강원 양양산과 중국산 헛개 나무 열매와의 활성 차이를 비교하기 위해 쥐 와 사람을 대상으로 생체 내 알콜 분해 속도에 대한동력학적 분석을 실시한 결과 양양산이 중국산에 비해 1-2 % 로 극히 적게나마 빠른 알콜 분해 속도를 보였으며 분획물 에서도 이와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 하지만 이 정도의 차이가 두 품종 간 알콜 분해 속도에 차이가 있다고 주장하기에는 유의성이 적어 일반적으로 두 생산지의 차이에 따른 알콜 분해 속도의 차이는 극히 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 두 추출물 모두 알콜만 섭취했을 경우보다 1-2 시간 정도 빠르게 알콜을 분해했으며 유용 성분이 농축된 분획물의 경우 조 추출물보다 1-2 시간 정도 빨라 분획물을 섭취한 경우 알콜만 섭취한 경우보다 약 2 배 정도 빠른 혈중 알콜 분해 속도를 보였다. ADH 와 ALDH 의 활성 증진에 대한 영향을 비교한 결과 조 추출물의 경우 중국산이 양양산 보다 약간 높은 효과를 보였으나 분획물에서는 그리 큰 차이가 없거나 양양산이 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 특이한 것은 ADH 의 경우는 두 종의 분획물 모두 조추출물 경우 보다 50-60% 이상 활성 증진 효과가 두드러지게 나타났으나 ALDH 의 경우는 두 분획물 모두 활성 증진이 조추출물에 비해 10% 정도의 낮은 활성 증진 정도만 나타났다. 전체적으로 알콜만 섭취한 경우에 비해 헛개나무 열매 추출물을 동시에 섭취한 경우 ADH와 ALDH 효소의 활성이 약 30-60% 이상 증가하는 것이 확인되었으며 두 효소위 활성 촉진 정도가 공히 28-29% 정도를 유지해 ADH 와 ALDH 의 활성이 생체 내에서 균형을 이루고 있음이 입증되었다. 또한 헛개나무 추출물들은 ADH 보다는 ALDH 효소의 활성에 보다 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 숙취 원인 물질인 acetaldehyde 의 제거 에 효과적일 것이라는 평가가 가능하다. 이와 함께 간의 해독 작용 촉진 정도를 비교한 결과 중국산 헛개나무 추출물이 양양산 보다 상대적으로 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 0.6 g/L 이상의 농도에서는 효소 활성이 어느 정도 저해되는 현상을 보여 헛개나무 추출물이 간해독작용에 관여하는 효소와 competitive inhibition 관계에 있을 수 있다는 추론을 할 수 있다 . 하지만 두 종 모두 조 추출물과 분획물의 경우 120-300% 이상의 GST 효소 활성 증진 효과를 보여 생산지에 관계없이 간 기능 활성이 중요한 역할을 하고 있음이 입증되었다.

This paper discussed about the effect of Zoogloea ramigera on the initial microorganism attachment and the biofilm growth. The additions of 5, 10 and 15%(w/w) of Zoogloea ramigera were facilitated for the initial attachment on the surface of the acryl disk. At biofilm growth, the more Zoogloea ramigera added to the activated sludge, the more biofilm dry weight was obtained. In order to get the stable biofilm and to minimize the start-up periods, initial biofilm formation using activated sludge with floe forming microorganisms like Zoogloea ramigera was recommended rather than that without floe forming microorganisms.

In order to develop of support media for biofilm reactor, physicochemical properties and attachability of surface of activated carbon, clay mineral, non-clay mineral, and waste mold sand were examined. Measured physicochemical properties of materials were surface roughness, mean particle size, surface area, hydrophobicity, and surface charge. At a tested materials, activated carbon was the best attachable material and microorganisms were attached 20.1 × 10^7 CFU/㎠ at surface, compared with diatomaceous earth which were attached of 9.2 × 10^7 CFU/㎠. In our research, surface area and hydrophobicity showed more influence than any other factor on attachment of microorganisms.

This paper discussed effect of the surface roughness and the hydrophobicity of support material on the microbial attachment in a rotating biological contactor. The hydrophobicity of each support material was determined by the measurement of contact angle of water and the surface roughness was measured by the surface roughness instrument. Microorganisms have well attached on the surface of more hydrophilic support material like Nylon6 than that of the hydrophobic support material like PE. When the relatively hydrophilic surface was roughen, the microbial attachment was increased but when the relatively hydrophobic surface was roughen, the attachment was slightly increased because the hydrophobicity of support material was increased by roughening the hydrophobic surface. Although both variables, the surface hydrophobicity and the surface roughness, have influenced the microbial attachment, the influence of the surface roughness overruled that of the surface hydrophobicity. Support material whose surfaces were roughened about l㎛, 6㎛ and 11㎛ were allowed for attached 3, 7 and 24hr, but the differences of maximum and minimum attachment of each material gave nearly constant values and similar trend with time.

The variations of gas hold-up, overall volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficients and liquid circulation velocity in an internal loop reactor were investigated to manifest scale-up effect. The relationship between superficial gas velocity and gas hold-up were found as Ugr = 0.045 εr in the pilot-scale and Ugr = 0.056 εr in the bench-scale reactor. The overall volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient, K_La was slightly increased in the pilotscale than in the bench-scale reactor. Flow regime was changed from the bubble flow to the churn-turbulent flow when the superficial gas velocity reached to 3.5 - 4 ㎝/sec in the pilot-scale.

The objective of this study was to examine the transient response to hydraulic shocks in an inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor(IFBBR) for the treatment of apartment sewage. The hydraulic shock experiments, when the system were reached at steady state with each HRT 12, 7, and 4hr, were conducted by changing twice HRT per day during 3days. The SCOD, SS, DO, and pH of the effluent stream were increased with hydraulic shock, but easily recovered to the steady state of pre-hydraulic shock condition. In spite of hydraulic shock, there were not much variation of biomass concentration, biofilm thickness, and biofilm dry density.

Hydrodynamic characteristics such as gas holdup, liquid circulation velocity and bed expansion in a hexagonal inverse fluidized bed were investigated using air-water system by changing the ratio (Ad/Ar) of cross-sectional area between the riser and the downcomer, the liquid level(Hl/H), and the superficial gas velocity(Ug). The gas holdup and the liquid circulation velocity were steadily increased with the superficial gas velocity increasing, but at high superficial gas velocity, some of gas bubbles were carried over to a downcomer and circulated through the column. When the superficial gas velocity was high, the Ad/Ar ratio in the range of 1 to 2.4 did not affect the liquid circulation velocity, but the maximum bed expansion was obtained at Ad/Ar ratio of 1.25. liquid circulation velocity was expressed as a model equation below with variables of the cross-sectional area ratio(Ad/Ar) between riser to downcomer, the liquid level(H1/H), the superficial gas velocity(Ug), the sparger height[(H-Hs)/H], and the draft plate level(Hb/H). Uld=11.62g^0.75(Hl/H)^10.30(Ad/Ar)^-0.52(H-Hs/H)^0.91(Hb/H)^0.13

A detachment of biofilm was investigated in an inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor(IFBBR). The biofilm thickness, δ and the bioparticle density, ρ_pd were decreased by the increase of Reynolds number, Re and the decrease of biomass concentration, b_c. The correlations were expressed as δ=61.6+16.33b_c-0.04Re and p_pd=0.3+0.027b_c- 2.93x10 exp (-5)Re by multiple linear regression analysis method. Specific substrate removal rate, q was derived by F/M ratio and biofilm thickness as q=0,44+0.82F/M-5.1x10 exp (-4)δ. Specific biofilm detachment rate, b_ds, was influenced by F/M ratio and Reynolds number as b_ds=-0.26+0.26F/M+2.17x10 exp (-4)Re. Specific biofilm deachment rate in an IFBBR was higher than that in a FBBR(fluidized bed biofilm reactor) because of the friction between air bubble and the bioparticles.

A number of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the organic removal efficiency and biomass characteristics according to the organic shock loading rate in a fluidized bed biofilm reactor. At the operation conditions of HRT, 8.44 hour, superficial upflow velocity, 0.9 ㎝/sec and temperature, 22±1 ℃, the removal efficiency of SCOD was founded to be 96.5, 92 and 90 % with the organic shock loading rate of 3.5, 10.8 and 33 kgCOD/㎥·day, respectively. Within the F/M ratio ranged 0.4 to 2.0 ㎏COD/㎏VSS·day, the SCOD removal efficiency was shown as 90% at F/M ratio of 2.0 ㎏COD/㎏VSS·day, but the TCOD removal efficiency was 72 % at F/M ratio of 1.8 kgCOD/kgVSS·day. The average biomass concentrations were 7800, 14950 and 27532 ㎎/l on the organic shock loading rate of 3.5, 10.8 and 33 ㎏COD/㎥·day, respectively. This result was agreed with the fact that more biomass could be produced at high concentration of substrate, but some biomass was detached at the onset of shock and easily acclimated at the shock condition.