With the results of observations in 2013 and 2014 including ocean buoys, in-situ investigations and wind data, we examined the spatio-temporal variation of cold water masses along the eastern coast of Korea. Usually, a cold water mass first appears along the northern part of the eastern coast from May to July, and then along the southern part of the eastern coast from late June to mid-August. Cold water masses appear 3~5 times a year and remain for 5~20 days in the southwestern part of the East Sea. A distinctive cold water mass appeared usually in mid-July in this area, the surface temperature of which was below 10℃ in some cases. During the appearance of a cold water mass in the southwestern part of the East Sea, the horizontal temperature gradient was large at the surface and a significant low water temperature below 8℃ appeared at the bottom level. This appearance of cold water masses clearly corresponded to southwesterly winds, which generated coastal upwelling.

The ad hoc international criminal tribunals addressing the mass atrocities involving such extraordinary crimes like genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes have developed a delicate and intricate judicial scheme of ‘delayed disclosure.’ Against the backdrop of the unique gravity of egregious atrocities, ‘delayed disclosure’ aims at respecting the fundamental interests of both the accused and the witnesses, which has turned out to be an exceptionally challenging judicial exercise. Striking a balance between the rights of the accused to have adequate time to prepare his defence on the one hand, the protection of identifying information of witnesses who may be subject to serious danger or threat requires highly disciplined judicial vigilance on the other. For the purpose of elucidating the demanding challenges involving the practice of ‘delayed disclosure,’ this paper explores the relevant rules and case law of the ICTY and the ICTR.

Most grid sorting has been used to sort out flatfish in shrimp fisheries, while double grid systems have been tested to separate smaller shrimp. The escape of juvenile red seabream through separating panels made with steel grids or large mesh tested for masking effects in a two-species system. Fish behavior was observed in a circulating water tank. The escape rate was 20% greater with the separating codends than with the normal codend in the single-species experiments. The rates in the two-species experiments were 30% or 20% greater than the single-species rates for the normal or separating codends, respectively. The seabream retention rates in the grid separator codend decreased as rockfish retention increased, possibly due to a threat effect. Conversely, the retention rate of both species increased concurrently in the net separator, possibly due to a masking effect. The escape rates of juvenile red seabream varied by compartment in the mesh separating codend. These results suggest that grid separating codends can be used in the field as towed fishing gear to reduce juvenile catch.

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy was investigated. Heat treatment of cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy was conducted by solution treatment at 950 oC for 30 min; this was followed by water quenching and then aging at 550 oC for 1 to 1440 min. The highest hardness of the heat-treated specimens was obtained by solution treatment and subsequent aging for 5 min due to precipitates of fine α that formed from retained β phase. The tensile strength of this alloy increased without dramatic decrease of the ductility due to microstructural refinement resulting from the decomposition of α' martensite into fine α and β phases, and also due to the fine α phase formed from the retained β phase by aging treatment for 5 min. In addition, this strengthening might be caused by the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, which is a strain-induced martensite transformation from the retained β phase during deformation, and which occurs even after aging treatment at 550 oC for 5 min.

This paper examines aspects of the acceptance and identity of Hanja (Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation) in the Korean society, and analyzes the literal and social mechanism employed for continued acceptance by the Korean public. The analysis illuminates insight into the social status and recognition of Hanja in the Korean society. In the ancient Korean society, Hanja was identified as a textual existence dominating the thoughts of the intellectuals and reproducing knowledge. Though its stature and status of the past are no longer present, Hanja still retains a remnant of their past stature in the contemporary Korean culture. In Korea’s popular culture, Hanja is used in various kinds of notices, signs, trademarks, and advertisements. In the consumer market, in particular, Hanja represents the Oriental sentiments and beauty and traditional authority, surpassing the realm of the text beyond borders of the elegant (􆘆) or the folksy (􁼘) to the level of an iconic entity of knowledge, whose symbolic images are used as marketing strategies in the consumer market.

본 연구에서는 해양·수산분야의 대학생 자원봉사활동에 대한 자료를 수집하여 활동유형을 유류방제작업, 어촌봉사활동, 해안 정화작업 등으로 분석하였다. 또한 자원봉사 참여자 대부분은 환경보호, 보람, 사회교류, 특별체험, 자연과의 동화측면에서 만족하고 있었다. 주제측면에서 체계성, 효율성, 활동의 다양성, 자원홍보활용, 봉사이후 보상, 자기봉사역량 측면에서 불만족스러워 한다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 대학생 자원봉사의 정책적 측면에서 해양·수산분야의 자원봉사를 증진시킬 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is defined as the manufacture of three-dimensional tangible products by additively consolidating two-dimensional patterns layer by layer. In this review, we introduce four fundamental conceptual pillars that support AM technology: the bottom-up manufacturing factor, computer-aided manufacturing factor, distributed manufacturing factor, and eliminated manufacturing factor. All the conceptual factors work together; however, business strategy and technology optimization will vary according to the main factor that we emphasize. In parallel to the manufacturing paradigm shift toward mass personalization, manufacturing industrial ecology evolves to achieve competitiveness in economics of scope. AM technology is indeed a potent candidate manufacturing technology for satisfying volatile and customized markets. From the viewpoint of the innovation technology adoption cycle, various pros and cons of AM technology themselves prove that it is an innovative technology, in particular a disruptive innovation in manufacturing technology, as powder technology was when ingot metallurgy was dominant. Chasms related to the AM technology adoption cycle and efforts to cross the chasms are considered.

Y2O3–H3BO3:Eu3+ powders are synthesized using a mechanical alloying method, and their photoluminescence (PL) properties are investigated through luminescence spectrophotometry. For samples milled for 300 min, some Y2O3 peaks ([222], [440], and [622]) and amorphous formations are observed. The 300-min-milled mixture annealed at 800°C for 1 h with Eu = 8 mol% has the strongest PL intensity at every temperature increase of 100°C (increasing from 700 to 1200°C in 100°C increments). PL peaks of the powder mixture, as excited by a xenon discharge lamp (20 kW) at 240 nm, are detected at approximately 592 nm (orange light, 5Do → 7F1), 613 nm, 628 nm (red light, 5Do → 7F2), and 650 nm. The PL intensity of powder mixtures milled for 120 min is generally lower than that of powder mixtures milled for 300 min under the same conditions. PL peaks due to YBO3 and Y2O3 are observed for 300-min-milled Y2O3–H3BO3 with Eu = 8 mol% after annealing at 800°C for 1 h.

Bacterial fruit blotch(BFB) of cucurbits caused by Acidovorax citrulli(Acc) continues to diminish fruit yields. The aim of this study was to address whether two genetically distinct populations of Acc are present in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. For this purpose, we used the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction(ERIC-PCR) profiling and substrate-utilization profiles. According to the results of ERIC-PCR, group I and II strains showed clearly differentiated PCR-based fingerprinting profiles. Differences between group I and II strains included amplification of unique, group-specific DNA fragments such as the 1.3-, 0.28-, and 0.25-kb fragments in ERIC-PCR. Acc stains belonging to group I did not use L-leucine, whereas group II strains did use the substrate. Our results support the genetic differentiation of Acc strains into two groups and demonstrate that Acc strains from both groups are previously existed in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. Information about the genetic diversity of Acc under the present study will help scientists and managers form strategies to control BFB.