Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is one of the most important vegetables and widely cultivated in Asia countries including Korea and China. Recently, whole genome sequence and full-length cDNA information of this species became available, which are encouraging genetic studies of this species to characterize agricultural important traits. Orange-colored (Or) cultivar of Chinese cabbage has inner leaves in orange, whereas other cultivars generally cultivated have yellow (Ye)- or white-colored inner leaves. In this study, we investigated phenotypes and carotenoid biosynthesis genes related to color variation in the Or cultivar. Firstly we compared the carotenoid content and composition between the Or and Ye cultivars by HPLC analysis. The inner leaves of Or cultivar contained approximately 9-fold high β-carotene content, whereas content of both lutein and violaxanthin was decreased to less than 30%, compared to Ye cultivar. Or cultivar was segregated with ratio of 3:1 in F2 population derived from crossing between Or and Ye inbred lines, indicating that Or phenotype is controlled by single recessive gene. To identify this gene, we investigated the expression of several genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis by RT-PCR analysis. Among genes tested, two encoding putative carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) and phytoene desaturase (PDS) were identified to show different expression between Or and Ye cultivars. Through further analysis of genomic DNA regions of these two genes, we could expect that several mutations such as InDel and base-substitution occurred and then affected expression of these genes in Or cultivar. In this presentation, I will introduce more detailed results for Or cultivars.

Two sugary mutants, Hwacheong sugary-1 (Hsu1) and Hwacheong sugary-2 (Hsu2) were obtained by chemical mutagenesis from japonica cultivar, Hwacheongbyeo. Sugary mutants exhibited wrinkled and translucent grain with high soluble sugar content. In addition, amber-colored endosperm of sugary mutants was loosely packed due to abnormal starch granules compared to densely packed wild-type. Especially, the grain of Hsu2 mutant was less wrinkled than that of Hsu1, thus Hsu2 can be polished easily. Previous studies reveal that su1 mutant was resulted from mutation in gene for a debranching enzyme, isoamylase but the sequence of the mutated gene has not been identified. To identify the sequence of sugary genes, the map-based cloning strategy was applied. The genetic study revealed that the phenotype of Hsu2 mutant was controlled by two recessive genes. Interestingly, one of the genes was located on chromosome 8 at the position of isoamylase which was known as su-1. This indicates that mutation in isoamylase gene causes sugary endosperm characteristics. However we found different mutation points between the Hsu1 and Hsu2. The point mutation in Hsu1 was occurred at 10th exon whereas the other mutation related with Hsu2 was occurred at 15th exon. As mentioned above, the Hsu2 mutant has less wrinkled shape and less soluble sugar content than the Hsu1 mutant. Thus, we hypothesize that the other gene controlling Hsu2 mutant phenotype may have a role in weakening the effect of the su-1. Further study on the other gene associated with the Hsu2 phenotype is in progress.

In plant, senescence is associated with various aspects of the final stage of leaf development, nutrient relocation from leaves to reproducing seeds and stress resistance, and yield which is the most important trait in crops. Thus, the increase of knowledge on the regulatory processes of plant senescence will allow us to manipulate senescence for agronomic benefit in the future. of genetic studies have been conducted with mutants, where most of studies were focused on the delayed senescence mutants which are associated with positive factors on senescence by treating EMS to Koshikari, we induced a mutant showing early senescence phenotype, which possibly enable us to identify a negative factor of senescence. The appearance of the mutant is identical before booting stage and then the mutant showed senescence phenotype rignt before booting stage whereas Koshikari have health green leaves. The clumn length of the mutant is 98cm and the panicle length is 23cm as same as those of Koshikari. The chlorophyl contents of the mutant leaves, measured by SPAD, decreased during senescence. The soluble protein contents in the mutant leaves also decreased but no differences in the constitution reolved 1D-SDS-PAGE was detected. However, an additional shotgun proteomic approach to detect the differences of the protein constitutions during the senescence in the mutant leaves will be conducted.

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal in the world as one of the staple food. For the use of natural dye, we have done some researches about sorghum red pigments extracted from stalk and leaves on its physiochemical properties, extracting methods and applications. The researches involved maximum extraction of sorghum pigment and analysis of its processing condition. Total polyphenol and tannin contents were measured by varieties and different plant parts. The stabilities of pigment by irradiation and heat treatment for processing were measured by colorimeter and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, hybrid nano-silica composites with sorghum pigment were made by combining with polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate and sodium silicate. Water silica hybrids with sorghum pigment were performed by emulsion treatment. Nano-silica particles were identified and measured their size to be about 200 ~ 400 nm by SEM analysis.

Soybean isoflavones include daidzein, genistein and glycitein with their glycosides, and their malonated derivatives are the main polyphenolic compounds that are helpful for human health. Our research objective was to investigate the differentitation of soybean isoflavones contents of breeding populations between high and low isoflavones contained soybean. Isoflavones contents in soybean are a wide range from 500 to 7000 ㎍/g. In this study, we used Ilmi (Isoflavones content, 3.108 ㎍/g) as male parent and Dajin (Isoflavones content, 578 ㎍/g) as female parent. From these varieties, we got 165 breeding lines which have isoflavones content range from 472 to 2973 ㎍/g. Isflavone contents in breeding lines showed normal distribution.

Two hundred wild soybean lines were used to investigate water imbibition of seeds and its relationships with seed coat structure. Those structures were observed under the light microscope and the surface structure and cell arrangement was done under the scanning electron microscope. One hundred and ninety seven out of 200 wild soybean genotypes (98.5%) had hard seed and only three wild soybean genotypes, YWS16, YWS67, and YWS136 collected in Korea showed the permeability to water. Those three permeable lines showed less endocarp deposits whereas the hard seed lines did thick deposits. Larger cracks were found in permeable seed lines, however, no crack or tightly cracks were found in hard seed lines. The structure in the cell arrangement of palisade layer was looser than hard seed lines. The less compact cell arrangement in palisade cell layer and lower endocarp deposits with large cracks were considered as main factors affecting the permeability of wild soybean seeds.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the varietal variation of Se concentration and to determine the effects of selenium foliar applications on the productivity and agronomic characteristics of the whole-crop barleys. Se fertilizer was foliar applied at five levels(0, 50, 100, 200, 400 ppm) and two forms (sodium selenite and sodium selenate solution) at stem elongation stage, the middle of April. Cultivar effects on whole-plant Se contents were small and not significant. Regardless treatments, there were no remarkable effects on dry matter yield and forage quality of whole crop barleys. Se contents of plant was higher in selenate application by 3~10 times than selenite. In selenate treatments, as Se levels were raised from 50 ppm to 400ppm the Se contents were increased from 331ppb to 3433ppb and Se contents were positively correlated with the rate of Se application levels. Selenium(Se) is an essential nutritional trace element, which is needed for growth and reproduction in all living animals. But the line between the requirement and harmfulness of Se is narrow since selenium is a highly toxic element. The level of Se in feeds of plant varies depending on plant species, growing season and soil which the plants grow on. Because of low concentration of Se in domestic soils, the selenium availability to plants is limited and it is necessary to supplement feed with selenium. Generally organic Se is less toxic and more efficiently utilized than inorganic Se. Under the condition that antibiotics use in feed are prohibited, selenium enriched whole-crop barley can be one way to improve animal health.

Dandelion has been widely used as a folkloric medicine for treatment of diverse diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of light spectrum using red (660 nm), blue (460 nm), red and blue mixed (Red : Blue = 6 : 4) LED (light emitting diodes) and fluorescent lamp on growth and functional components of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). When LED was illuminated to T. officinale cv. Goldenboll, seed germination was delayed, and germination rate was the highest in the control (fluorescent light). The growth (plant height, root length and fresh weight) except leaf number was increased under the LED treatments compared with the control, and the growth promotion was the most effective in the red LED illumination. Total polyphenol contents in dandelion irradiated with the red and blue mixed or the red LED were 121.77 mg% or 115.36 mg%, respectively, which were greater than those in dandelion treated with blue LED and fluorescent lamp. Asparagine, proline, serine, threonine, glutamic acid and arginine were the predominant amino acids in dandelion and total amino acid was the highest under the Red LED illumination. The results indicate that application of the red and the mixed LED illumination promote growth and increase functional components during cultivation of dandelion

Geneally, rice seeds regardless indica or japonica are showing low germination ratio or completely lost germination ability together with lost of good eating quality under high temperature and humidity conditions. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate a longevity for conservation of good eating quality during long term storage in rice. For the longevity evaluation, germination ability was studied after 5 days of high temperature and humidity stress (50℃/RH 95%). Dharial, originated from Bangladesh and showing weedy type with red pericarp, was selected as a good donor for longevity genes. A mutant was developed from Dharial through EMS mutagenesis and two populations of Dharial/4*Ilmibyeo and Dharial/4*Gopumbyeo were also developed for genetic study. In the 2-DE analysis followed by MALDI-TOF MS with wild and mutant lines, several candidate genes were identified. In the longevity test of two populations, a few lines showing good germination ability after high temperature and humidity stress were selected and subjected to confirm the relationships between longevity and conservation of good eating quality under long term storage.

The world-wide capacity of genebanks for ex-situ conservation of crop genetic resources has increased greatly since the 1970s, improving the access of crop breeders to landraces, and wild relatives (Wright, 1997). In south Korea, systematic seed germplasm management was begun at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 1985 and consequently genebank system was established in 1988. The RDA genebank, National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAC) of south Korea, preserve 173,217 accessions of plant seed germplasm and 10.7% (18,509 accessions) of whole preserved germplasm is occupied by horticultral PGR by 2011. Horticultural PGR preserved in NAC is composed with 67 genera of crops including pepper (3,817 accessions), tomato (2,040 accessions), cabbages (1,690 accessions) and etc. According to horticultural plant sub-group, fruit-vegetable is the biggest group with 60% of accession share and leafy vegetable (19%), root vegetable (10%), bulb vegetable (8%), and ornamental (3%) follow subsequently. In aspect of PGR status, landrace is dominant part of conserved accession and then developed cultivar, wild relatives, cultivated material, wild, and weedy type follow subsequently. Recently characterization and evaluation of horticultural PGR have been activated for 3 years in NAC, which are useful for breeders and users focused on disease-resistance or active ingredient. It will promote utilization of horticultural PGR and development of horticultural crop breeding program for both human being and sustainable agriculture in near future.

We have identified ATTIRTA1 transposon, a kind of mariner-type DNA transposon from Brassica rapa genome. A total of 811 inverted-terminal repeat, ITR consisting of the both terminal on ATTIRTA1 transposon were found from B. rapa v1.1 sequence. Among them 616 ITR were paired by two in each transposon, indicating three quarters of the transposon exists in original form. Around 10 percentage of the transposon, 82 ITR was located in gene, expecially only in intron. Using these ATTRRTA1, we developed a display system modified from AFLP technique and applied for this system to analyze genetic diversity of Korea Brassica rapa core collection. The collection includes 220 accessions representing the different morphotypes and geographical origin. The analysis of population structure revealed five subgroups and the clustering patterns matched well with their morphological traits. ATTIRTA1 transposon display seems useful marker system for studying genetic relationships. Presently we have profiled the components and contents of glucosinolate in the core collection to analyze genome wide association. This collection will be helpful to identify agriculturally desirable traits from other supspecies.

In this study, 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets were used to analyze the genetic diversity, genetic relationships, and population structure among 96 accessions of the two cultivated types of Perilla crop and their weedy types in East and Southeast Asia. A total of 168 alleles were identified at all the loci with an average of 9.3 and a range between 3 and 18 alleles per locus. Of the 168 alleles, 21 alleles (12.5%) were private, 67 alleles (39.9%) were rare (frequency < 0.05), 96 alleles (57.1%) were detected at an intermediate frequency (range, 0.05 - 0.50), and five alleles (3.0%) were abundant (frequency > 0.50), respectively. The gene diversity values varied from 0.443 to 0.898 with an average of 0.749. The PIC values varied from 0.397 to 0.890 with an average of 0.721. The gene diversity of each locus for accessions of cultivated var. frutescens, weedy var. frutescens, cultivated var. crispa, and weedy var. crispa were respectively showed 0.662, 0.744, 0.540, and 0.584. On the analysis of population structure using software program STRUCTURE 2.2, the 96 Perilla accessions were divided into Groups I, II, and admixed group. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the 96 accessions cluster into three major groups. No clear geographic structure and also between two cultivated types of Perilla crop and their weedy types were detected. The present study has demonstrated the utility of SSR analysis for the study of genetic diversity, genetic relationships and population structure among 96 accessions of the two cultivated types of Perilla crop and their weedy types in East and Southeast Asia. In our study, SSR markers helped improve our understanding of the genetic diversity, genetic relationships, and population structure of the two cultivated types of P. frutescens and their weedy types in East and Southeast Asia.

Ionizing radiations have been effective mutagen to overcome the limitation of the useful genetic resources in natural environment. This study was conducted to investigate an effect of proton beam on germination, growth patterns in the irradiated dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and genetic variation in 12 morphological mutants induced in proton-beam irradiated dandelion. Percentage germination rate was drastically decreased over 250Gy. The lethal dose 50 (LD50) of germination was estimated between 250 Gy to 500 Gy. Significant decreases in growth patterns (plant height, number of leaf and fresh weight) were observed by increase of dose (Gy) of proton beam irradiation. According to the correlation analysis between dosage and growth factors, the orders of compactness of correlation were germination, plant height, fresh weight and number of leaf, respectively. Twelve morphological variants such as, dwarf, color, plastid, growth and leaf shape were screened at 50 to 250 Gy of the beam irradiation. As a result of ISSR analysis of the 12 variants, out of 33 bands detected overall, 8 bands were identified to be polymorphic with a rate of 24.2% at the control group. While 33 bands detected overall, 21 bands were identified to be polymorphic with a rate of 63.6% at the proton beam irradiation. The result indicates that the dandelion with proton beam treatment might be promoted variation at DNA level

Mutation breeding is characterized by its merit, creation of new mutant characters and addition of very few traits without disturbing other characters of variety. Gamma ray is generally used to induce mutation in various crops. Heading dat is one of the key factors in the regional and seasonal adaptation of rice verity. This study was carried out to evaluate agronomic characteristics, genetic variation and grain quality of early heading rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin 1) lines derived from gamma-ray (Co60, 300 Gy) irradiation. The average heading date of the early heading lines in M7 and M8 generation was faster than that of mother verity as 11 (line γ-2), 10 Aug (line γ-5), 6 Aug (γ-1 line), 5 Aug (γ-3 and X-1), 4 (line γ-4) days, respectively. The selected lines showed shorter culm length and ear length compared with the control. Total spikelets per panicle, percent ripened grain and thousand grain weight of the lines were also mostly shorter or lower than those of the control except total spikelets per panicle of γ-4 and γ-5 lines. When genetic variations of rps16-trnK region were evaluated by nucleotide analysis, nucleotide length of the rps16-trnK region was 664 bp in all the early-heading lines and control. Out of 5 sites of nucleotide transposition detected in the region, however, 2 sites were appeared only in the early-heading lines. Amylose content of the early heading lines ranged from 18.3% to 18.4% and the content was included in high eating quality. Protein content of the lines ranged from 6.6% to 7.0%. The content belonged to Top-rice showing under 7% of protein content. Toyo taste value of the lines ranged from 76.3% to 84.8%.

Most forage crops growing under field conditions are often being exposed to various environmental stresses such as drought, freezing, high temperature, waterlogging and climate change. A combination of grass breeding approaches will likely be needed to improve significantly the environmental stresses tolerance of forage crops in the field. Attempts have been taken by grass breeders to develop tolerant varieties of different crops for environmental stress. A new tall fescue variety (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) named ‘Purumi’ was developed by the National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration from 1999 to 2007. For synthetic seed production of this new variety, 5 superior clones, EFa9108, EFa0010, EFa0020, EFa0108, and EFa0202 were selected and polycrossed. The agronomic growth characteristics and forage production capability of the seeds were studied at Cheonan from 2004 to 2005, and regional trials were conducted in Cheonan, Pyungchang, Jeju, and Jinju from 2008 to 2010. ‘Purumi’ showed enhanced winter hardiness, disease resistance, and regrowth ability as compared to ‘Fawn’. The dry matter yield of ‘Purumi’ was about 5.6% higher as 16,821kg/ha than that of ‘Fawn’. However, the nutritive value of both varieties was similar. When this new variety of tall fescue, Purumi, has been developed and distributed with its most remarkable adaptability for Korean climates and superior value as a livestock feed, it is expected to play an important role for a new restoration of the pasture industry in Korea.

Maesopsis eminii, known as ‘umbrella tree’ in English, occurs naturally between 6oS and 8oN in tropical Africa. It is a species of moist forests and an early succession species, adapt at colonizing grasslands and disturbed areas in the high forest. It is widely distributed in forest re-growth and remarkably long lived for a pioneer species, attaining over 150 years. M. eminii was introduced into Java, Indonesia in the 1920s and has been widely cultivated in Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan for timber plantations due to its timber value, fast growing and leave usage for fodder. Annual wood production potential is 30 m3/ha in Africa and 40 m3/ha in Indonesia. The final rotations for timber production are 20-30 years in Africa and 10-20 years in Indonesia, and rotations for fuel wood, poles and pulp production are about 8 years. Genetic resources (plus trees) of M. eminii growing in several populations from west Java were collected, and a progeny test of the 100 open-pollinated families was established in west Java, Indonesia. Early results from a field test of M. eminii are reported from the progeny test trial. Seedling height and diameter at root collar (DRC) were measured at 0, 10 and 15 months of ages. Age 0 means the measurement just before the planting. The averages of seedling height and DRC at age 15 months were 134.4 cm and 1.86 cm. Family survival rates were, on average, 65.6% and 62.8% at age 10 and 15 months, respectively. Family genetic variance and replication variance at age 15 months were higher than those at age 10 months. Seedling height was positively correlated with DRC growth and statistically significant at the same ages. The coefficients of genetic variation for seedling height and DRC were ranged from 0.01 to 12.69 and from 1.97 to 13.70. Heritability estimates obtained were 0.44, 0.04, 0.01, and 0.31, 0.01 and 0.02 for seedling height and DRC at age 0, 10 and 15 months, respectively. Family averages of the 10 best and the 10 poorest families for each trait indicated that there were large differences of seedling height and DRC growth among families and between ages. Genetic gain for DRC was expected to be substantial and higher than that for seedling height growth at age 15 months. Those results suggested that growth improvement through the superior family selection of M. eminii could be possible.

We improved the separation of the basic proteins from the soybean cotyledon, Glycine max L. Merr. by searching N-terminal sequences data in proteins isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). After removed Hexane, proteins were extracted from cotyledon with a urea/Triton/2-mercaptoetanol solution. Using this method, the highly reproducible isoelectric focusing (IEF) can formed with polyacrylamide gels with pH 4.0-9.8. The IEF tube gels were used as the first dimension, and proteins were visualized by second-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and identify a number of soybean cotyledon proteins using mass spectrometry in the proteome analysis. These instruments of 2-DE and IEF tube gels were used 27 cm and investigate under various conditions. The total number of spots and features was obtained by PDQuest software (Bio-Rad). In this experiments performed, the IEF tube gels and instruments afforded good reproducibility in the number of PDQuest-detected spots from gel to gel while IPG offered better reproducibility in the total number of manually detected spots from gel to gel. In conclusion, we have separated of the basic 13 proteins in soybean. The glycinin subunit separations are also considered to play important roles in soybean breeding and biochemical characterization. The improved technique will be useful to dissect the genetic control of glycinin expression in soybean.

The protein in soybean seeds accounts for approximately 40% of the dry seed weight. Two major storage proteins, 7S and 11S, constitute 70-80% of the total storage proteins in the seeds. In this study, the variation of total soluble protein extracts from 1152 soybean landraces that have been collected from South Korea were studied using high-throughput screening method with HT Protein Express Labchip (Caliper Life Sciences, Inc.). Seven distinct protein band patterns - four protein sub-units of 11S and three sub-units of 7S, were taken into account and their presence or absence were analyzed. Among the 1152 landraces, 525 genotypes were identified as lacking lipoxygenase, 255 lacking α1 subunit, 680 lacking α subunit, 169 lacking β subunit, 140 lacking acidic, 114 lacking Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (KTi) and 199 lacking basic protein patterns. The high-throughput protein analysis is helpful in screening a large number of populations with less time and minimum labor. The selected genotypes with low amounts or lacking of anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor, lipoxygenase and α subunit would be used for future breeding purpose of quality improvement in soybean protein.

Leaf chlorophyll-deficient mutants controlled by y9 locus have been observed frequently and are useful in genetic studies in soybean. So far, 19 single recessive gene yellow leaf mutants and one duplicate recessive gene mutant have been described. The y9 type found in T135 is yellow at emergence, becoming greenish-yellow by maturity. Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein has been proposed as one of the major antinutritional factor. The absence of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein in mature seed is inherited as a recessive allele designated ti. The objective of this research was to confirm independent inheritance between ti gene and y9 gene. The F1 seeds from Gaechuck#1 (Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein absent, normal leaf type) x C-142 (Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein present, leaf chlorophyll -deficient) were obtained. F1 seeds obtained were planted in a greenhouse and F1 hybridity was checked on morphological traits. All F2 seeds were planted at field in May 2012. Leaf chlorophyll-deficient trait of F2 individual plants will be recorded at growth stage from field. Presence and absence of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein will be checked by SDS-PAGE based on each F₂single plant. Chi-square analysis was used to test the goodness-of-fit of observed ratios with expected ratios for independent assortment or linkage.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] proteins are widely used for human and animal feed in the world. Glycinin (11S globulin) and β-conglycinin (7S globulin) account for storage protein from 70% to 80% in soybean seed. 7S globulin protein exhibits poorer nutritional and food processing properties. β-conglycinin is composed of α’, α, and β-subunits. α′-subunit of 7S globulin are main antinutritional factors in soybean seed. The absence of α′-subunit were controlled by single recessive alleles, cgy1. Leaf chlorophyll-deficient mutants controlled by y9 locus have been observed frequently and are useful in genetic studies in soybean. So far, 19 single recessive gene yellow leaf mutants and one duplicate recessive gene mutant have been described. The y9 type found in T135 is yellow at emergence, becoming greenish-yellow by maturity. The objective of this research was to confirm the linkage or independent assortment between cgy1 gene and y9 gene. The F1 seeds from C-142 (α′-subunit of 7S globulin present, leaf chlorophyll -deficient: Cgy1Cgy1y9y9 genotype) x PI line (α′-subunit of 7S globulin absent, normal leaf type: cgy1cgy1Y9Y9 genotype) were obtained. F1 seeds obtained were planted in a greenhouse and F1 hybridity was checked on morphological traits. All F2 seeds were planted at field in May 2012. Leaf chlorophyll-deficient trait of F2 individual plants will be recorded at growth stage from field. Presence and absence of α′-subunit of 7S globulin protein will be checked by SDS-PAGE based on each F₂single plant. Chi-square analysis was used to test the goodness-of-fit of observed ratios with expected ratios for independent assortment or linkage.