The phenomenon climate change has become a common scientific term these days. Many international efforts devoted to understand the climate change and its impact on different sectors such as agriculture, tourism, forestry, livestock, heritage, air composition and sea level rise. Climate and weather conditions are a good example of factors which need to suitable adaptations. This article is a review of several climate studies of current climate change in different fields, and it summarizes the current knowledge about this area. Climate experts/scientists are working to better understand future climate changes and how these effects will vary by time to time and place to place.

Objectives The objective of our research was to establish the gene transformation, expression and characterization system in transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata. Materials and methods Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404/ binary vector pYBI121Regeneration of transgenic shoots: MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/ℓ NAA and 1 mg/ℓ BAP, 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar at pH 5.8. Agrobacterium cell density OD 600 between 0.8 and 1.0, Infection: 5 minutes DNA isolation and Polymerase chain reaction: DNA was extracted from young leafs excised from kanamycin resistant shoots. Two primers used for PCR amplification of the 700 bp of the npt II gene were N 1 (5′ GAA GCT ATT CGG CGG CTA TGA CTG 3′) as a sense primer and N 2 (5′ ATC GGG AGC GGC GGC GAT ACC CTA 3′) as a anti sense primer. Result and Discussion Adventitious shoots regenerated 3 weeks after Agrobacterium infection on regeneration medium containing 0.1 mg/ℓ NAA and 1 mg/ℓ BAP, 100 mg/ℓ kanamycin 250 mg/ℓ cefatoxime. Numerous adventitious shoot inductions of putative transformants were observed from the cut surface of explants which initially resembled knob like structure and later developed into new plant. PCR analysis of showed the expected bands of npt II gene. PCR analysis was carried out to confirm the insertion of the npt II gene in the genome of transformed plant. The expected amplified npt II fragments of size 700 bp was found in the T0 transformed plants, indicating the integration of npt II gene.

Introduction The ginseng saponin (ginsenoside) is one of the most important secondary metabolites in ginseng and hasvarious pharmacological activities. To date about 38 kinds of ginsenosides have been isolated and identified from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Among these ginsenosides, Rg3 is a precursor for ginsenoside Rh2, which has a very strong antitumor effect. and has many pharmaceutical activities. However, Rg3 is extremely low in normal ginseng. Thus production of ginsenoside Rg3 would be very important and many studies have aimed to convert major ginsenosides to the more active minor ginsenoside Rg3. The enzymatic conversion through sugar hydrolysis at a specific position is desirable for the production of active minor ginsenoside Rg3. Material and Method The isolation of β-glucosidase-producing microorganisms was performed according to a previously published method. Each microbialsuspension cultured in nutrient broth was added to the same volume of 1 mM ginsenoside Rb1 solution and then incubated on a rotary shaker at 30°C for 48 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with butanol saturated with H2O and then analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). 8 μl of the ginseng extract solution was spotted on a TLC plate and developed to 5.5 cm distance in a chamber with chloroform/methanol/water as the mobile phase. Bands on the TLC plates were detected by spraying 10% H2SO4, followed by heating. Result and Discussion Ginseng(the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is frequently used as a crude substance taken orally in Korea, China and Japan, as well as other Asian countries, as a traditional medicine. Ginsenosides are the principal components having pharmacological and biological activities. More than 38 different ginsenosides so far have been isolated and identified from ginseng saponins. Among them, deglycosylated ginsenosides are known to be more effective in vivo physiological action and to act as active compounds. A lactic acid bacteria, which have β-glucosidase activity, were isolated from soil and kimchi using a MRS-Esculin agar. These strains were identified on the basis of phylogenetic inference based on 16S rDNA sequences. TLC and HPLC were used to analysis transformed ginsenosides. Ginsenosides are main pharmacoactive component in ginseng. When ginseng was orally administered, the absorption of ginsenosides from the gastrointestinal tract are extremely low. In order to improve oral bioavailability, transforming major ginsenosides into more active minor ginsenoside is very important. Caulobacter leidyia GP45 and Micro- bacterium esteraromaticum GS514 were isolated from ginseng field for converting major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides. In the co-culture of strain GP45 and GS514 with ginsenoside Rb1, produced compound K and ginsenoside Rg3 individually. The transformation pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 were confirmed Rb1⟶Rd⟶F2⟶compound K and Rb1⟶Rd⟶Rg3.

An efficient somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration protocol was developed for Schisandra chinensis Baill, using embryogenic cell suspensions and optimized media conditions. Friable embryogenic callus was induced from cotyledonary leaf and hypocotyl explants of 7 days old seedlings on MS agar medium supplemented with 1.0 to 4.0 mg l-1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Fast growing and well dispersed embryogenic cell suspensions were developed within two months when embryogenic calli were transferred to MS liquid medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 2,4-D. One third strength of MS medium was the best for both overall growth and development of somatic embryos in liquid culture. Over 3400 viable somatic embryos were produced from each 150 ml flask with an initial cell density of 30 mg in 30 ml medium. Germinated somatic embryos developed in liquid medium converted into plantlets after transferred to half-strength MS semi-solid medium. Approximately 90% of the converted plantlets were successfully transplanted to soil and grew into fertile plants.

Field performance and morphological characterization was conducted on seven transgenic lines of Codonopsis lanceolata expressing γ-TMT gene. The shoots were obtained from leaf explants after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tume-faciens strain LBA 4404 harboring a binary vector pYBI 121 that carried genes encoding γ-Tocopherol methyltransferase gene (γ-TMT) and a neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (npt II) for kanamycin resistance. The transgenic plants were transferred to a green house for acclimation. Integration of T-DNA into the T0 and T1 generation of transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata genome was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction and southern blot analysis. The progenies of transgenic plants showed phenotypic differences within the different lines and with relative to control plants. When grown in field, the transgenic plants in general exhibited increased fertility, significant improvement in the shoot weight, root weight, shoot height and rachis length with relation to the control plants. However, all seven independently derived transgenic lines produced normal flower with respect to its shape, size, color and seeds number at its maturity. Indicating that the addition of a selectable marker gene in the plant genome does not effect on seed germination and agronomic performance of transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata. T1 progenies of these plants were obtained and evaluated together with control plant in a field experiment. Overall, the agronomic performance of T1 progenies of transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata showed superior to that of the seed derived non-transgenic plant. In this study, we report on the morphological variation and agronomic performance of transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata developed by Agrobacterium transformation.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of water and ethanol extracts from mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) to influence the inhibitory activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and xanthine oxidase(XOase). The total phenol contents and sixteen phenolic compounds were investigated in water and ethanol extracts. In order to understand the factors responsible for the potent antioxidant and antihypertensive ability of mulberry, it has been evaluated for anti-oxidative activity using Fenton's reagent/ethyl linoleate system and for free radical scavenging activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical generating system. The total phenol contents and total of phenolic compounds in ethanol extract showed higher levels than water extract in mulberry fruit six phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, narigin, syringic acid, quercetin, naringenin, kampferol) has a higher individual phenolic compound content in the 60% ethanol extraction than 80% ethanol extract. The inhibitory activity on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were highest in 80% ethanol extract (9.0%). Also, activity of xanthine oxidase(XOase) inhibition appeared highest in 80% ethanol extracts and correlated well with the total phenolic content, which was modulated by the concentration of individual phenolic compounds. This result revealed, that strong biological activity was caused by specific phenol compound contents. Utilization of water and ethanol extracts from mulberry fruit are expected to be good candidate for development into source of free radical scavengers and anti-hypertentive activity