Background : Amomum tsao-ko (Zingiberaceae) is widely distributed among several countries in Asia. It’s dried fruit is widely used in Korea for medical plant, China and Japan for the treatment of dyspepsia, eliminates, vomiting, abdominal pain, phlegm, warms the spleen, and malaria. In this study, we describe the structural determination of the new compounds and the inhibitory activities of isolated compounds against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results : The fruits of A. tsao-ko were extracted with 80% EtOH two times at room temperature. The EtOH extract was suspended in distilled water and partitioned with solvent to give CH2Cl2, EtOAc and n-BuOH. The CH2Cl2 was suspended in n-hexane and partitioned with solvent to give 50%, 70% and 90% MeOH. The purification of each fraction by column chromatography separation and HPLC analysis. Consequently, one new benzaldehyde (1) and two new cycloterpenals (2 and 3) along with five known compounds (4 –8) have been isolated from the fruits of A. tsao-ko. The structure and relative stereochemistry were determined from HRMS, 1D and extensive 2D NMR techniques as well as by comparison of their data with the published values. Conclusion : These compounds were identified as Amotsaokonal A (1), Amotsaokonal B (2), Amotsaokonal C (3), methyl linolenate (4), trans-nerolidol (5), (2E)-dodecenyl acetate (6), (2E)-dodecenyl acetate (7), and pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (8). All isolates were tested for their inhibitory activities on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells.

Background : The objective of this study was to Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemarié, (Zingiberaceae) is widely distributed among several countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is a well known spice in Asia, produces a nice refreshing effect in the mouth. Additionally, it's dried fruit is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for cardiac diseases, edema, eye trouble, skin, itch and impotence. The objective of this study was evaluated the inhibitory activity on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells from A. tsao-ko. Methods and Results : The fruits of A. tsao-ko were extracted with 80% EtOH two times at room temperature. The EtOH extract was suspended in distilled water and partitioned with solvent to give CH2Cl2, EtOAc and n-BuOH. The CH2Cl2 was suspended in n-hexane and partitioned with solvent to give 50%, 70% and 90% MeOH. The purification of each fraction by column chromatography separation and HPLC analysis. Consequently, several constituents were isolated five known compounds. The identification and structural elucidation of compounds were established by using NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectrometry. Conclusion : These compounds were identified as fluorenone (1), phenanthrene (2), anthracene (3), methyl linolenate (4), 1,2-benzenediol (5). All isolates were tested for their inhibitory activities on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells.

Background : Recently, ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.) berry has been used as a health-promoting supplements. Also, Mulberries (Morus alba L.) fruit have been used in traditional herbal medicine to treat and prevent diabetes. In this study, we measured the cytotoxicity after fermentation of the extracts in Panax Ginseng Berry and Mulberry Fruit. Methods and Results : The extracts were prepared by decoction for 3 hours in distilled water (100 g/L). The dried extract was then dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in preparation for use. Cell viability was examined by an MTT assay. RAW 264.7 cells were seeded at 1 × 104/mL densities in 96-well plates. Each grouping had a non-treated group as the control. The extracts were added to each well and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C and 5% CO2. The MTT solutions (5 mg/mL) were added to each well, and the cells were cultured for another 2 hours. The supernatant was then discarded, and 100 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added to each well. The optical density was read at 540 nm. Conclusion : Probiotics and prebiotics modulate the composition of human and domestic animal gut microbiota. The beneficial effects may result from suppression of harmful microorganisms or stimulation of organisms which contribute in a positive way to the nutrition and health of human and domestic animal. Recently, fermentation using microorganisms for the production of more effective compounds has been extensively studied. In particular, the novel pharmacological effects of a new compound generated by fermentation have been reported. Some previous studies have demonstrated that Fermented herbal medicine extract showed better bioactivity than normal herbal Plants extract when used at the same concentration.

Background : Ginseng, one of most famous traditional oriental medicines, has been known for a number of pharmacological properties including anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, anti-oxidative, and anti-aging effects. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, is one of the active ingredients in ginseng. In this study, we investigated the synergistic anticancer effect of 20(S)-PPD and temozolomide (TMZ) and the mechanism of 20(S)-PPD on glioblastoma cells. Methods and Results : We examined cell viability and the morphological changes of C6 cells after treatment of 20(S)-PPD and TMZ. 20(S)-PPD showed a potent antiproliferative activity against C6 cells by triggering apoptosis. 20(S)-PPD-induced apoptosis was characterized by a dose-dependent mitochondrial damage. 20(S)-PPD and TMZ had a synergistic effect in increasing mitochondrial damage via caspase 3 activation. Conclusion : These results revealed an unexpected mechanism of 20(S)-PPD and TMZ, triggering a mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in C6 cells. Our findings encourage further studies of 20(S)-PPD as a promising chemopreventive agent against glioblastoma.

Background : Despite the presence of various bioactive compounds in ginseng, there is lack of study on the variations of bioactive compounds in ginseng according to the cultivation of soil and the applied fertilizer types (or amount). Therefore, this study aims to examine the variations of 37 fatty acids (FA) and 8 vitamin E (Vit-E) vitamers in 6-year-old ginseng root cultivated in different soil types with different fertilizers regimes. Methods and Results : The profiling of 37 FAs and 8 Vit-E vitamers in 6-year-old ginseng roots was measured by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector, and then these results were statistically analyzed with chemometrics. The FA and Vit-E content in ginseng roots varied significantly with respect to soil cultivation conditions due to organic fertilizer types and amounts used. Unsaturated FA in ginseng is approximately 2.7 fold higher than the saturated FA. Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the most abundant FAs found in the ginseng roots. Also, the major Vit-E vitamer found in ginseng root is α -tocopherol. In particular, the application of rice straw compost or food waste fertilizer was increased to create nutritionally-desirable FAs and bioactive Vit-E in ginseng root. In addition, phytonutrient profiling coupled with chemometrics can be used to discriminate the cultivation conditions of ginseng. Conclusion : This preliminary study extends our understanding about the variations of FA and Vit-E in ginseng root depending on cultivation conditions. Hence, these results can be useful as basic information for reliable ginseng production containing high amounts of phytonutrients in a paddy-converted field.

Background : Resveratrol is the stillbenoid material made by the stress factors from the plants like grape, blueberry and Polygonum cuspidatum and it has useful pharmacological activity such as anti-cancer and longevity effect. Although grapevine contains less resveratrol compared to Polygonum cuspidatum, it is expected that a large amount of resveratrol can be obtained using by-products from the processing because grapes are one of the crops grown and processed considerably in south Korea. Methods and Results : As the result of the analysis of resveratrol content in grape extract using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), it was showed that the amount of the resveratrol was 46.8~47.8 mg(about 4.7~4.8%) per 1 g of grape extract. The method used for purifying resveratrol from grape extract was a column chromatography and adsorption resin was used in packing the column. The content of resveratrol in the eluate obtained by column chromatography was analyzed by HPLC. Then the solid content obtained by freeze-drying was analyzed to get the purity and the collect rate of the resveratrol by measuring the weight. The result showed that the purity of the resveratrol in eluate obtained by column chromatography was measured to 15.2~18.1% and collect rate was up to 95%. Conclusion : From the above results, we have isolated resveratrol which is more pure than the conventional from grape extract and assumed that it is helpful to produce functional material at a low cost by using this isolation method.

Background : Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJ) is a perennial herb with a wide distribution in East Asia including Korea, China, and Japan, and it is mainly used as a medicinal plant. In Korea, AJ has been widely used to control pain and improve symptoms in OA patients. AJ contains several important phytochemicals such as saponins, inokosterone, ecdysterone, and oleanolic acid bisdesmoside. Methods and Results : The aim of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of fermented and ethanol extracts of Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJ). The extracts showed strong reductive power and nitrite scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, and DNA damage prevention activities. Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with AJ inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO secretion and iNOS expression without affecting cell viability. AJ also inhibited cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression, leading to the suppression of COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 production. These inhibitory effects of AJ were accompanied by reduced production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins (IL)-1β, -6, and -10. Furthermore, AJ suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38. Moreover, AJ inhibited malondialdehyde production and myeloperoxidase activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion : The antioxidant activity of plants is closely related to their medicinal properties and is widely used as a parameter to determine the bioavailability of medicinal plants. The antioxidant and biological activities of AJ extracts might be due to the synergistic actions of multiple bioactive compounds. It can be concluded that AJ extracts are a potential source of biologically important drug candidates.

Background : Geranium Koreanum(GK), a species of the family Geranium is a perennial herb plants. We performed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects in Lipopoly -saccaride induced RAW 264.7 cell of ethanol extracts from Geranium koreanum. Methods and Results : The dried whole plants 50g of G. koreanum was refluxed three times in 0.5 L 70% ethanol for 2hr. The RAW 264.7 cells for anti-inflammatory assay were obtained from the American Tissue Culture Collection(Manassas, VA), and it cultured in DMEM containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum(FBS) in 5%, CO2 incubator. An anti-inflammatory of G. koreanum measured by Ntrite oxide(NO) production and the protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory proteins such as COX-2 and iNOS, reductions in activation of NF-kB transcription factor. The results showed that G. koreanum was inhibited NO production and exhibited nontoxic in concentration 50~200㎍/㎖. Also, G. koreanum extracts indicate a significant reduction activation of NF-kB transcription factor and inhibition of pro-inflammatory proteins such as COX-2 and iNOS. Conclusion : The above results suggested that G. koreanum extracts expected the antiinflammatory effects and development possibility as nutraceuticals.

Background : Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a vegetable with pantropical distribution and contains the active ingredient, such as momordicine and charantin. Moreover, bitter gourd has been reported to exhibit antidiabetic, anticancer, cardiovascular-protective and antioxidant effects. But, the distinctive bitter taste of bitter gourd was not suitable for food preference. This study was conducted to evaluate the improvement effects of bitter taste of bitter gourd with natural fermentation and roasting process. Methods and Results : Bitter gourd fruits were obtained from Headeulnyeokae Co., Ltd.(Gang-Jin 59253, Repubilc Korea). Fruits of bitter gourd were prepared by natural fermentation process for 4h at 25℃. After natural fermentation, the fruits were dried in hot-air dryer for 15h at 49-55℃. The dried fruits were roasted in 500 g batches at 120℃ for 10 min in the electric rotisserie oven. After roasting, fruit pieces were extracted with hot water and cold water. One of them was cool-type, and the other was hot-type bitter gourd tea. In the sensory evaluation, hot tea and cold tea showed the high scores on color, flavor and overall acceptability. Conclusion : These mean that roasted bitter gourd had less bitter, and it could be utilized widely as drink and food material.

Background : Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. is a perennial herbaceous plant, distributed in the northern high mountains of the Korean peninsula and China. It is an excellent ornamental plant currently at risk of overharvesting and therefore, is designated as an endangered wild plant Class II by the Ministry of Environment. Physiological research on A. tabularis has not be reported. Therefore, in this study, using A. tabulari extracts, antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory effects were determined. Methods and Results : The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of A. tabularis extracts were evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of A. tabularis possesses potent DPPH radical scavenging activity (2.90±0.08㎍/㎖), similar to the scavenging activity of ascorbic acid (2.19±0.06㎍/㎖), and better than the powerful antioxidant α-tocopherol (10.60±0.40㎍/㎖) as well as BHA (butylatedhydroxy anisole)(6.12±0.27㎍/㎖). The ethyl acetate fraction possessed a significantly higher concentration of total phenolic (549.70±2.72㎎GAE/g) and flavonolic content (154.58±1.04㎎QE/g). It was also found that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited high reducing power and inhibition of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) formation. Different fractions of A. tabularis were tested for anti-inflammatory activity using LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited a high inhibitory effect on NO (Nitrite oxide) production (22.43±1.06%, 19.30±0.45%, respectively) at 200㎍/㎖ concentration. The mRNA of IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 gene expression was decreased by treatment with the ethyl acetate fraction. These results showed that A. tabularis extracts can be used as natural substances to control inflammation. Conclusion : These result showed that A. tabularis extracts can be used in a variety of antioxidant and other functional product research and development processes as valuable natural materials.

Background : Plants live in restricted spaces that are constantly exposed to various environmental stresses. Under these stressful conditions, plants lead to biosynthesize specialized metabolites to adapt to environmental stresses. Here we investigate the effects of cold on the metabolome of tartaty buckwheat, focusing the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Methods and Results : From the metabolic profiling based on the GC-TOF-MS analysis, we identified the effect of cold on forty-four metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, and organic acids. Most of sugars and sugar derivatives remain nearly unchanged or slightly decreased in the plants grown at 25 ºC, whereas sugar and sugar derivative contents of cold-treated plants significantly increased, excepting galactose. Some of amino acid and amino acid derivatives contents decrease in cold-treated plants, whereas organic acid derived from tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were increased the cold-treated plants compared with the plants grown at 25 ºC. Particularly, the contents of two anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, were significantly increased by cold treatment. Proanthocyanidins such as epicatechin and catechin were also significantly affected by cold. The expression of most flavonoid biosynthetic genes were significantly upregulated in cold-treated buckwheat seedling. Among the flavonoid biosynthetic genes, the expression of FtANS was notably upregulated in response to cold. Conclusion : By analyzing both primary metabolites and secondary metabolites of tartary buchwheat without or with cold, we showed that cold play a critical role in the modulation of the primary metabolites and flavonoid synthesis pathway in tartary buchwheat. Particularly, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathways are strongly up-regulated in response to cold.

Background : Tagetes species which belong to Asteraceae show different characteristics including, bloom size, shape, color, plant size, and leaf shape. The color of Tagetes flowers ranging from white to dark orange is due to accumulation of different carotenoids, pathway intermediates, and amount of the same carotenoid. Methods and Results : The carotenoids were monitored in flower extracts from six cultivars of Tagetes that include three T. erecta cultivars, Discovery Orange (DO), Inca Orange (IO), and Inca Yellow (IY), and three T. patula cultivars, including Durango Bee (DB), Durango Yellow (DY), and Safari Red (SR) using HPLC analysis. It showed considerable differences in carotenoid composition depending on cultivars and types of carotenoids. The highest concentration of violaxanthin which represents orange color in plants was showed in IO, whereas the compound was not detected in DB, and DY. Yellow-colored cultivars such as IY, DB, and DY exhibited low levels of lutein. However, others that indicate orange color, DO, IO, and SR showed high levels of lutein. Also, similar pattern was found in the zeaxanthin measurements. α-carotene was significantly accumulated in SR compared to other cultivars. The highest amount of β-carotene was found in SR, followed by IO, IY, DO, DY and DB. Similarly, the highest and lowest amount of 9-cis-β-carotene was showed in SR and DB, respectively. Interestingly, all cultivars except SR in 13-cis-β-carotene showed the same pattern with β-carotene, but no detection indicated in SR. Conclusion : In this study, we determined the differences in carotenoid yields among six Tagetes cultivars. In total, seven carotenoids that include violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, α -carotene, β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 13-cis-β-carotene were detected. Among them, all of the cultivars accumulated primarily lutein. In addition, contents of each carotenoid varied in these flowers depending on cultivars.

Background : Nasturtium officinale L. which is commonly known as watercress is aquatic perennial herb distributed to Europe, Asia, North and South America. It consist of various nutrients and beneficial compounds such as vitamin B and C, provitamin A, folic acid, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and minerals. Recent studies have demonstrated the biological properties that include antidiabets, antiinflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer. In this study, the effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on growth and development, accumulation of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were investigated in watercress. Methods and Results : Length of shoot and root, and fresh weight of whole plants were measured every weeks (1 to 3 weeks) after sowing. These were significantly affected by different LED lights. Normally, length of shoot and fresh weight of white- and blue-light-radiated watercress were less than those of red-light-radiated watercress. Contents of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were investigated in watercress under different LEDs treatment by HPLC analysis. Six phenolic compounds including catechin hydrate, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and kaempferol were detected. Also, eight glucosinolates that include four aliphatic glucosinolates (glucoiberin, gluconapoleiferin, glucosiberin, and glucohirsutin), three indolic glucosinolates (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin), and one aromatic glusinolate (gluconasturtiin). Mostly, white light treatment led to the higher production of their compounds than those of red- and blue-radiated. Conclusion : It is concluded that different LED lights have effect on growth rates and secondary metabolites production. Red light caused vigorous growth of shoot and affected their fresh weights. In addition, the accumulation of each compounds was varied depending on light colours and time of harvest.

Background : The genus of Mentha contains more than 25 species and has been used as cuisines, medicines, cosmetics, oral hygiene products, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and flavor enhancing agent. Due to economical value of these species, many studies have identified and isolated the beneficial constituents such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and volatile compounds. In this study, the primary and secondary metabolites were investigated from the aerial parts of nine different Mentha species including peppermint (M. piperita), pennyroyal mint (M. pulegium), spearmint (M. spicata), horse mint (M. longifolia), water mint (M. aquatica), apple mint, pineapple mint (M. suaveolens), and chocolate mint, eau de cologne mint (M x piperita hybrids). Also, we reported the antioxidant properties using extracts of obtained plants. Methods and Results : In total, 67 metabolites were detected using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The difference among nine Mentha spp. by principal components analysis has been investigated. Various phenoilic compounds and carotenoids were characterized quantified in Mentha plants by HPLC. Of these, rosmarinic acid was found to be rich in most of this family. In addition, the highest content of riboflavin were indicated in spearmint. Moreover, the highest antioxidant activities (88.6 % 100 μl/ml in DPPH assay, 76.2% 100 μl/ml in hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity, and 0.076 absorbance in reducing power assay) have been shown in horse mint. Conclusion : We determined the differences in accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites (phenolic compound, carotenoid, and riboflavin) among nine Mentha species. Totally, 67 primary metabolites were identified and compared the difference by principal components analysis. Besides, horse mint has the highest and strongest antioxidant activities compared to others.

Background : Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia) is a member of the family Cucurbitaceae, used as a medicine herb in traditional medicine. In this study, we present the sequencing, de novo assembly and analysis of the transcriptome of M. charantia and provide a global description of relationship between putative phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis genes and alteration of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid content during different organs and plantlet of M. charantia. Methods and Results : The transcriptome of M. charantia was constructed by using an Illumina Nexteseq500 sequencing system. Out of 68,073,862 total reads, approximately 88,703 unigenes were identified with a length of 898 bp. Alternatively, transcriptomic data, 10cDNAs (McPAL, McC4H, Mc4CL, McCOMT, McCHS, McCHI, McF3H, McFLS, McDFR and Mc3GT) encoded phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic genes. The expression levels and the accumulation of trans-cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxyvbenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin hydrate, ferulic acid, and rutin were investigated in different organs and plantlets. Mainly, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids accumulated in leaves and flowers, whereas low levels accumulated in roots. Collectively, these results indicate that the putative McPAL, McC4H, McCOMT, McFLS, and Mc3GT might be key factors for controlling phenylpropanoid and flavonoid contents in M. charantia. Conclusion : In this study, we present the sequencing, de novo assembly and analysis of the transcriptome of M. charantia. We also compared gene expression and compound analysis of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid in different organs and plantlet of M. charantia. These results indicate that McPAL, McC4H, McCOMT, McFLS, and Mc3GT are key regulators of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid accumulation in M. charantia

Background : This study, the fraction for testing the efficacy of the Astragalus extract was concentrated active ingredient. The concentrated fraction was applied to a cosmetic material that Astragalus testing results confirmed that the improved efficacy. Methods and Results : The fractions were performed using an n-butanol solvent for increasing the efficacy of the Astragalus extract, by using the material fractions collected to compare and ultimately an increase in whitening and wrinkle efficacy. The solvent to be used in the fractions was used for the n-butanol good dissolution to the effective substance(Astragaloside, Isoflavonoid). It increased approximately 6.5 times the sample extract and the n-butanol fraction of the Astragalus as a result Astragaloside 15 ppm, 97 ppm respectively analyzed by HPLC equipment, isoflavonoid content was confirmed by an increase in the content of the fractions increased 4.5 times to 280 ppm, 1,260 ppm. Tyrosinase inhibitory effect, respectively IC50 5.70 mg/mL, IC50 1.02 mg/mL to, Collagenase producing ability is IC50 4.88 mg/mL, IC50 0.93 mg/mL with n-butanol fraction was good whitening, anti-wrinkle efficacy than the extract. Sensory evaluation was conducted in the same amount of sample, using a purified Astragalus cosmetics received high marks. Stability evaluation(MTT assay) was checked for more than 100% cell viability at the concentration 2,000 ppm. Conclusion : n-butanol fraction of Astragalus was subjected to a component analysis and In vitro test, it was confirmed an increase active ingredient content. The results of sensory evaluation and stability evaluation, it was confirmed been made to improve qualities as a cosmetic materials.

Background : Perilla frutescens L. is valuable as a medicinal plant as well as a natural medicine and functional food. Limonene perilla collected from various places showed 60% limonene compounds. However biological activity of these accession has not been reported before. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the biological activity of limonene perilla. Methods and Results : Fractional solvent extracts were obtained by using organic solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-BuOH, and aqueous solvent from different parts of limonene perilla extracted initially in 70% EtOH. We investigated the effects of limonene perilla on total phenol and flavonoid contents, FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), total saponin contents and tyrosinase inhibition activity. Leaves of limonene perilla produced the highest total phenolic contents (29.88 mg·CAE/g), flavonoid (8.39 mg·QE/g) and saponin contents (47.77 mg·GIE/g) than stems and roots of limonene perilla. FRAP of leaves was 823.00±3.58 μM·FeSO4·E/mg. Tyrosinase inhibition activity rate was 40.31% in 70% ethanol extracts from leaves of limonene perilla. Conclusion : This results suggest that leaf of limonene perilla fractions has significant antioxidant activity. Also, limonene perilla could be used as a functional biomaterial in developing cosmetics and functional foods.

Background : Tooth vitality is reflected by the health of dental pulp. Schisandrin C is a natural compound extracted from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The role of Schisandrin C on human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) has not been studied yet. This study examined the properties of Schisandrin C as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant compound, and whether its characteristics promote mitochondrial biogenesis in HDPCs. Methods and Results : HDPCs were extracted from fresh third molars and cultured. Reactive oxidative stress (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) formation were analyzed by a Muse cell analyzer. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to identify the presence of anti-oxidants, as well as inflammatory and mitochondrial biogenesis. Confocal microscopy was used for the detection of mitochondrial activity. Schisandrin C inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory molecules; intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2/9), NO production, ROS formation and the mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) pathway through minimizing the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) translocation. Schisandrin C increased the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1a) through the phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-AKT) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) pathways. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Schisandrin C promoted mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusions : These results suggest that Schisandrin C may be used as an anti-inflammatory compound to reduce oral inflammation such as pulpitis.

Background : The study about ginseng cultured roots have been reported mainly ginsenosides in saponins family. Other phytochemical such as non-saponins of fatty acid has been revealed its bioactive activity including anti-oxidation, whitening, anti-cancer. Supercritical extraction (SE) process mainly refer to the extraction with CO2, is usually from a solid matrix, is a sample preparation step for analytical purposes. SE produce no residual solvent and possess high stability of the extract component, which is advantageous for fatty acid analysis. Methods and Results : Fermented ginseng cultured roots used in the experiment were used for fermentation using Pediococcus pentosaceus. SE performed at different temperature, pressure and extraction time using non-fermented and fermented ginseng roots. Further we fractionated from fermented ginseng using Methanol, Hexane, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and Butanol. We compared fatty acids contents ginseng extractions by GC analysis. Methyl linoleate contents was 44% of fatty acids supercritical extraction contained. The contents of Methyl linoleate was the most dominant component among 37 types of fatty acids by SE and other extractions solvent. Total fatty acids contents obtained by SE process from fermented ginseng (1325.61ppm) was twice than from non-fermented ginseng (618.47ppm). Conclusion : Fatty acids contents by SE was increased at high pressure. The best condition for fatty acids contents extraction was 60℃, 350bar and 3h.