이 논문은 예이츠의 문화적 상상력에서 북아일랜드가 어떤 지위를 담보 하는가를 논의한다. 아일랜드와 시인 자신의 매개체로서 문화적 민족주의를 끊임없이 재구성하는 데 천착했던 예이츠의 방대한 저술 속에서 놀랍게도 북아일랜드에 관한 체계적이고 지속적인 논의를 찾기 어렵다. 이 논문은 일기, 일화, 소수의 “전쟁시”와 상원 연설문 등 부분적이고 파편적으로 산재한 자료들을 발굴 및 수집하고 이들을 연계해서 예이츠와 북아일랜드의 관계에 관한 응집된 서사를 구축하는 데 그 목적을 둔다. 논문은 특히 유년시절 슬라이고에서 겫었던 얼스터 통합주의의 경험, 얼스터문예 극장에 관련된 일화, 「1916 부활절」, 「내전기의 명상」 및 「1919년」과 같은 정치시, 그 리고 그의 상원 연설문들을 중점적으로 분석하고 논의한다. 궁극적으로 얼스터/북아일 랜드가 예이츠의 문화적 상상력에서 생략된 원인을 추적하고 또 상징이자 실체로서 얼스터/북아일랜드의 부재가 예이츠의 문화민족주의에 미치는 영향을 가늠해본다.

This study investigated the effect of automated writing evaluation (AWE) feedback on Korean university students’ revision behavior. Specifically, it explored the extent to which the quality of essays differed between first drafts and second drafts. Furthermore, the way individual students dealt with incorrect feedback in revising essays was examined. In this study, ETS’ Criterion program, one of the most popular AWE programs, was employed. In cases where incorrect feedback was detected, the first and second drafts were closely compared to find out how students altered the text in response to the incorrect feedback, and this was classified into one of three categories: successful changes, unsuccessful changes, and text deletion. The results showed that students’ second drafts were rated significantly higher than first drafts by two NS raters, which indicates that many students followed the revision suggestions made by the Criterion program. As students’ Criterion scores increased, their ability to identify and make successful changes in response to incorrect feedback improved. The findings of the study can advance our understanding of AWE use in an EFL context and should contribute to broader examination of how Korean university students engage in revision of their essays.

In this study, the polyurethane resin was synthesized by applying PTMG and DMBA of different composition ratios for the synthesis of water-dispersible polyurethane used in wound coating resin. The varying properties of the synthesized water-dispersible polyurethane were measured through tensile strength, elongation, and abrasion resistance analysis. As for the tensile strength measurement result according to the PTMG content, the sample with the highest reaction molar ratio was measured as 1.08 kgf/mm2 and the elongation was measured as 520%. As for the tensile strength result according to the DMBA content, the sample with the highest reaction molar ratio was measured as 0.51 kgf/mm2, and the elongation was measured as 435%. The degree of surface destruction by the abrasion resistance measurement was visually confirmed through SEM.

목적 : 본 연구는 청색광 차단 콘택트렌즈 제조에 필요한 benzotriazole을 합성하고, 이를 이용하여 제조한 콘 택트렌즈의 광학적, 물리적 성질에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 방법 : 청색광 차단 화합물인 benzotriazole을 합성 후 HEMA, EGDMA, AIBN을 공중합하여 청색광 차단 콘 택트렌즈를 제조하였다. 그리고 제조한 콘택트렌즈의 특성을 평가하기 위해 광투과율, 청색광 차단율, 함수율을 측 정하였다. 결과 : 제조한 청색광 차단 콘택트렌즈는 대조군으로 제조한 콘택트렌즈에 비해 우수한 청색광과 자외선 차단 성능을 나타냈으며, benzotriazole의 농도가 높을수록 청색광과 자외선 차단 성능이 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 함수율의 경우 대조군과 비교하여 큰 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 제조한 청색광 차단 콘택트렌즈는 기존의 콘택트렌즈가 가지는 물성을 해치지 않으면서 자외선 차단성 능이 뛰어나고 청색광을 줄일 수 있는 콘택트렌즈 제조가 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

목적 : 노안을 대상으로 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈의 디자인에 따라 처방법을 다르게 하고 각각의 처방에 따른 시기 능을 비교하였다. 방법 : CNMF(center near multifocal) 콘택트렌즈를 성공적으로 착용하고 있는 초기노안 19명(남 3명, 여 16명, 평균연령 45.47±5.88세)을 대상으로 CDMF(center distance multifocal) 콘택트렌즈와 MMV(modified monovision) 콘택트렌즈를 각각 착용하도록 하고 처방법에 따라 시기능을 비교하였다. 시력검사는 ETDRS 시표 를 사용하여 측정하였고, 근거리 입체시력은 Stereo Fly Test를 이용하였으며, 시력 만족도는 NEI-VFQ-25 설 문지를 변형하여 측정하였다. 결과 : 처방법들에 따른 원거리 교정시력, 근거리 교정시력 및 입체시력은 차이가 없었다. 그러나 원거리 시력 만족도에 대한 설문조사에서는 야외광고를 볼 때와 낮에 운전을 할 때에는 CNMF, CDMF 착용 시 MMV보다 높 았고, 밤 운전 시에는 CDMF 착용 시에 가장 높았다(p<0.050). 중간거리 시력 만족도는 컴퓨터를 사용할 때와 밤에 계단을 오르내릴 때에는 CDMF와 MMV이 CNMF보다 높았다(p<0.050). 근거리 시력만족도는 신문 및 영수증을 볼 때에는 MMV이 CNMF, CDMF보다 높았으며, 전반적인 근거리 시력 만족도는 MMV 착용 시 높았다(p<0.050). 결론 : 세 가지 노안 교정법에 따라 시력은 차이가 없었지만 일상생활에서 시력 만족도는 주시거리와 환경에 따라 차이가 발생한다. 그러므로 착용자의 요구조건에 맞는 처방법을 선택한다면 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈 착용 만족 도를 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 노안을 대상으로 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈 착용 후 조도에 따른 시력의 변화를 확인하고 시 력의 개선 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 방법 : 평균연령 55.39±4.25세의 중년 중 교정 시력 0.8 이상, 난시 0.75 미만의 노안 26명을 대상으로 하였 다. 중심-근용 Dailies Total1® Multifocal contact lenses(Alcon)을 2주간 착용 후 검사를 진행하였다. 검사실 조도를 1,000, 100, 10 lx로 설정하였고, 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈 착용 시 원거리 동공크기는 3 m, 근거리 동공크기는 40 cm에서 동공자를 사용해 측정하였다. 원거리 시력은 ETDRS(Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, Precision-Vision, USA)시표, 근거리 시력은 Adult Near Contrast Test #587700 (GOOD-LITE, USA)의 ETDRS 시표를 이용하여 고대비시력 및 저대비시력을 측정하였다. 결과 : 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈 착용 시 조도가 증가함에 따라 동공 크기는 감소하였다(p<0.050). 멀티포컬 콘택트 렌즈 착용 시 고대비시력 및 저대비시력은 원·근거리에서 조도가 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.050). 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈 착용 시 시력은 안경 착용과 비교하여 원거리 시력은 대부분 유의한 차이가 없으나(p>0.050), 100, 10 lx의 원거리 고대비시력과 모든 조도의 근거리 시력은 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.050). 낮은 실내조도인 10 lx에서 추가적인 조명을 사용한 경우에는 근거리 고대비시력과 저대비시력 모두 유의하게 개선되었다(p<0.050). 결론 : 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈 착용 시 시력은 조도에 큰 영향을 받으며, 밝은 외부 조도에서의 시력은 안경과 차 이가 없었고, 낮은 조도에서는 추가적인 조명을 사용할 경우 시력이 개선되었다.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서는 2018년 분홍색계 소 형 호접란 ‘Tiny Bell’을 육성하였다. 2010년 진분홍색 다화 성 소형 품종 Phalaenopsis ‘D07PN16’와 연분홍색 소형종 P. ‘D03PN22’를 모본과 부본으로 교배하였다. 2014년 생육이 우 수하고 화색, 화형, 꽃대수 등 개화 특성이 우수한 ‘10531-53’ 개체를 선발하여 기내 화경배양을 통해 증식하였다. 2014년부 터 2018년까지 1차, 2차특성검정을 통해 품종의 안정성과 균 일성을 확인한 후 ‘Tiny Bell’로 명명하였다. 이 품종은 밝은 보라빛 분홍색(RHS, PVGN80A)을 띄며, 가장자리에 백색무늬 를 가지는 것이 특징이다. 평피기 형태의 꽃은 길이와 폭이 각각 3.89, 4.01cm이며, 총상화서로 분지가 발생한다. 1개의 꽃대에 19.7개의 소화가 착생하여 꽃 수가 많이 달리는 다화 성이며, 꽃대 길이는 28.48cm정도이다. ‘Tiny Bell’은 생육시 잎이 수평으로 자라며 길이와 폭은 각각 13.1cm, 5.3cm였다. 신품종인 ‘Tiny Bell’은 소형 분화용으로 이용 가능할 것이다.

본 연구는 스프레이 타입의 절화 장미가 재배되고 있는 호 남지역 스마트팜의 시설과 연중 재배환경을 분석하고, 그에 따른 외적 특성과 수명을 분석하고자 수행하였다. 본 연구에 서 선정한 스마트팜은 연동형 유리 온실로 CCTV를 통해 실시 간으로 농가 상황이 확인 가능하며, 1세대 스마트팜으로 조사 되었다. 스마트팜 시설 내 재배환경은 여름에 최고온도가 다 른 계절에 비해 높았고, 겨울에는 일적산광량이 최소 광요구 도에 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 상대습도는 겨울 과 가을에 유의적으로 높아 겨울의 VPD는 0.3kPa로 낮게 조 사되었다. 양액의 pH는 계절에 따라 차이가 없었으나 EC는 봄과 여름에 적정 범위를 벗어난 것으로 나타났다. 외적 특성 과 절화수명은 스마트팜 내에서 많이 재배되고 있는 ‘Egg Tart’, ‘Flash Dance’, ‘Pink Yoyo’, ‘Super Sensation’ 품종을 조 사하였다. 외적 특성 분석 결과, 대부분의 품종이 다른 계절에 비해 겨울에 절화장이 길었으나 줄기가 얇았고 소화수가 적었 다. 여름에는 꽃의 크기가 작았으며 화색이 퇴색되어 명도인 L값이 다소 높고, a값과 b값이 낮아 다른 계절보다 선명하지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. 절화수명 조사 결과, ‘Egg Tart’ 품종 은 계절별 차이가 없었으나 ‘Flash Dance’, ‘Pink Yoyo’, ‘Super Sensation’ 품종은 가을에 가장 길었으며 세 품종 모두 겨울, 여름 순으로 절화수명이 다소 짧은 것으로 조사되었다. 이는 여름의 고온과 겨울의 일적산광량 부족 및 과습한 환경이 꽃 의 크기와 화색발현, 절화수명 감소에 부정적인 영향을 미치 는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서, 고품질의 절화 장미가 생산 될 수 있도록 이에 적합한 스마트팜 환경 제어 시스템 개발과 현 장 적용을 통한 개선이 필요하며, 현재, 본 연구의 스마트팜에 서는 지상부 복합 환경 제어가 가능하기 때문에 축적한 자료 들을 이용한 빅데이터 분석 및 의사 결정 지원시스템이 갖춰 진다면, 2세대 스마트팜으로 발전 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단 된다.

Not only does this paper examine the etymology of yuan元, yuan原, yuan源 and ben本 through Sinoxenic vocabulary but conducts comparative analyses of similarities and differences in them as well. yuan元 means ‘beginning, first’ and ‘root, origin’ in Sinoxenic words. However, its role was replaced with yuan原 at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. yuan原was originally used to mean ‘first, beginning’ and ‘origin, source’, the former of which has strengthened and the latter of which has become transferred to yuan源to which more meanings of ‘root, by nature’ have been added since then. ben本 means ‘nature, essence, basis’ referring to the essence or nature itself, thereby differentiated both from yuan源, whose meaning indicates the origin of such essence or nature, and from yuan原, which means ‘first’ and ‘beginning (initial appearance or status)’.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) can easily contaminate the bovine mammary gland; hence, monitoring of bulk tank milk (BTM) samples helps detect mastitis. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of E. coli from BTM of a dairy company. A total of 58 BTM batches were collected from 29 dairy farms of a dairy company, and 40 E. coli were tested in this study. E. coli showed the highest resistance to cephalothin (52.4%), followed by colistin (28.6%), ampicillin (19.0%) and tetracycline (19.0%). However, E. coli showed low resistance from 0% to 9.5% against other 14 antimicrobials. In the distribution of antimicrobial resistant gene, β-lactamases genes blaOXA and tetracyclines-resistant gene tetB were detected in 15 (37.5%) and 2 (5.0) isolates, respectively, and blaTEM, aac (6')-Ib, aac (3)-II, tetA, sul1 and sul2 genes were only detected once in each (2.5%) isolate. The O127 (22.5%) serogroup was the most predominant, but all E. coli isolates were divided into 20 serogroups. The occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infection can be problematic as it not only deteriorates the milk quality but also limits the therapeutic choices of antimicrobials in humans. Therefore, continuous monitoring is recommended to track antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in BTM and raw milk.

Investors aim to maximize the return rate for their own investment, utilizing various information as possible as they can access. However those investors, especially individual investors, have limitations of interpretation of the domain-specific information or even the acquisition of the information itself. Thus, individual investors tend to make decision affectively and frequently, which may cause a loss in returns. This study aims to analyze analysts’ target price and to suggest the strategy that could maximize individual’s return rate. Most previous literature revealed that the optimistic bias exists in the analysts’ target price and it is also confirmed in this study. In this context, this study suggests the upper limit of target rate of returns and the optimal value named ‘alpha(α)’ which performs the adjustment of proposed target rate to maximize excess earning returns eventually. To achieve this goal, this study developed an optimization problem using linear programming. Specifically, when the analysts’ proposed target rate exceeds 30%, it could be adjusted to the extent of 59% of its own target rate. As apply this strategy, the investors could achieve 1.2% of excess earning rate on average. The result of this study has significance in that the individual investors could utilize analysts’ target price practically.

화훼류 중 절화류의 화색과 향기 특성을 조절하는 것은 주 요한 육종 목표로써 인지되어 왔다. 최근 다양한 소비자 계층이 증가하면서 파란색 장미, 카네이션 등과 같은 특이화색이 라든지, 독특한 향기를 갖고 있거나 그 강도를 조절하고자 하 는 연구방향 또한 다양해졌다. 그러나 이것은 일반적으로 수 행하고 있는 교배방식으로는 특정 목표형질을 가진 품종을 개 발하기란 쉽지가 않다. 그래서 화색과 향기와 관련한 형질을 조절할 수 있는 유전공학적인 방법뿐만 아니라 다방면의 연구 가 진행되어 왔다. 이는 화색과 향기의 관련 식물 대사산물을 생산 하는 것을 비롯하여 유전공학적인 방법으로 조절하는 방 식 등 여러 가지 방법이 있다. 많은 예 중에 화훼작물의 화색 과 향기를 조절한 성공한 사례를 바탕으로 어떻게 하면 우리 가 원하는 방향에 가까운 화색과 향기의 특정 형질을 만들어 낼 수 있을지에 대해 정리해보고자 하였고, 이러한 것들은 잘 응용하여 추후 좀 더 많은 화색과 향기를 만들어낼 수 있는 전략을 수립하는 데 도움이 되고자 한다.

The ROK Army must detect the enemy’s location and the type of artillery weapon to respond effectively at wartime. This paper proposes a radar positioning model by applying a scenario-based robust optimization method i.e., binary integer programming. The model consists of the different types of radar, its available quantity and specification. Input data is a combination of target, weapon types and enemy position in enemy’s attack scenarios. In this scenario, as the components increase by one unit, the total number increases exponentially, making it difficult to use all scenarios. Therefore, we use partial scenarios to see if they produce results similar to those of the total scenario, and then apply them to case studies. The goal of this model is to deploy an artillery locating radar that maximizes the detection probability at a given candidate site, based on the probability of all possible attack scenarios at an expected enemy artillery position. The results of various experiments including real case study show the appropriateness and practicality of our proposed model. In addition, the validity of the model is reviewed by comparing the case study results with the detection rate of the currently available radar deployment positions of Corps. We are looking forward to enhance Korea Artillery force combat capability through our research.

With the spread of smart manufacturing, one of the key topics of the 4th industrial revolution, manufacturing systems are moving beyond automation to smartization using artificial intelligence. In particular, in the existing automatic machining, a number of machining defects and non-processing occur due to tool damage or severe wear, resulting in a decrease in productivity and an increase in quality defect rates. Therefore, it is important to measure and predict tool life. In this paper, v-ASVR (v-Asymmetric Support Vector Regression), which considers the asymmetry of є-tube and the asymmetry of penalties for data out of є-tube, was proposed and applied to the tool wear prediction problem. In the case of tool wear, if the predicted value of the tool wear amount is smaller than the actual value (under-estimation), product failure may occur due to tool damage or wear. Therefore, it can be said that v-ASVR is suitable because it is necessary to overestimate. It is shown that even when adjusting the asymmetry of є-tube and the asymmetry of penalties for data out of є-tube, the ratio of the number of data belonging to є-tube can be adjusted with v. Experiments are performed to compare the accuracy of various kernel functions such as linear, polynomial. RBF (radialbasis function), sigmoid, The best result isthe use of the RBF kernel in all cases

Since a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology was first reported in China in December 2019, the number of confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) worldwide has been increasing, and nearly two million patients are expected to have died by February 2021. Globally, COVID-19 is being considered a primary pulmonary disease, but it is more than a lung infection. This is because patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 present with a variety of clinical signs and symptoms involving many organs, ranging from fever, inflammation, myocardial injury, shock, and the development of coronary artery aneurysm. SARS-CoV-2 shows unique characteristics in its transmission, mortality, and stability in different environmental conditions. During COVID-19 pandemic, about 10 drugs have been clinically tried with none proven to be effective. With no prospect for effective drugs in the near future, there are currently possibilities of success with vaccines and convalescent plasma. Along with the prospect of vaccines and other therapeutic drugs, special precautions (isolation, testing, treating, and tracing) are strictly recommended until we return to normal situations. In this review we comprehensively analyzed the clinical presentations, characteristics, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19, and tried to assess the clinical effects of some drugs as part of the ongoing efforts to understand COVID-19 pandemic.

Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) blooms formed in natural water resources due to the environmental pollution produce toxic compounds as secondary metabolites, causing health hazards to both humans and other living beings. Microcystin is a well-known toxin produced by cynobacteria. The present study was undertaken to evaluate varying concentrations and exposure times of two different forms of microcystin, viz., -LR (MCLR) and -LA (MCLA), on the motility and seizure-like behavior of planarian (Dugesia japonica). Compared to control, reduced motility was observed in both the MCLR or MCLA treated groups, but did not differ significantly with increasing concentrations of microcystin. However, the number of seizure-like behaviors were increased dose-dependently in planarian exposed to MLCR or MCLA. Exposure time to microcystine also affected the motility and seizure-like behaviors of planarians; 24 hrs incubation with MCLR, and 48 and 96 hrs exposure to MCLA, showed significantly (p<0.05) lower motility, as compared to the control. Assessing regeneration of the planarians revealed the simultaneous completion of eye formation at day 9 in planarians incubated in the absence or presence of MCLR or MCLA, thereby indicating that exposure to microcystin has no effect on the process. In conclusion, we determined that exposure to microcystins resulted in decrease in the number of motility, and induced abnormal behavior pattern in planarians. Further studies are required to identify the toxicity of microcystin that affects aquatic ecosystems.

Colon cancer is known as the third most widespread cancer in the world. The interaction of heme-iron and ascorbic acid (AA) in colon carcinogenesis is not evident. Hemin (ferric chloride heme) is an iron-containing porphyrin with chlorine that can be formed from a heme group. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of AA on the formation of pre-neoplastic lesions induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) plus hemin in mice. Forty-five ICR male mice were divided into three experimental groups; AOM/ DSS treatment (control group), hemin (2 g hemin/kg of b.w.), hemin + AA (1.0% in drinking water). The mice had three s.c. injections (0–2nd weeks of the experiment) of AOM (10 mg/kg b.w.) weekly and 2% DSS as drinking water for the next one week and the animals fed on AIN-76A purified rodent diet for 6 weeks. The numbers of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypts (ACs) in colonic mucosa were counted after methylene blue staining. Lipid peroxidation in feces was measured by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay. The numbers of ACF and ACs per colon significantly increased in Hemin group compared to the control group. However, the numbers of ACF and ACs per colon notably decreased in hemin + AA group compared to the control group or hemin group (p<0.05). In feces, the TBARS value of hemin group was higher than the control group (p<0.01). The TBARS value of hemin + AA group was slightly decreased compared to Hemin group. These results indicate that hemin can promote the experimental colon carcinogenesis in ICR mice. On the other hand, additional supplement of AA via drinking water has a protective effect against the colon carcinogenesis. The related mechanisms need to be illustrated by further studies in future.

This study investigated the residue of tulathromycin (TLM) on the lung tissue of pigs intramuscularly injected with 2.5 mg/kg body weight as a single dose. Nine healthy cross swine were intramuscularly injected with the drug. Three treated animals were arbitrarily selected to be sacrificed at 7, 10 and 14 days after treatment. TLM residue concentrations in lung tissue were determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The drug was extracted from lung samples using acetonitrile followed by clean-up with n-hexane. The analyte was separated on a Hypersil GOLDTM liquid chromatography column using 0.1% formic acid in deionized distilled water and acetonitrile. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration curve was 0.9981, and the limits of detection and quantification were 10 and 50 μg/kg, respectively. Recoveries at three spiking levels ranged between 95.0-98.2%, and relative standard deviations were less than 3.95%. In TLM-treated group, the concentration of TLM on 7, 10 and 14 days post-treatment was 627.3, 496.9, 259.1 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method is sensitive and reliable for detection of TLM in porcine lung tissues. In addition, it can detect below the maximum residue limits in animal-derived food products destined for human consumption.

Globally, colon cancer is increased gradually and known as one of the major causes of cancer death. Stevia, a substitute of sugar, is known to have many components including alpha-tocopherol and anthocyanin etc, as antioxidants. This study's purpose is to investigate whether stevia plant extract can have a protective effect against colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. Total 30 male ICR mice were divided into 2 groups; AOM/DSS treatment (control group), AOM/DSS + stevia extract (0.5%, in drinking water). After acclimation for 1 week, five weeks old mice received three intraperitoneal AOM (10 mg/kg b.w.) injections weekly for 3 weeks (0–2nd weeks of the experiment) and 2% DSS as drinking water for the next one week. AIN-76A purified rodent diet and 0.5% stevia extract water were supplied to the animals for 6 weeks. The colons of mice were collected and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypts (ACs) in colonic mucosa were counted after staining with methylene blue. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in feces were determined. The numbers of ACF and ACs were significantly (p<0.01) decreased in stevia-treated group compared with the control group. The MDA concentration in feces was also significantly (p<0.01) decreased in stevia-treated group compared with the control group. In histopathology of colonic epithelium, hyperplasia of colonic epithelium was less observed in steviatreated group. These results indicate that stevia has a protective effect against colon carcinogenesis induced by AOM/DSS in mice and further study needs to illustrate the protective mechanisms.

This study was to evaluate the skin sensitization of potassium hydroxide (KOH) by the guinea pig maximization test. In the preliminary test, the induction and challenge dose of KOH were determined as 1.0 and 0.2%, respectively. Guinea pigs were sensitized with intradermal injection of 0.1ml KOH for 24 h. After 1 week, 1.0% of KOH was treated on the site of injection and 0.2% of KOH was challenged 2 weeks later. The average skin reaction evaluated by erythema and edema on the challenge sites and sensitization rate in the KOH-treatment group at 24 h were 0.0 and 0%, respectively, which are substantially low compared with in the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-treatment group (positive control group) (average skin reaction: 3.0, sensitization rate: 100%) and identical with in the distilled water-treatment group (negative control group), representing a weak sensitizing potential. The average skin reaction and sensitization rate observed at 48 h were 0.0 and 0% in the KOH-treatment group, respectively, and 2.0 and 100% in the positive control group, respectively. It was concluded that 1.0% of KOH classified to Grade I, induced no sensitization when tested in guinea pigs.