Insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) regulates multiple physiological processes such as larval growth, reproduction, and life span in many organisms including legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). RNA interference of IIS components, insulin receptor (InR) and Forkhead Box O (FOXO), impaired larval growth and female reproduction. To further validate the physiological roles of InR and FOXO, we generated knock-out (KO) mutants using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing technology. Both KO mutants exhibited delayed larval growth and reduced pupal and adult body sizes. In conclusion, these results demonstrated the critical role of insulin signaling (IIS) pathway to control M. vitrata growth and development.

The serious emergence of chemical-mediated residual toxicity and insect resistance have been enforced the regulation of synthetic pesticides. Future decisions to select more realistic control options probably depend on the speed of technological development in chemical and biological pesticides. Now, a strategic collaboration between synthetic pesticides and biopesticides has been progressed, such as distribution and R&D in collaboration and M&A for obtaining microbial resources. Recently registered microbial pesticides are entomopathogenic fungi in pest management. A concept of e-biopesticide could be properly combined with digital agriculture and accelerate the use of biological control agents in the future farming.

The longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is one of the vectors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in human. The use of pyrethroid insecticides induced pest resistance and environmental residual toxicity. Here in this work, our interest was given to the selection of highly virulent fungi against longhorned tick. A total of 101 fungal pathogens were assayed by dipping the nymph stage of ticks into a conidial suspension. Interestingly of the several species, one species showed high virulence and mycosis were observed in 7-15 days. Highly virulent strains were selected, and semi-field experiments were conducted. As a result, the control efficacy of the isolate was over 80% at 30 days of treatment. This work suggests that entomopathogenic fungi could be used to effectively control longhorend ticks.

In this study, we developed 11 microsatellite markers specific to A. crataegi using NGS to investigate the genetic relationships of A. crataegi populations from South Korea to circumferential Asian countries (China, Russia, Mongolia, and Japan). Further, two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene segments (COI and CytB) were sequenced from the samples. The population- and individual-based Principal Coordinates and STRUCTURE analyses collectively suggested that the South Korean population of A. crataegi is most differentiated from the Japanese population, whereas it was closer to Mongolian and Chinese populations. These results collectively suggest that northern populations, in particular, Mongolian populations can be considered as the most genetically compatible one as donee population, when the reintroduction program is launched. †These authors contributed equally to this paper.

Silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is a worldwide agricultural pest that cause serious damage to crops. However, since this insect developed resistance to variety of chemicals, alternative control strategy needs to be studied. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control tools against this pest. We developed a dipping method in laboratory conditions to screen insecticidal activity of different fungal species and isolates against the nymphal stage of whitefly. The highly virulent isolates were characterized and 2 isolates were further selected based on their high conidial productivity and thermotolerance. Finally, several grain substrates were used to confirm the conidial productivity and thermotolerance of the selected isolates, revealing optimum conidial production when the fungi were cultured on millet grains. Both isolates could be used in further millet grain-based formulations to control the whitefly in fields.

Red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae is one of the serious pests, damaging to the egg production in chickens. Moreover, the overuse of chemical insecticides caused pest resistance and environmental residual toxicity. Therefore, this work provides a screening method to select entomopathogenic fungi as a candidate of environmentally safe control agent, having high miticidal activity against D. Gallinae. The virulence test was conducted using a spraying method. Of the several species, Beauveria species showed high virulence and mycosis were observed. Some isolates were produced on eight cereal grains in Petri dish conditions. Millet, perilla seed and barley showed the high conidia production. Conidia of the isolates produced on millet and rice showed high thermal stability, when exposed to 45℃. Based on these results, this work suggests that entomopathogenic fungi could be used to control the D. Gallinae.

Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is known as a pest that has a wide host range. This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of D. suzukii by trapping D. suzukii in Korean strawberry greenhouse and its surrounding woodland from November, 2017 to April, 2019. As a result of trap monitoring, the greatest capture was recorded in fall and secondary peak was confirmed in summer in a lower capture. It was confirmed that there was a statistically significant difference between the occurrence among inside and outside of the greenhouse and the woodland. The strawberry greenhouse cultivation area of Korea is mainly located in the plain region, whereas most of the other host plants for D. suzukii are usually grown at the ridge of the mountain or hillside. Therefore, if considering the living environment of host plant, monitoring result that showed more capture in woodland than strawberry greenhouse would be explained.

We investigated developmental characteristic of life cycle of the lawn cutworm, Spodoptera depravata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is one of the most economically damaging pests to grasses. For larval culture the turfgrass, Zoysia japonica (Poales: Poaceae), was provided at 25℃ and 60 ± 5% humidity. Developmental period of each stage was as follows: 4.11 ± 0.19 days for eggs, 25.17 ± 3.02 for larvae, 8.80 ± 0.28 for pupae and 7.57 ± 0.95 for adults. Larvae was grown to 7th instar, unlike pre-existing data, which indicated the final age as the 6th instar. Body length of larvae changed on average from 2.772 mm immediately after hatching to 2.3 cm at 7th instar and head capsule width changed on average from 0.423 mm at 1st instar to 2.82 mm at 7th instar. Pre-period of eggs deposition was 2 days, oviposition period was 4.6 days, average fecundity per female was about 419 eggs, and hatching rate was about 83%.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pest species, because it devastates many horticultural and ornamental crops and fruit trees. The resistance ratios calculated for the LC50 value in acequinocyl- and pyridaben-resistant strain was 4,237- and 5,555-fold higher than that of the susceptible strain, respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cross-resistance to several acaricides and to identify the mechanisms associated with acequinocyl- and pyridaben-resistant strain of T. urticae.

A specific serotonin receptor (Se-5HTR) has been identified in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua and classified into 5-HT7 type. Se-5HTR expression was up-regulated in hemocytes and fat body in response to immune challenge. As being a GPCR, this receptor is presumably coupled with intracellular trimeric Gαs protein activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway to regulate several cellular functions. RNA interference (RNAi) of Se-5HTR as well as its downstream signal proteins exhibited significant suppression in cellular immune responses including nodulation and phagocytosis. Application of inhibitors to the signaling cascade suppressed the immune responses as well. To validate the Se-5HTR involvement in mediating cellular immunity, 5-HTR knock-out mutants were developed using CRISPR-Cas9 technique and suffered significant developmental anomalies.

최근 파밤나방 등 다양한 나비목 해충에서 diamide 계통의 살충제 (IRAC group 28)의 저항성이 많이 보고가 되고 있다. 국내에서도 이미 배추좀나방과 파밤나방의 저항성이 보고되었는데, 본 연구에서 사용된 강릉에서 2018년 채집한 파밤나방의 경우 Chlorantraniliprole에 대하여 감수성 대비 2,500배 이상의 높은 저항성을 나타냈다. 추천 농도 처리 시 30% 이하의 방제가를 나타냈으며 Cyantraniliprole, Cyclaniliprole, Flubendiamide에서 높은 교차저항성을 나타냈다. 이 저항성 집단에서 diamide 계통 살충제의 작용점인 ryanodine receptor에 이미 보고된 G4946E 돌연변이는 발견되지 않았으나 새로운 I4760M 돌연변이를 발견하였는데, 2014년 배추좀나방에서 보고된 돌연변이와 위치가 동일하였다. 따라서 I4760M 돌연변이는 파밤나방에서 diamide 저항성에 관여 할 것으로 판단한다.

The oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera doralis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a tropical pest, have recently been expanded to temperate region neighboring with Korea, with increasing international trade and global climate change. The biological data of several B. dorsalis complex was collected, and the establishment potential in Korea was examined using ecoclimatic index and population model results obtained from CLIMEX and Popmodel, respectively. In the CLIMEX, B. dorsalis could be established in the small part of Jeju Island in the 2010s, and the range gradually spread until the 2090s, and many parts of the lowland of Jeju Island were assigned in the marginal to optimal range. Using the population model and the temporal distribution of the host fruits, it was found that B. dorsalis can use a variety of host plants without time lag, allowing them to increase its population and to damage citrus, the main crop of Jeju.

Ticks are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites, which can transmit various pathogens including bacteria, protozoa, and viruses via salivary secretion during feeding. Dopamine is known to be the most potent molecule for tick salivary secretion during blood feeding. Two dopamine receptors were recently characterized in tick salivary glands: dopamine receptor (D1) and invertebrate specific D1-like dopamine receptor (InvD1L). Dopamine’s action controlls the salivary glands by two distinct physiological actions: 1) inward fluid transport into the lumen of salivary glands acini via D1 receptor, 2) emptying lumen solute into salivary duct by pumping and gating via InvD1L. Between blood feeding, ticks can survive long period of time without blood feeding because of their highly developed osmoregulatory mechanisms. Off host ticks can maintain water balance by obtaining atmospheric water vapor via salivary glands. Understanding osmoregulation in ticks is crucial for the development of novel methods to prevent tick-borne disease transmission. S3-5

Mosquitoes are the most important medical species by transmitting some of deadly infectious diseases to human. Established vector control methods involving the elimination of larval habitats, the use of physical barriers, or those involving insecticides are not sufficient to maintain the populations of these species below the epidemic risk threshold. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a species-specific, non-polluting and environmentally benevolent method of insect control. This technique involves the release of massive numbers of artificially-reared sterile male insects that, due to their abundance, outcompete fertile wild males for mating opportunities with wild female insects. In this study we discuss optimization of the sterilization process and present a simple model and procedure for determining the optimum dose.

Background: Previous researchers have investigated the mechanical and neurophysiological effects of manual mobilization, however little research has been done on muscle tone and muscle stiffness. Objective: To compare the effects of posterior-anterior (PA) mobilization with weight bearing on sling and conventional PA mobilization on the bed. Design: Randomized controlled trial (single blind) Methods: The subjects were 16 male university students and randomized to sling mobilization group (SMG, n=8) or conventional mobilization group (CMG, n=8). SMG received PA mobilization using a sling and CMG received traditional mobilization on the bed during lumbar mobilization. Results: Both left and right muscle tones of SMG increased, but left muscle tone of SMG were increased and right muscle tone was decreased after intervention. In addition, both left and right muscle stiffness of SMG were also increased, however left muscle stiffness of SMG was increased and right muscle stiffness was decreased. The muscle tone and muscle stiffness of SMG were higher than those of DMG, especially the right side was statistically significantly higher. Extension of SMG, extension and flexion of CMG were increased statistically significantly except for Flexion of SMG (p<.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in Extension and Flexion. Conclusions: This study suggests that lumbar spine PA mobilization using sling is beneficial in improving muscle tone, muscle stiffness, and trunk movement.

In pursuing carbon emission reduction efforts, companies have focused for the most part on reducing emissions due to the more efficient equipment and facilities. However they overlook a significant source of carbon emissions, one that is driven by operational policies. Currently companies are looking for solutions to reduce carbon emissions associated with their operations. Operational adjustments, such as modifications in order quantities could an effective way in reducing carbon emissions in the supply chain. Also, Cap-and-Trade mechanism is generally accepted as on of the most effective market-based mechanism to reduce carbon emissions. In this paper, we investigate a supply chain with single manufacturer and multiple retailers multi-product inventory model under the cap-and-trade system incorporating the carbon emissions caused by transportation and warehousing activities. Also, we provide an iterative solution algorithm and derive the common order interval and the number of intervals for each product. We show by numerical example that the inventory model incorporating cap & trade mechanism can reduce total cost and carbon emissions compared to the classical inventory model. Using the numerical examples, we also investigates different carbon price on the performance of the inventory model.

There are two methods for evaluating two or more mutually exclusive projects. One is a total investment approach and the other is an incremental investment approach. The former can rank projects by the criterion of the net present value, but the latter can’t do it. An incremental investment approach is only possible when all pairwise alternatives are compared. Thus an incremental investment approach is superior in ranking them over an incremental investment approach. To do so, a principle of comparison must be established. Comparisons of profitability are reasonable when operating the same amount of investment over the same period of time. One principle is that all projects are invested in the largest of the projects. Another principle is that all projects are invested during the longest project life of the projects. In this paper, even if the principle is followed, it will be shown that the external rate of return fails to rank them. However, the productive rate of return criterion would prove to be able to rank them like the net present value standard, provided that the principle of comparison is kept. In addition, rate of returns can be assessed so that all mutually exclusive projects can be compared at once, such as on the criterion of the net present value. That is, it can be also compared with many other returns, such as the profit rates on financial investments or real investments.

목적 : 재질이 다른 두 종류의 한달 착용 실리콘하이드로겔 렌즈를 착용 기간에 따라 렌즈 전면의 NITBUT와 자각적 증상을 비교하였다. 방법 : Samfilcon A와 Comfilcon A 렌즈를 32명(평균 23.5±2.92세, 여: 24명, 남: 8명)의 오른쪽 눈과 왼쪽 눈에 각각 착용하고, 대상자에게 3회 방문 (첫째 날 3시간 후, 1일 및 1주일 렌즈 착용 9시간 후)을 요청한 후, 고대비도(100%)와 저대비도(10%) 시력표를 이용한 시력검사와 Keratograph 5M (Oculus, Germany)을 사용하 여 렌즈 전면의 non-invasive tear breakup time (NITBUT)를 측정하였다. 콘택트렌즈와 관련 있는 자각적 증상은 5개 항목(불편함, 건조감, 시력 변화, 눈 감고 싶음, 렌즈 제거하고 싶음)으로 설문지 작성을 하도록 하였다. 결과 : 밝은 조명상태에서 검사한 고대비시력과 저대비시력, 그리고 렌즈 전면의 NITBUT는 Samfilcon A와 Comfilcon A 사이에서 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 각각의 렌즈 착용 7일 동안 시력과 NITBUT 변화에서도 의미 있는 차이는 없었다. 콘택트렌즈 착용과 관련된 5개 항목의 자각적 증상의 상대적 발생빈도는 모든 항목에서 유의한 차 이가 없었고, 렌즈에 대한 선호도에서도 두 렌즈 착용자들의 반응은 통계적으로 차이가 없었다(각각, 40.6%, 37.5%). 결론 : 이 연구는 Samfilcon A와 Comfilcon A사이에서 pre-lens NITBUT와 자각적 증상에 대한 비슷한 임상 결과를 보여준다. 두 실리콘하이드로겔 렌즈는 제조사와 렌즈 재질이 다름에도 불구하고 렌즈 착용자들 사이에 서 두 렌즈의 차이점은 발견할 수 없었다.

A wireless sensor network is emerging technology and intelligent wireless communication paradigm that is dynamically aware of its surrounding environment. It is also able to respond to it in order to achieve reliable and efficient communication. The dynamical cognition capability and environmental adaptability rely on organizing dynamical networks effectively. However, optimally clustering the cognitive wireless sensor networks is an NP-complete problem. The objective of this paper is to develop an optimal sensor network design for maximizing the performance. This proposed Ranking Artificial Bee Colony (RABC) is developed based on Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) with ranking strategy. The ranking strategy can make the much better solutions by combining the best solutions so far and add these solutions in the solution population when applying ABC. RABC is designed to adapt to topological changes to any network graph in a time. We can minimize the total energy dissipation of sensors to prolong the lifetime of a network to balance the energy consumption of all nodes with robust optimal solution. Simulation results show that the performance of our proposed RABC is better than those of previous methods (LEACH, LEACH-C, and etc.) in wireless sensor networks. Our proposed method is the best for the 100 node-network example when the Sink node is centrally located.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 안경원 정기 휴무제 실태를 분석하여 안경사의 감정조절능력을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 2018년 4월부터 12월까지 충남과 강원지역 안경원에 근무하는 안경사 478명을 대상으로 안경원 개설유무 및 안경원 정기 휴무제 시행을 설문 조사하였다. 이에 따른 안경사의 감정노동, 스트레스 대처에 대한 자기관리, 심리적 안녕감의 차이를 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : 종사자는 개설자보다 감정노동과 감정소진은 높았고, 스트레스 대처에 대한 자기관리와 심리적 안녕감은 낮게 나타났다. 안경원 정기 휴무제를 시행하지 않는 안경사는 정기 휴무제를 시행하는 안경사보다 감정노동과 감정소진이 높았고, 심리적 안녕감과 스트레스 대처에 대한 자기관리는 낮았다. 결론 : 정기 휴무제를 시행하는 안경사는 감정노동, 감정소진이 낮았으며, 스트레스 대처에 대한 자기관리와 심리적 안녕감은 높았다. 본 연구는 안경사의 감정조절능력과 심리적 안녕감을 이해하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있으며, 향후 안경원 경영 및 안경사 직무수행 시 발생하는 직무스트레스를 줄이는데 기여하리라 생각된다.