본 연구는 퇴비에 함유된 영양소 및 중금속 함량을 파악하고 상추 재배시 퇴비의 적정 시용 비율을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 실험을 위해 두가지 퇴비를 이용하였다. 첫 번째 퇴비는 미완숙 퇴비(CA)이며 두 번째 퇴비는 시중에서 판매되고 있는 완숙 퇴비(CB)이다. 각각의 퇴비는 인공토양을 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%로 혼합하여 사용하였다. 50%와 75%의 비율로 혼합한 CA의 pH는 각각 5.39, 5.50으로 측정되었으며 약 산성으로 나타났다. CA 및 CB를 75% 비율로 혼합할 경우, 총 탄소 함량은 각각 14.5%와 6.5%로 다른 비율의 퇴비에 비해 높았고 대조구에 비해 총 질소와 인 농도가 유의하게 증가하였다. 총 탄소함량은 CA퇴비를 인공토양에 75% 혼합한 실험구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. CA는 CB와 비교하여 퇴비화율, 질소, 인의 농도가 크게 증가하였다. CB 75% 혼합한 실험구에서 구리(128 mg kg-1), 아연(260 mg kg-1), 납(0.32 mg kg-1), 카드뮴(0.48 mg kg-1) 의 함량은 다른 혼합구에 비해 가장 많은 증가하였다. 특히 비소는 CA퇴비를 25% 혼합한 실험구와 CB퇴비를 75%, 50% 혼합한 실험구에서 가장 높았다(6.69 and 6.28 mg kg-1). CA실험구 중에서 상대적으로 낮은 염분 및 중금속 함량을 함유한 CA 25% 혼합한 실험구는 상추의 성장속도 및 엽면적 등이 CB에 비해 낮게 측정되어 최적의 성장조건은 아닌 것으로 사료된다. 따라서, CA를 사용하여 상추재배에 이용할 경우, 더 낮은 농도의 CA를 이용하는 것이 적당할 것으로 판단된다.

Multiple interferon tau (IFNT) genes exist in bovine. An antiluteolytic substance secreted by the bovine conceptus and primarily responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy is bovine trophoblast protein 1 (bIFNT1), a new type I interferon tau (IFNT) genes. The objectives of this research were to investigate whether multiple, distinct gene encode bIFNT1 and other type I bIFNT gene in the bovine genome and to examine expression of bIFNT1 and other bIFNTc1 mRNAs during conceptus development. These transcrips could be regulated through caudalrelatedhomeobox-2 (CDX2) and ETS2 and/or AP1 (JUN) expression, a transcription factor implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. The presence of mRNAs encoded by bIFNT1 and type I bIFNTc1 genes were examined quantitatively via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of total cellular RNA (tcRNA) extracted from on day 17, 20 and 22 bovine conceptuses. The expression level of bIFNT1 was higher on day 17 transcripts were gradually weakly detectable on day 20 and 22. However, the other bIFNTc1 gene examined transcripts was highly expressed on day 20 and transcripts were weakly detectable on day 17 and 22 bovine conceptuses. Furthermore, human choriocarcinoma JEG3 was co-transfected with an -1kb-bIFNT1/c1-Luc constructs and several transcription factor expression plasmids. Compared to each -1kb-bIFNT1/c1-Luc increased when this constructs were co-transfected with, ETS2, AP1(JUN), CREBBP and/or CDX2. Also, bIFNTc1 gene was had very effect on activity by alone ETS2, and AP1 (JUN) expression factors in choriocarcinoma JEG3 cell. However, bIFNT1 gene expression of the upstream region was not identified. We demonstrated that the activities of bIFN genes are regulated by differential, tissue-specific and developmental competence during pregnancy.

We present the results of BV time-series photometry of the globular cluster NGC 288. Ob- servations were carried out to search for variable stars using the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) 1.6-m telescopes and a 4k pre-science CCD camera during a test observation from August to December, 2014. We found a new SX Phe star and confirmed twelve previously known variable stars in NGC 288. For the semi-regular variable star V1, we newly determined a period of 37.3 days from light curves spanning 137 days. The light-curve solution of the eclipsing binary V10 indicates that the system is probably a detached system. The pulsation properties of nine SX Phe stars were examined by applying multiple frequency analysis to their light curves. We derived a new Period-Luminosity (P-L) relation, hMV i = −2.476(±0.300) logP − 0.354(±0.385), from six SX Phe stars showing the fundamental mode. Additionally, the period ratios of three SX Phe stars that probably have a double-radial mode were investigated; PFO/PF = 0.779 for V5, PTO/PFO = 0.685 for V9, PSO/PFO = 0.811 for V11. This paper is the first contribution in a series assessing the detections and properties of variable stars in six southern globular clusters with the KMTNet system.

We estimate the fractal dimension of the ρ Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud Complex, associated with star forming regions. We selected a cube (v, l, b) database, obtained with J = 1−0 transition lines of 12CO and 13CO at a resolution of 22′′ using a multibeam receiver system on the 14-m telescope of the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory. Using a code developed within IRAF, we identified slice-clouds with two threshold temperatures to estimate the fractal dimension. With threshold temperatures of 2.25 K (3σ) and 3.75 K (5σ), the fractal dimension of the target cloud is estimated to be D = 1.52–1.54, where P / AD/2 , which is larger than previous results. We suggest that the sampling rate (spatial resolution) of observed data must be an important parameter when estimating the fractal dimension, and that narrower or wider dispersion around an arbitrary fit line and the intercepts at NP = 100 should be checked whether they relate to rms noise level or characteristic structure of the target cloud. This issue could be investigated by analysing several high resolution databases with different quality (low or moderate sensitivity).

The special law for making Jeju a free international city was implemented in 2001 to develop Jeju an important hub for international tourism. Jeju has been changed into a free international city attracting many foreign tourists, so English has been an important communication tool in Jeju. Also, Jeju has provided top quality English education by attracting world-prestigious international schools to enhance English education competitiveness. However, little attention has been paid on non-linguistic outcomes including English learners' identities changes occurred in the English learning experiences. This study proves that it is important to consider the influence of language learning on learners’ identities changes in the English learning process. The contradictory individual learner’s identity shows that teachers and educational institutions should not only train students’ language skills, but also be aware that L2 learning is closely connected to learners’ identity construction.

Even though we had a lot of obstacles to solve these issues, Jeju National University , Hokkaido University, Hawaii University, American Graduate School of the Paris, and University of Sydney have raised reparation topics through the Peace Island Forum, Peace Island Leadership School and Global Peace Bultuk Assemblies (Bultuk being a meeting place of Jeju woman divers surrounding stones at the sea side) since July of 2010. It was a cornerstone achievement that we presided over at "SOCIAL HEALING THROUGH JUSTICE: THE MASS KILLING OF KOREA JEJU ISLANDERS DURING U.S. PEACETIME OCCUPATION" with the University of Hawaii Law School and Hokkaido University together. Based on these gatherings we can start the Petition by Jeju people on Jeju Island Korea, which is calling for A JOINT SOUTH KOREA AND UNITED STATES JEJU 4.3 INCIDENT TASK FORCE TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND FOSTER COMPREHENSIVE AND ENDURING SOCIAL HEALING THROUGH JUSTICE to advance the mutual interests of Jeju residents and the governments and people of South Korea and the United States ( March 27, 2014).

Anthricin (Deoxypodophyllotoxin), a naturally occurring flavolignan, has well known anti-cancer properties in several cancer cells, such as prostate cancer, cervical carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. However, the effects of Anthricin are currently unknown in oral cancer. We examined the anticancer effect and mechanism of action of Anthricin in human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Our data showed that Anthricin inhibits cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner (IC50 50 nM) in the MTT assay and Live & Dead assay. In addition, Anthricin treated FaDu cells showed marked apoptosis by DAPI stain and FACS. Furthermore, Anthricin activates anti-apoptotic factors such as caspase-3, -9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), suggesting that caspase-mediated pathways are involved in Anthricin- induced apoptosis. Anthricin treatment also leads to accumulation of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax, followed by inhibition of cell growth. Taken together, these results indicate that Anthricn-induced cell death of human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells is mediated by mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. In summary, our findings provide a framework for further exploration on Anthricin as a novel chemotherapeutic drug for human oral cancer.

Tyrosol, a phenylethanoid and a derivative of phenethyl alcohol, possesses various biological properties, such as anti-oxidative and cardioprotective activity. Olive oil is the principal source of tyrosol in the human diet. However, so far the anti-cancer activity of tyrosol has not yet been well defined. This study therefore undertakes to examine the cytotoxic activity and the mechanism of cell death exhibited by tyrosol in KB human oral cancer cells. Treatment of KB cells with tyrosol induced the cell growth inhibition in a concentration- and a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the treatment of tyrosol induced nuclear condensation and fragmentation of KB cells. Tyrosol also promoted proteolytic cleavage of procaspase-3, -7, -8 and –9, increasing the amounts of cleaved caspase-3, -7, -8 and –9. In addition, tyrosol increased the levels of cleaved PARP in KB cells. These results suggest that tyrosol induces the suppression of cell growth and cell apoptosis in KB human oral cancer cells, and is therefore a potential candidate for anti-cancer drug discovery.

이 논문은 아일랜드 시인들이 역사가 낳은 희생자들을 기술하는 방식을 탐구하는 것에 목적을 둔다. 예술작품에서 영감을 얻어 시로 표현한 엑프래시스 장르 를 통해 이들은 민족의 공식적인 역사 이면에 잊혀진 이들을 되살리는 시도를 한다. 예이츠는 레이디 그레고리와 싱의 초상화로부터 영감을 받아 영국계-아일랜드인들이 아일랜드 사회를 지배하던 과거 전통을 이어받아 상상의 공동체를 건설한다. 예이츠가 희생자들을 통해 전통에 대한 자부심을 드러낸 것과는 달리, 히니는 공동체를 위해 희 생당한 이들을 기억하면서 자신의 죄책감을 표현하는데, 이는 당대 북아일랜드 사태를 떠올리게 했기 때문이다. 또한 예이츠는 지배계급 이데올로기를 반영하여 고정된 민족 정체성을 추구한 반면, 히니는 늪지에 관한 시에서 특정한 관점에 고정되지 않는 민족 정체성을 구상하고 있다. 현대시인 멀둔과 더컨은 희생자들의 이미지를 통해 국가권력 기관의 폭력성을 폭로한다. 멀둔은 정신병원에서 철저히 감시되는 한 개인을 그리고, 더컨은 한 개인의 사적 영역인 신체마저도 통제하는 국가사법 시스템을 비판한다.

􋺷환상록􋺸의 기하학적 상징은 개인과 문명의 역사의 스케일을 조정하면 서 지도를 그린다. 예이츠는 역사를 입체파의 그림과도 같이 지그재그형식의 가이어의 움직이는 도형의 관점에서 시각화하였다. 가이어는 예이츠가 정신과 역사를 동시에 그 려보는 지도상의 스케일에 속한다. 가이어는 항상 멀리가서는 다시 자신의 원점으로 되돌아오는 셔틀콕과 같다. 외견상 개인과 문명의 역사의 움직임은 미로같이 보인다. 그러나 스케일의 수학적 구조를 지닌 􋺷환상록􋺸은 정신과 역사의 안과 밖에서 기능하 고, 가이어의 스케일은 결코 변화를 멈추지 않고 소용돌이처럼 지속적으로 움직인다. 예이츠의 가이어의 시학은 바로 스케일의 시학의 원조이다.

This study investigated the antidiabetic effect of amaranth grain ethanol extract (AEE) in a diabetic animal model, db/db mouse. The mice were divided into 4 groups: normal control mice (C57BL/6J), diabetic mice (C57BL/6J db/db), diabetic mice fed a lower concentration of AEE (0.3 mg/kg), and diabetic mice fed a higher concentration of AEE (0.5 mg/kg). After 10 weeks of treatment, body weights, blood insulin levels and blood glucose levels of each group were compared. At the end of treatment, the results showed that both AEE supplemented groups had lower body weights than those in the diabetic groups although higher than those in the normal groups. Moreover, in both AEE supplemented groups, serum insulin levels were higher and blood glucose levels were lower than those in the diabetic groups although both values were higher than those in the normal groups. The results of this study suggest that AEE can alleviate many of the common symptoms of diabetes in diabetic mice and, therefore, has potential as a therapeutic supplement for normalization of blood glucose and insulin levels in humans.

Fast, cheap and sufficient serodiagnostic tools needs to be developed for the early detectionof brucellosis. Currently the tools cannot differentiate an active infection from vaccinated, norcan it differentiate other bacterial infections with lipopolysaccharides, especially Yersiniainfections. In this study, we purified recombinant outer membrane protein 10 and 28(rOmp10,rOmp28), and a dipstick assay(indirect or sandwich) was constructed with single(rOmp10 orrOmp28) and combined rOmps(rOmp10 and rOmp28) from Brucella(B.) abortus 544 to evaluatebovine Brucella positive serum collected during the beginning of the Korean outbreak from2006 to 2015. In application with single rOmp, rOmp10(70%; indirect, 92.11%; sandwichdipstick) and rOmp28(72.5%; indirect, 86.84%; sandwich dipstick) had comparable results. Inaddition, results indicated that dipstick with combined rOmps(rOmps10 and rOmp28) weresuperior in detecting positive serum samples, at 85% indirect and 100% sandwich dipstick. Surprisingly, the results were the same in detecting negative results at 97.78% for both singleand combined indirect dipsticks. The dipstick tools with rOmp10 and rOmp28 would be usefulfor a rapid screen method for bovine brucellosis.

Kim, Myung-hee. 2016. “A Study on Style Shift between Honorific and Plain Language in Korean”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 95~123. This study examines the mixed use of honorific forms (nophim-mal) and plain forms (pan-mal) by Korean speakers in task-based conversations. The data taken from ‘Mr. O Corpus’ relate to 20 pairs of Korean female speakers, 10 teacher-student (T-S) pairs and 10 student-student (S-S) pairs. A close examination of the data shows that most speakers alternated between the two forms, even within a single turn of talk, with partners with status differences. It seems that the frequent style shift shows the complexity of the phenomenon and the speakers’ sensitivity to the immediate context, as well as the societal norms that possibly constrain them. The results show that the speakers’ choice to use an honorific form or plain form has mainly four functions, three of which are interactional using honorific forms: (a) use of plain forms in self-directed or spontaneous talk, (b) use of honorifics to involve the addressee in the interaction, (c) use of honorifics to index identity, and (d) use of honorifics in confrontational interactions. Based on these results, it is claimed that Korean speakers strategically use honorific language as “relationship markers” in their interactions. (177)

Kim, Kyu-hyun. 2016. “The Topic Marker -Nun as an Interactional Resource: Domain Shifting as Stance-Managing Practice”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 65~94. From the conversation-analytic perspective, this paper examines the interactional meaning of -nun with reference to its constitutive role of organizing assessment activities in naturally occurring conversations. -Nun is analyzed as a grammatical resource deployed for ‘shifting’ the domain whose relevancies are transiently invoked as a new assessable being brought up, or as delimiting the scope of valency to be accorded the assessable. The domain-shifting makes relevant a new set of stance-taking possibilities, which is done in an ‘other-attentive’ way; the shift is made either towards minimizing stance difference and promoting rapport among the participants in the context of disagreement, or towards further elaborating stance alignment what agreement is already in place. The ‘other-attentive’ orientation that the nun-speaker displays in managing his/her stance vis-à-vis the other’s is countervailed by his/her epistemic claim about the invoked domain, whose valency is additionally modulated by sentence-ending suffixes (SESs). The domain-shifting practice, mediated by -nun, draws upon membership categorization work as its organizational basis. Tied to the categories or category-bound features invoked in the prior context, different aspects or types of the assessable, marked by -nun, are transiently brought up as part of a contrastive device. This practice furnishes the speaker with a resource for formulating his/her action as an ‘affiliative’ (though not necessarily ‘aligning’) move geared towards managing stance and face as a collaborative interactional business.

Chinese traditional residential buildings have the characteristics of diversification. Because of the vast land of China, different geographical environment, production and life and religion directly created a living culture of different ethnic and geographic, so that Chinese traditional dwellings have a variety of features. These diverse Traditional Dwellings architecture is an important historical and cultural heritage, but also has a high technical and artistic value. The Beijing traditional quadrangles and the Jilin Korean Nationality dwellings are representative buildings in North China and Northeast China, and they are subject to different geographical factors and the impact of climatic factors, and therefore have their own geographical features. In addition, they also have differences in cultural customs, traditions and folklore materials. These differences also reflect the different cultures living.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between stand and soil environmentalfactors, and soil respiration rates at various levels of basal area in a 40-year-old natural redpine(Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stand in southern Korea. Soil respiration rates were measuredmonthly using an infrared gas analyzer system from six basal area treatments between 21.4 m2ha-1 and 46.7 m2 ha-1 for one year. Soil respiration at various levels of basal area showed aclear monthly variation, which had a similar pattern to soil temperature. The mean annualsoil respiration rates were positively correlated with increasing basal area(r=0.86, p<0.05),aboveground tree carbon (C) storage(r=0.85, p<0.05) and needle litter C fluxes(r=0.88, p<0.05),but the rates were not correlated by the soil environmental factors(p>0.05) such as the meanannual soil temperature, soil water content, soil pH, and soil organic C content during the studyperiod. The results indicate that it is important to understand the role of stand attributes in themean annual soil respiration rates in a stand level.

In this work, the effects of maleic anhydride (MA) content on mechanical properties of chopped carbon fibers (CFs)-reinforced MA-grafted-polypropylene (MAPP) matrix composites. A direct oxyfluorination on CF surfaces was applied to increase the interfacial strength between the CFs and MAPP matrix. The mechanical properties of the CFs/MAPP composites are likely to be different in terms of MA content. Surface characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and single fiber contact angle method. The mechanical properties of the composites were also measured by a critical stress intensity factor (KIC). From the KIC test results, the KIC values were increased to a maximum value of 3.4 MPa with the 0.1 % of MA in the PP, and then decreased with higher MA content.

Landscapes are dynamic and therefore they experience frequent changes over time. This research analyzed the landscape changes and spatial characteristics of woodlands in an urban fringe landscape to provide information for the sustainable landscape ecological planning. The results showed that the studied landscape changed between 2002 and 2014 mainly due to new road construction and residential development. Several landscape ecological indicators were used to assess the woodland changes and the overall effect of woodland changes on the landscape structure. The results of the landscape ecological analysis revealed a decrease in patch size of less 5ha (n=13) and between 5ha and 9.9ha (n=2). AWSI decreased from 4.03 in 2002 to 3.89 in 2014, and MND increased from 38.41m in 2002 to 49.12m in 2014, and SDI of land cover type decreased from 1.16 in 2002 to 0.18 in 2014. The results suggest that woodlands have become smaller and more isolated. The shape of the woodlands has also become simpler and more regular. These spatial woodland changes adversely impact the biodiversity. For further information on landscape ecological conditions, a more comprehensive analysis based on more landscape ecological metrics and ecological information such as habitats and species surveys is needed in future studies.

The study explores the identity construction of non-regular English conversation teachers (non-RECTs) in an elementary and a middle school in Korea. Drawing on positioning theory and the notion of community of practice, the study illustrates how non-RECTs resist, modify, and reconstruct their teacher identity through positioning themselves and others, and different modes of participation in the school contexts. It is a three-year longitudinal study with two female non-RECTs. The primary data gathered through interviews and informal talks, documents, and e-mails were also included for triangulation purposes. The findings suggest that the non-RECTs self-positioned themselves as qualified teachers who can effectively implement communicative language teaching into the classroom, but their positioning was challenged and rejected by regular teachers. The participants resisted their marginalized positions as temporary instructors and claimed their legitimacy by establishing themselves as positive contributors to the communicative curriculum. The findings show the non-RECTs’ identity construction is a struggle between the different views on legitimacy and a negotiation among multiple and conflicting identities.