Drought and flooding are just some of the ways the planet responds to climate change. As years pass, with increasing population and level of urbanization, these events become more frequent and severe. In South Korea, a disaster risk assessment system was developed to mitigate the flood risks in small streams. But since there is worldwide severity of water-related disasters, investigation and development of such methods of mitigation should not stop. In this study, the watershed was subdivided to reduce the time needed for a real-time flood simulation. The subdivision of the watershed was performed in three different cases with respect to the hydraulic characteristics of the watershed. The selection of an appropriate grid size to produce optimum flood simulation and efficient simulation time was also performed. This research aims to provide guidelines for watershed subdivision for real-time risk analysis systems as well as contribute to the existing knowledge of disaster risk assessment system in South Korea

Super Typhoon Haiyan which is known as super typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, the 24th typhoon to hit the country in 2013, is the world’s ‘most devastating typhoon to make a landfall’ in the entire human history. It struck the middle region of the Philippines killing thousands of people and causing billions of pesos worth of economic damages and losses. Tacloban, the capital of the province of Leyte which is approximately 360 miles southeast of Manila and is the largest city in the Eastern Visayas gaining the title of a highly urbanized city, was drastically damaged mainly due to storm surge flooding. The exceptional vulnerability of Tacloban was identified to be due to four reasons: the city’s large population, degree of urbanization, geographical location and last but not the least, its weak coastal areas. Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Philippines assessed the disaster preparedness of 12 cities in the Philippines including Tacloban. Several aspects are to be considered including Tacloban’s environmental and socio-economic exposure as well as its adaptive capacity towards catastrophic threats like Haiyan. This paper aims to provide better visualization on how danger-prone areas like Tacloban should act in anticipation of occurrence of extreme weather events. Development of strategies will also be tackled in relation to the development of disaster response

This paper empirically examines the short-run and long-run causal relationship between stock market prices and exchange rates in Chinese stock markets using monthly data from January 2002 to December 2012 retrieved from the National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. Unit root, cointegration tests, vector error correction estimates, block exogeneity Wald tests, impulse responses, variance decomposition techniques and structural break tests are employed. This study found 1) long-run causality from exchange rates to stock prices in Chinese stock markets and 2) short-run causality from Japanese yen and Korean won exchange rates to stock prices in the Shanghai Stock Exchange strongly prevails while in the Shenzhen Stock Exchange weakly prevails . The impact of the global financial crisis from 2007 to 2009 on Chinese stock markets was insignificant.

The objective of this study was carried out to elucidate the effect of LEDs (light emitting diodes) irradiation in relation to early growth and inorganic elements in leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Chung Chi Ma’). In morphological changes of leaves, shoot elongation and hypocotyl length showed poor growth in red light irradiation, while the red+blue light irradiation induced shorter plant height and much greater leaf numbers resulting in increased fresh weight. In change of the Hunter's color and SPAD values, lettuce seedlings grown under in red+blue and fluorescent light irradiation had a higher a* value, otherwise SPAD values were not changed in these light irradiations. Interestingly, relative chlorophyll contents showed 1.8 times increased redness in the treatment of red+blue light irradiation. Inorganic element (N, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe) and ascorbic acid contents were increased in lettuce plants grown under LEDs light irradiation compared to those of lettuce grown under the fluorescent light which showed higher P and Mn contents. In conclusion, it is considered that red+blue light irradiation which stimulates growth and higher nutrient uptake in leaf lettuce could be employed in containers equipped with LEDs.

In this study, oocyte steroidogenesis are investigated in relation to oocyte development in the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, a marine multiple spawner. Vitellogenic (0.52 and 0.55 mm oocyte diameter) and mature oocytes (0.63, 0.66 and 0.71 mm oocyte diameter) were incubated in vitro in the presence of [3H]17α-hydroxyprogesterone ([3H]17α- OHP) as a precursor. Steroid metabolites were extracted from the incubated media and oocytes, the extracts were separated and identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major metabolites produced from [3H]17α-OHP were androgens [androstenedione (A4) and testosterone (T)] and estrogens [17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1)] and progestins [17α,20α-dihydroxy-4-pregnen- 3-one (17α20αP) and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α20βP)] in vitellogenic and mature oocytes. The results from this study suggest the potential roles of E1 in the oocytes with diameter 0.52-0.71 mm, 17α20αP and 17α20βP at the oocytes of 0.63, 0.66 and 0.71 mm.

Purpose - Considering the importance of education as the base for countries’ development, the results of various studies show that accounting education is not reconciled to business environment changes with huge defects in methods of education and knowledge transition. Research design, data, and methodology – By reviewing current research and considering the effect of 12 factors, the study traces and detects why accounting education is far from the business environment from viewpoints of academic and practitioner bodies. After testing for validity and reliability, 225 questionnaires were administrated among representatives of three groups. Results - Respondents were not satisfied with lack of specification of various scientific areas of accounting, that less attention is paid to accounting software education, and about the rarity of workshops for performing accounting skills and discordance between accounting education and standard rules. Conclusion - These findings agreed with Albrecht and Sack (2001) who stated that the current style of accounting education is very cluttered and incomplete and needs major adjustments: subjects of accounting education must be based on the grounds of work needs not on willing academics.

In this study, we present results of precise orbital geodetic parameter estimation using satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations for the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) associate analysis center (AAC). Using normal point observations of LAGEOS-1, LAGEOS-2, ETALON-1, and ETALON-2 in SLR consolidated laser ranging data format, the NASA/ GSFC GEODYN II and SOLVE software programs were utilized for precise orbit determination (POD) and finding solutions of a terrestrial reference frame (TRF) and Earth orientation parameters (EOPs). For POD, a weekly-based orbit determination strategy was employed to process SLR observations taken from 20 weeks in 2013. For solutions of TRF and EOPs, loosely constrained scheme was used to integrate POD results of four geodetic SLR satellites. The coordinates of 11 ILRS core sites were determined and daily polar motion and polar motion rates were estimated. The root mean square (RMS) value of post-fit residuals was used for orbit quality assessment, and both the stability of TRF and the precision of EOPs by external comparison were analyzed for verification of our solutions. Results of post-fit residuals show that the RMS of the orbits of LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2 are 1.20 and 1.12 cm, and those of ETALON-1 and ETALON-2 are 1.02 and 1.11 cm, respectively. The stability analysis of TRF shows that the mean value of 3D stability of the coordinates of 11 ILRS core sites is 7.0 mm. An external comparison, with respect to International Earth rotation and Reference systems Service (IERS) 08 C04 results, shows that standard deviations of polar motion XP and YP are 0.754 milliarcseconds (mas) and 0.576 mas, respectively. Our results of precise orbital and geodetic parameter estimation are reasonable and help advance research at ILRS AAC.

텅스텐은 고융점 전이금속으로 융점이 3,653K, 비중이 19.3으로 60% 이상이 초경합금으로, 24%가 철강 첨가원소로 그리고 14%가 합금용으로 이용되고 있다. 그러나 최근 부가가치가 높은 특수철강 산업과 특수조명 그리고 시약과 촉매로의 이용이 확대되면서 텅스텐의 수요가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 우리나라도 텅스텐을 전략 희유금속광으로 분류하고 관련 산업의 지속적인 성장을 위해, 전량 수입에 의존하는 텅스텐의 장기적･안정적 확보를 위한 전략을 수립하고 있다. 텅스텐광의 세계 매장량은 280만 톤에 이르는 것으로 보고되고 있으나, 중국, 러시아, 캐나다, 미국 등 4개국에 85% 이상이 부존되어 있다. 특히, 중국의 경우 180만 톤 이상이 부존되어 있어 세계 매장량의 64.3%를 차지하고 있으며, 연간 생산량은 65,000톤 이상으로 세계 생산량의 85% 이상을 점유하고 있어, 지역 편재가 심한 광종 중 하나이다. 우리나라도 과거 강원도 상동광산, 경상북도 거성광산 등에서 텅스텐을 생산하였으나, 중국의 값싼 텅스텐이 세계 시장을 선점하면서 급격한 가격하락으로 채산성이 악화되어 1980년대에 생산을 중단한 상태이다. 이처럼 오랜 기간 텅스텐광의 개발이 이루어지지 않아, 우리나라의 텅스텐 선광 관련 분야의 기술은 매우 낙후되어 있다. 따라서 국내 텅스텐광의 채산성 향상 및 해외 텅스텐광 확보를 위한 선광 관련 분야의 기술개발이 필요한 실정이다. 또한 고품위광의 고갈 및 가격 급등으로 인해 선별처리 되고 버려진 폐석으로부터 텅스텐광을 회수할 수 있는 경제적인 기술개발에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 텅스텐광 회수를 위한 선별공정 중 비중선별 단계에서 발생한 폐석을 대상으로 텅스텐광 회수를 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 습식 비중선별의 하나인 Shaking Table을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였으며, 반면 경사각, 반면 충정수, 물의 공급수량 등 다양한 조건을 변화하며 최적 분리조건 및 분리효율을 규명하여 대상 시료의 본 선별법을 통한 분리 가능성을 확인하였다.

폐기물 가스화 공정은 폐기물 처리 및 합성 가스 생산에 모두에 유망한 기술이다. 특히 오늘날 세계적으로 경제가 급격히 성장한 개발도상국들은 경제 성장을 통해 많은 혜택을 얻었지만 성장에 따른 소비증가에 의하여 폐기물 증가로 환경적으로 사회적으로 도시고형폐기물(Municipal Solid Waste) 처리가 주요문제가 되고 있다. 도시고형폐기물을 처리하는데 매립, 소각, 재활용을 하거나 지정된 해양에 배출하는 방법 등을 통해 처리되어왔으나 처리가 힘들어 지고 있다. 최근에는 환경적으로 비산재, 다이옥신과 같은 2차 환경오염물질, 매립지 부족 같은 문제가 없는 가스화 방법을 선호하고 있다. 가스화 기술은 다른 처리 기술보다 오염 배출이 적고 특히 에너지 생산 면에서 더 좋은 면을 보여주고 있어 환경적인 문제를 해결함과 동시에 신재생에너지를 확보할 수 있다는 점에서 더욱 매력적인 공정이라고 할 수 있다. MSW를 처리하여 생성된 합성가스 성분은 일산화탄소, 이산화탄소, 수소, 메탄 등이 있는 데 주성분을 이루는 물질은 일산화탄소와 수소성분이다. 일산화탄소의 분리 및 정제기술은 C₁ 화학공정에 있어서 기본적인 화학물질의 합성을 위한 기초물질로 활용되는 관점에서 매우 중요한 공정 중의 하나이다. 그러나 이러한 일산화탄소와 수소를 폐기물합성가스로부터 분리 회수하기 위해서는 반드시 이산화탄소와 같은 가스성분의 분리가 선행되어야만 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 폐기물합성가스로부터 고순도의 일산화탄소와 수소 등을 분리회수하기 위하여 사전에 폐기물합성가스로부터 이산화탄소를 흡착 제거하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 PSA공정을 이용한 이산화탄소의 흡착실험으로부터 측정한 파과곡선의 흡착특성을 기존의 흡착 등온식과 비교하여 고찰하였다.

BOH magnetometer was installed at Mt. Bohyun in 2007 and has provided continuous dataset for 3-axis geomagnetic field over the South Korea. We have calculated real-time K-index based on BOH magnetic field data using well-known FMI method. Local K-index is calculated eight times a day, per every three hours. To calculate K-index, it is critical to get the Quiet Day Curve (QDC). For QDC calculation, we take the previous one month’s average of H-component. In this paper, we compared four geomagnetic stations’ magnetic field data over South Korea and Japan and K-indices of each stations; Bohyun, Gangneung, Jeju, and Kakioka for two years data, 2011-2012. To investigate the difference depending on the latitude, longitude and local time in more detail, we compare K-index on International Quiet Days (IQDs) and International Disturbed Days (IDDs). As a result, we report the correlation between local K-indices are higher than those between Kp and local K-indices, and the correlation is much better after sunset than after sunrise. As the geomagnetic activity becomes stronger, the correlation between the local K-indices and global Kp-index become higher.

We report the detection of a quasi-sinusoidally modulated optical flux with a period of 4.6343 hour in the optical and infrared band of the Fermi source 2FGL J2339.7-0531. Comparing the multi-wavelength observations, we suggest that 2FGL J2339.7-0531 is a γ-ray emitting millisecond pulsar (MSP) in a binary system with an optically visible late-type companion accreted by the pulsar, where the MSP is responsible for the γ-ray emission while the optical and infrared emission originate from the heated side of the companion. Based on the optical properties, the companion star is believed to be heated by the pulsar and reaches peak magnitude when the heated side faces the observer. We conclude that 2FGL J2339.7-0531 is a member of a subclass of γ-ray emitting pulsars -the ‘black widows’- recently revealed to be evaporating their companions in the late-stage of recycling as a prominent group of these newly revealed Fermi sources.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to be attractive approaching in gene or drug delivery for cancer therapeutic strategies. In this study, the ability and feasibility of human bone marrow derived MSCs expressing the cytosine deaminase (CD)/5-Fluorocytosin (5-FC) prodrug was evaluated to target human osteosarcoma cell line Cal-72. At first, the fibroblast-like cells were successfully obtained from human bone marrow and demonstrated that they contained full of stem characteristics by the ability of differentiation into adipocyte/osteocyte and expression of typical mesenchymal markers CD90, CD44, while negative for CD34 and CD133 markers. We established the stable CD-expressing MSCs cell line (CD-MSCs) by transfection of pEGFP-C3 containing cytosine deaminase::uracil phos-phoribosyltransferase (CD::UPRT) gene into MSCs, and confirmed that the manipulated MSCs still remained full characteristics of multipotent cells and shown migration toward human osteosarcoma cancer cells Cal-72 as high as origin MSCs. Based on bystander effect, the therapeutic CD-MSCs significantly augmented the cytotoxicity on cancer cell Cal72 in either direct co-culture or conditioned medium in the presence of 5-FC. Moreover, in osteosarcoma cancer- bearing mice, the therapeutic CD/5-FC MSCs showed the inhibition of tumor growth compared with control mice which was s.c injected with only Cal72. Our findings suggest that these therapeutic CD-MSCs may be suitable and viable cellular vehicles for targeting human osteosarcoma cancer.

DGCR8 is a RNA-binding protein working with DROSHA involved in critical processes for microRNA production in the nucleus. To understand function of miRNAs in the uterus, we have produced uterus-specific Dgcr8 conditional knock-out mice using two well-known Cre mouse models, anti-Mullerian hormone receptor 2 (Amhr2)-Cre and progesterone receptor (PR)-Cre. Dgcr8flox/flox;PRcre/+ mice were mainly analyzed and considered as uDgcr8 KO in this study unless otherwise indicated as Dgcr8flox/flox;Amhr2cre/+ mice. Morphological and histological analyses, embryo cultures, genomic DNA PCR, realtime RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed. uDgcr8 KO females bred with fertile males did not produce any offspring, suggesting that these mice are infertile. Vaginal smear analyses showed that these mice do not undergo estrous cycle, whereas Dgcr8flox/flox;Amhr2cre/+ mice exhibited regular estrous cyclicity. In vitro culture of 2-cell stage embryos and histological analyses for CL in uDgcr8 KO demonstrated that they can respond to gonadotrophins to ovulate healthy oocytes with comparable fertilization potentials as compared to those in Dgcr8flox/flox mice (Control). Gross morphology, histology, and weight of uteri of uDgcr8 KO mice were similar to those of control at 3-week-old stage. However, uterus become extremely thinner and shorter from 4-week-old stage onward. Histological examination showed significant reduction in gland numbers and stromal area from 4-week-old stage. Interestingly, this phenotype is reflected by significant increase of PR expression in the uteri of 4-week-old mice. In addition, stromal cell proliferation of uDgcr8 KO is severely impaired. BrdU incorporation experiments showed that while epithelial cells undergo proliferation by E2 treatment, stromal cells do not incorporate BrdU under the uterine conditions provided with E2+P4. Collectively, these results conclude that microRNAs are essential for uterine stromal cell proliferation in mice.

Vitrification uses cryoprotectants and liquid nitrogen, which may cause osmotic stress and cryodamage to oocytes. Autophagy is widely considered as a survival or responsive mechanism to various environmental and cellular stresses. However, the status of autophagy in vitrified-warmed oocytes has not been studied. In this work, we investigated if vitrification-warming process induces autophagy in mouse oocytes. Four-week-old female ICR mice and GFP-LC3 transgenic mice were used. The mice were superovulated with 5IU PMSG and 5IU hCG and ovulated MII oocytes were collected from oviducts. Oocytes obtained from several mice were pooled and divided into three groups. Group1: fresh oocytes. Group2: oocytes treated with vitification solutions (1.3 M EG+1.1 M DMSO and 2.7 M EG+2.1 M DMSO+0.5 M sucrose for 2.5 min) and warming solutions (0.5 M, 0.25, 0,125, and 0 M sucrose at intervals 2.5 min). Group3: vitrified-warmed oocytes (loaded onto an EM copper grid, and were stored in LN2 for 2 weeks). RT-PCR and confocal live imaging of GFP-LC3 were performed to examine the effects of vitrification-warming process on autophagy in oocytes. In RT-PCR analyses, expression of autophagy related (Atg) genes, such as Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, LC3a, LC3b, and Beclin1 was examined. Expression of Atg7 and Atg12 was slightly reduced in Group 3 (vitrified-warmed oocytes). The expression levels of other Atg genes did not change. Confocal live imaging analysis using oocytes from GFP-LC3 transgenic mice revealed that some vitrified-warmed oocytes showed green puncta which indicate autophagic activation. All oocytes of Group 1 and Group 2 show no puncta formation. Our results suggest that induction of autophagy may serve as an indicator of conditions of vitrification-warming process. Moreover, it offers the possibility that development of methods to modulate autophagic response during cryopreservation could improve efficacy of oocyte cryopreservation.

Autophagy is a major cellular catabolic pathway and is tightly associated with survival and death of cells. The involvement of autophagy during prolonged survival of blastocysts in the uterus is established and it was assumed that ovarian steroid hormones – estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) – play important roles in its regulation. The uterus is a major target organ of E2 and P4. To examine if E2 or P4 modulate autophagy in the mouse uterus in vivo, the following three systems were used. 1) Normal pregnancy model (days 1 to 8); 2) delayed implantation model; 3) ovariectomized (OVX) mice model treated with single steroid hormone. Six-week-old virgin ICR mice were used for pregnancy and OXV. OVX mice received P4 (1 mg/0.1 ml) or E2 (100 ng/0.1 ml) after 12 days of rest. Collected uteri were subjected to Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining using anti-LC3B antibody to monitor autophagy. In pregnant mouse uterus, the autophagic response was downregulated after implantation. In OVX model, either E2 or P4 injection downregulated the autophagic response in the uterus within several hours. To confirm whether hormone-induced downregulation is mediated by classical estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), receptor antagonists (ICI 182,780 and RU-486) were co-treated. Antagonist-treated uteri showed recovery of autophagic response, suggesting that ER or PR mediates hormonal effects on autophagy. In oder to determine which signaling pathway is involved in autophagic regulation by E2, rapamycin (5 mg/kg), a mTOR inhibitor, and LY294002 (5 mg/kg), a PI3 kinase inhibitor, were used. Rapamycin and LY294002 were injected just before E2 injection to OVX mice. Western blotting was performed by using anti-phospho-mTOR and anti-AKT antibodies. We observed that rapamycin treatment partially antagonized downregulation of autophagic activation by E2, whereas LY294002 treatment did not have any effect. Therefore, downregulation of autophagy by E2 seems to be partially mediated by mTOR pathway. Collectively, this study suggests that ovarian steroid hormones are upstream controllers of autophagic response in the mouse uterus.

We used a microarray dataset that is deposited in the public database to evaluate plant responses to heat stress and selected two genes, OsSHSP1 (Os03g16030) and OsSHSP2 (Os01g04380), that are highly expressed under heat stress in rice. OsSHSP1 and OsSHSP2 gene transcripts were highly induced in response to salt and drought. In addition, OsSHSP1 and OsSHSP2 gene transcripts were induced under ABA and SA. Subcellular localization of proteins of 35S::OsSHSP1 were associated with the cytosol, whereas those of and 35S::OsSHSP2 were associated with the cytosol and nucleus. Heterogeneous overexpression of both genes exhibited higher germination rates than those of wild-type plants under the salt treatment, but not under heat or drought stress. The network of both genes harboring 9 sHSPs as well as at least 13 other chaperone genes might support the idea of a role for sHSPs in the chaperone network. Our findings might provide clues to shed light on the molecular functions of OsSHSP1 and OsSHSP2 in response to abiotic stresses, especially heat stress.

Rice is a staple food crop in the world. A number of agronomically important traits including enhancement of stress tolerance, quality improvement, and nutrition value increases have been introduced to rice. In this study, an Oryza sativa cDNA containing a U-box motif was cloned; its deduced amino acid sequence was compared to that of other U-box genes and indicated that encodes a U-box-containing E3 ligase. E3 ligases are structurally divided into three groups. We isolated the OsUPS gene from rice (Oryza sativa). The OsUPS protein has domain which is a single~70-amino acid region of the protein and GKL domain containing conserved Glycine, Lysine/ Araginine residues and leucine-rich feature. A full-length expression of OsUPS was up-regulated in the rice plant and in cell culture in the absence of phosphate. To express the OsUPS cDNA, it was inserted into the pGEX-2T vector. And the gene was expressed in E.coli strain BL21 (DE3). Induced after 3h of IPTG treatment and was isolated by affinity chromatography. Using the GUS reporter genes regulated by the OsUPS promoter, we have carried out the analysis of transcriptional and spatial regulation of gene expression. To investigate the function of these genes, the CaMV 35S promoter-driven these genes were introduced into Arabidopsis and rice via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transformation. We found that full-length expression of OsUPS was up-regulated in both rice plants and cell culture in the absence of inorganic phosphate (Pi). A self-ubiquitination assay indicated that the bacterially expressed OsUPS protein had E3 ligase activity, and subcellular localization results showed that OsUPS was located in the chloroplast. These results support the notion that OsUPS plays an important role in the Pi signaling pathway through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system.

Rice is not only a model plant of monocots but also one of the most important crops all over the world. Despite the importance of leaf shape for achieving effective plant architecture for photosynthesis, little is known about the genetic mechanisms that determine leaf morphological characteristics. Explanation of the genetic basis of the control of leaf shape could be of use in the manipulation of crop traits, leading to increased crop production. Many mutants related to leaf morphology have been identified and classified according to their function in determining leaf morphology. search on the genetics of leaf development has used mutagensis to create loss-of-function mutations that change leaf shape. To understand the molecular mechanism of leaf morphogenesis, we identified a rice mutant gene, which was characterized by a phenotype of narrow leaves. While the mutation resulted in reduced leaf width, no significant morphological changes at the cellular level in leaves were observed, except in bulliform cells. The gene locus guess that it encodes a adenosine kinase, which displays sequence homology with ribokinase pfkB like superfamily. To test function of gene, we cloned gene which have 1140 nucleotides and 379 amino acids. This gene was transcribed in various tissues and was mainly expressed in panicles and leaves. NAL7, NAL1 and SLL1 were found to be downregulated, whereas OsAGO7 and NRL1 were upregulated in the mutant. These findings suggested that there might be a functional association between these genes in regulating leaf development.

Capsinoids which were found recently in non-pungent pepper show the same biological effects as capsaicinoid including anticancer and anti-obesity. A precursor of capsaicinoids, vanillyl alcohol, is known to be produced by mutations in the p-aminotransferase (pAMT) gene. In the previous study, we showed that capsinoid production is also controlled by the capsaicin synthase (CS) gene. However correlation between the CS gene expression and capsinoids contents has not been fully understood. This study was conducted to elucidate correlation between the expression level of CS gene and capsinoids contents. Through germplasm screening, we identified one C. chinese pepper cultivar, SNU11-001, which contained capsinoids as much as C. annuum ‘CH-19 Sweet’. SNU11-001 was crossed with five Capsicum cultivars (ECW, Takanotsume, Yuwolcho, Habanero and Jolokia) containing different levels of capsaicin, ‘ECW’ is non-pungent pepper line, and ‘Takanotsume’ and ‘Yuwolcho’ have mild pungency, and ‘Habanero’ and ‘Jolokia’ is known to be included in the most pungent pepper lines. When we analyzed the expression of CS and pAMT genes using the six Capsicum cultivars, the expression levels of CS were higher in pungent Capsicum cultivars. To test whether the expression levels of CS also control capsinoids contents, we will analyze several F2 populations derived from crosses between SNU11-001 and Capsicum cultivars containing different levels of capsaicin.