. Second, treatment of prostituted juvenile are need of deciding centering around community based treatments than institutional treatments. In the order to fulfill functions for community based treatments especially Probation System, the number of the probation officers and volunteer probation officers such as university women students. Also, in case of the Community Service Order and Attendance Center Order, we have to develop the various program of the Attendance Center Order which are suitable and effective to prostituted juvenile and to amend the provision of the Juvenile Law in order that these measures will be applicable to the juvenile under 16 years old. Third, in case of commitment treatment to facilities, commitment to Facility for Guidance and Protection prescribed in the Anti-Prostitution Law abolishes and residential community treatment should actively be applied by juvenile courts. Now, child welfare facilities were supervised by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and youth protective facilities were supervised by Juvenile Court took. There was no governmental agency responsible for supervising the facilities in a consistent manner. Therefore the bureau should establish a special committee for residential community facilities. Lastly, we have to develop the commitment model suitable to prostituted juvenile such as group home and foster home. Fourth, we need to increase the number of the commitment facilities for medical treatment to accommodate the special prostituted juvenile who have disease and so on and to solve the budget-deficits problem.s

The study of incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence gives useful insights on many astrophysical problems. We describe a pseudo-spectral MHD code suitable for the study of incompressible turbulence. We review our recent' works on direct three-dimensional numerical simulations for MHD turbulence in a periodic box. In those works, we use a pseudo-spectral code to solve the incompressible MHD equations. We first discuss the structure and properties of turbulence as functions of scale. The results are consistent with the scaling law recently proposed by Goldreich & Sridhar. The scaling law is based on the concept of scale-dependent isotropy: smaller eddies are more elongated than larger ones along magnetic field lines. This scaling law substantially changes our views on MHD turbulence. For example, as noted by Lazarian & Vishniac, the scaling law can provide a fast reconnection rate. We further discuss how the study of incompressible MHD turbulence can help us to understand physical processes in interstellar medium (ISM) by considering imbalanced cascade and viscous damped turbulence.

Punishment for crimes committed in Korea Today is meted out based on rehabilitation of the offender. Consequently, during their incarceration, prisoners are given technical training. It is important that the constitutional rights of prisoners be limited. Prisoners rights and determining their restrictions are major problems with present criminal policy. Therefore, prisoners' rights must be protected to the utmost. Since the end of the Second World War, criminal policy of the international community, centering around the United Nations, has had an influence on Korea, leading to the latest revision of the country's Prison Act and efforts for the maximum protection of rights. The Prison Act must stipulate to what degree a prisoner's rights may be restricted as well as how assistance can be received when those rights are violated, but the Prison Act stipulate no such provisions. To solve these problems, the following are proposed. First, the penal system must be able to address the complaints of prisoners according to law, and there must be more flexibility in the operation of prison affairs. Second, there are many cases in which a prisoner cannot begin legal proceedings for an appeal or present a constitutional lawsuit to a court. Therefore, as is the case in Germany, in Korea also a law must be made which provides that prisoners who have their rights violated while incarcerated under the death penalty may initiate legal proceedings under the Prison Act. Third, The penal system must be independent of the Ministry of Justice, whose supervision it is now under. Specialization must be attained in prison management, but first, there must be an attitudinal change in prison management and security personnel.

The effective confinement of correctional populations, and the successful rehabilitation and reintegration of the inmates as key elements of correctional objectives are legitimized by the law. However, it is not easy to accomplish these goals at the same time, because these two goals are inherently in conflict: emphasizing on the one may result in weakening of the other. Therefore, both theoretical and practical considerations have been given to reconciliate this contradictory aspect of the two goals. The study examines each issue of "rehabilitation and reintegration" and "public safety" with their relevance to the correctional goals, and then discusses their relationship, focusing on the conflict side of the two goals. Next, attempts are made to find out ways to solve the tension between the two. This paper gives some suggestions as follows; ① The priority should be given to the goal of rehabilitation and reintegration rather than that of public safety and community protection, ② although the safety issue seems secondary in its role in the general correctional objectives, this does not mean that we can ignore this aspect entirely. It should also be considered as an important part of the correctional goals, ③ efficient and effective strategies must be made to preserve secure environment within the facilities, ④ incessant efforts are needed to develop various strategies for the community-based corrections.

Although the purposes of punishment vary with their theoretical standpoints, the function of "special deterrence" of the criminals should be the primary correctional goal. Article 1 of the Korean Correction Law defines that "the reintegration of inmates" is the main objectives of the execution of punishment. "A short-term imprisonment" which deprives criminals of their liberty for the short period of time is too short to run the rehabilitative programs for fulfilling the goal of "reintegration." In contrast, it provides sufficient time for the criminals to learn criminal techniques and attitudes from their prison colleagues. In this sense, some argue that this type of punishment has more negative effects rather than it serves the correctional goal. As a result, attempts are recently made to find out alternatives of the short-term deprivation of liberty(e.g. pecuniary punishment). However, there have been much controversies about the exact time-span of "the short-term" punishment and the clear diagnosis of the alleged negative impacts. This article, therefore, is designed first to illustrate possible negative effects of the short-term imprisonment with its relation to the penological thoughts, and then seek alternative types of punishment that better serve the correctional idea of "reintegration."

Most people would agree that the prevention of a problem is more important than the measures of control and treatment. Neverthless, in the instance of crime, treatment is very difficult, because it is so hard to get on the target. We have tried valiantly to discover and to introduce measures in the Treatment of Offenders. There are so many difficult problems ; the classification of prisoners(classification within the institution, or classification by institution), the open treatment(open institution), the movilization of community resources(voluntary visitor system), pre-release guidance center(halfway house), community correctional centers, conditional release(parole) and civil inspector. In the Treatment of Offenders, there are several kinds of ones. For example, Juridical Treatment, Correctional Treatment, Institutional Treatment and Community based Treatment. The wise and standard method for the study of "the Rehabilitative Ideal in the Treatment of Offenders" will be taken pimarily from the "Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Pisoners", 1957(revised 1977). Modrem society does expect imprisonment to serve a useful purpose beyond that of keeping known criminals confined. The prison, somehow, is supposed to further the goal of rehabilitation. The prison is an authoritarian community and will remain so, even if far greater attention than has been true in the past. It is excessively optimistic to expect the prison to refom all inmates, since it is the more serious or more hardend offender who is most apt to be confined. The agency of society concerned with the prevention and control of crime, in the form of prison, does not take revenge as its major goal either in lip service or in practice. Imprisonment, it is argued, receives its major justification today as a means for the protection of the state and for the return of the offender to the ranks of the law-abiding.

Whether a ship is sub-standard or not shall be finally decided by the minimum standards laid down in international conventions or national standards having the same effects. The flag State is primarily responsible for implementing these standards as far as its own ships are concerned. And the port State shall, in the exercise of its rights under international law, take appropriate measures (including detention of ships identified as sub-standard), which are regarded as port State's supplementary role aiming at implementing these standards. The international standards are implemented by the regional co-operation in the form of the MOU(Memorandum of Understanding) on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific Region on the ground that the PSC enforcement of only one country does not enable the eradication of sub-standard ships. Recently, EQUASIS which is an international database covering the whole world fleet change the regionalism of PSC into the globalization of PSC. However, there are many problems in Tokyo MOV and Korean PSC regime. In order to ensure the implementation of the standards laid down in international conventions and Tokyo MOU, the Korean and other country in Asia-Pacific shall settle the alienation from the actuality of the law, namely the problem of maritime administrative structure of non unifying PSC affairs.

양산단층이 지나는 한국 남동지방 지각의 QP-1 및 QS-1를 한국자원연구소가 설치한 9점의 지진관측소 자료를 바탕으로 확장 Coda 규격화법을 이용하여 구하였다 1994년 12월부터 2000년 2월에 일어난 근지지진에서 707개 지진기록에 대하여 1∼2, 2∼4, 4∼8, 8∼16및 16∼32Hz의 대역필터를 적용하여 분석한 결과, 각 관측점의 QP-1는 (7±2)×10-3에서 (5±4)×10-4으로, QS-1는 5±4)×10-4에서 (5±2)×10-4로 주파수가 1.5Hz에서 24Hz로 늘어남에 따라 줄어드는 주파수 의존성이 보인다. 이들 값의 지수 회귀선은 QP-1가 0.009(±0.003)f-1.05(±0.14), QS-1가 0.004(±0.001)f-0.75(±0.14))이다.