본 연구는 ‘설향’ 딸기 유묘를 대상으로, 꽃눈 분화 유도 조건(단일일장, 야간 15°C)과 비유도 조건(연속광, 24－25°C)에서의 형태적 및 생리적 반응을 비교하여, 꽃눈 분화와 관련된 주요 생장 지표를 확인하고자 수행되었 다. 유묘는 15일간 각각의 환경 조건에 따라 처리된 후, 모든 처리구를 동일한 비유도 조건(연속광, 24－25°C) 하에 배양하며 총 49일간 관찰하였다. 관부 직경, 잎 수, 엽면적, 런너 수 등 형태적 지표와 함께 건물중 분포, 엽록소 농도 (SPAD), 가용성 당(자당, 포도당, 과당) 함량을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 꽃눈 분화 유도 처리군은 관부 직경과 뿌리 생 체량, 잎의 엽록소 농도가 유의하게 높았으며, 이는 생식 생장으로의 전환을 나타내는 초기 지표로 판단되었다. 반 면, 비유도 조건에서는 잎 수, 런너 수, 줄기 생체중, 엽면적이 증가하여 영양생장이 지속됨을 확인하였다. 특히, 유 도 처리 28일 이후 관부 내 자당 농도가 두드러지게 증가하였으며, 이는 꽃눈 분화 개시와의 관련성을 시사한다. 본 연구는 환경 조건에 따른 딸기 유묘의 생장 반응 차이를 규명하고, 꽃눈 분화 예측과 정식 시기 결정을 위한 유용한 생리적 지표를 제시함으로써, 환경 제어 기반의 효과적인 유묘 관리 전략 수립에 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data necessary for establishing a system for analyzing the dimensions and body types of men aged 30–59. The subjects were 1,247 adult males selected based on data from the 8th Korean anthropometric survey; the direct and calculated values constituted 36 items; and descriptive statistics analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis were conducted. the descriptive statistics analysis revealed that the weight difference between individuals was high, while the height difference was low. Overall, the differences between individuals were high in waist-related items and low in lower limb circumference-related items. It was found that knee height and hip side length increased in subjects aged in their late 30s and decreased in those aged in their early 50s, while lower leg circumference decreased with age from the late 30s onward. The factor analysis identified four dimensions: “horizontal size of lower body,” “vertical size of lower body,” “hip length,” and “ankle size.” on the basis of the cluster analysis, they were classified into the following types: “tall body shape with long waist and hips, bent legs and hips, thick legs and ankles,” “slim body shape with short legs and short hips,” and “slim body shape with short legs and thin ankles.” A follow-up study is required to analyze changes in body shape over time based on annual measurements. We believe that this study will furnish basic data for establishing a measurement system for men’s clothing.

본 논문은 라이소자임이 칸디다 알비칸스에 항균효능이 있음을 발견하였고 라이소자임의 분해 절편도 또한 항균효능이 있는지 단백질 분해 효소인 트립신을 처리하여 확인해 보았다. 130개의 아미노산 으로 구성된 14 kDa 단백질인 라이소자임을 약 24 kDa의 분자량을 가지는 단백질 분해 효소인 트립신으 로 분해 하였다. 분해된 생성물은 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피인 분석용 및 제조용 HPLC를 사용하여 분 석 및 분리하였다. 이를 통해 효율적인 라이소자임 소화를 위한 최적 조건을 확인하고, 분해된 펩타이드 절 편들을 분리하였다. 효능평가 결과, 일부 펩타이드 절편들이 칸디다 알비칸스에 강한 항균 활성을 보임을 확인하였으며 몇몇은 활성이 줄어드는 결과를 보였다.

본 연구는 습도센서에서 Zn-MOF (금속-유기구조)의 개발과 응용에 대해 다루며, 친환경적 합성과 우수한 전기적 특성을 보고한다. 그린 화학의 원리를 이용하여 제작된 Zn-MOF를 유연한 폴리에 틸렌테레프탈레이트 기판 상에 형성된 깍지낀 구조의 전극과 통합하였다. 상대습도가 10%부터 90%까지 증가할 때, 전기적 특성은 42.49 pF에서 370 nF까지 정전용량의 급격한 상승(약 939,322%)을 나타냈다. 또한, 임피던스는 47 MΩ에서 0.072 MΩ까지 약 99.81% 감소하였다. 제작된 습도센서는 반응시간 5초, 복구시간 약 0.7에서 0.9초로 동적으로 반응하였다. 이러한 결과는 Zn-MOF가 고도로 민감하고 반응성이 뛰어난 습도 모니터링할 수 있는 가능성과, 특히 다양한 환경 조건에서 센서의 정전용량성 반응성을 강조 하고자 한다.

In recent years, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted considerable attention in materials engineering due to their unique phase stability and mechanical properties compared to conventional alloys. Since the inception of HEAs, CoCrFeMnNi alloys have been widely investigated due to their outstanding strength and fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures. However, their lower yield strength at room temperature limits their structural applications. The mechanical properties of HEAs are greatly influenced by their processing methods and microstructural features. Unlike traditional melting techniques, powder metallurgy (PM) provides a unique opportunity to produce HEAs with nanocrystalline structures and uniform compositions. The current review explores recent advances in optimizing the microstructural characteristics in CoCrFeMnNi HEAs by using PM techniques to improve mechanical performance. The most promising strategies include grain refinement, dispersion strengthening, and the development of heterogeneous microstructures (e.g., harmonic, bimodal, and multi-metal lamellar structures). Thermomechanical treatments along with additive manufacturing techniques are also summarized. Additionally, the review addresses current challenges and suggests future research directions for designing advanced HEAs through PM techniques.

Maca has been reported to alleviate male menopause symptoms in humans and experimental animals; however, its mechanism of action in improving male menopause has not been clearly identified. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of gelatinized maca in improving male menopause by analyzing serum testosterone, testicular androgen receptor (AR) expression, and testicular oxidation-antioxidation balance. Gelatinized maca was administered orally to aged male C57BL/6 mice at three doses (500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg/kg/day) for 28 consecutive days. Serum biochemical analysis showed an increase in serum hydroxysteroid 17-beta-dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17β13) concentration at 1,500 mg/kg/day and a decrease in serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentration at ≥ 1,000 mg/kg/day. Gelatinized maca administration also resulted in the increased expression levels of testicular AR and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) at 1,500 mg/kg/day. Oxidative stress analysis showed an increase in testicular superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities and a decrease in testicular malondialdehyde at 1,500 mg/kg/day. In conclusion, gelatinized maca administration to aged male mice increased HSD17β13, AR and CREB expression, and antioxidant capacity and decreased serum SHBG. The results of the present study suggest that gelatinized maca may be a useful substance that can help alleviate male menopause symptoms.

As social media becomes increasingly integrated into daily life, it has reshaped how people communicate and consume advertising. Instagram, a visually-oriented platform, uses advanced targeting and shopping features to deliver personalized advertising, particularly in the fashion retail sector. Grounded in the cognitive-affective-behavioral model and human information processing theory, this study investigates how Instagram’s personalized fashion advertising influences consumer perception and behavior, focusing on recommendation system quality (accuracy, novelty, diversity) and content quality (vividness, diagnosticity). A survey of 403 Korean adults aged 20–69 was conducted to assess causal relationships among these variables. The findings reveal that accuracy and diversity in recommendation systems, along with diagnosticity of content quality, positively influence user satisfaction, which, in turn, influences their click-through and purchase intentions. However, novelty and vividness exhibited no significant effects. Academically, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying personalized advertising on visuallyoriented platforms like Instagram. Practically, it underscores the importance of creating high-quality, personalized content that aligns with user preferences and provides clear product information. Brands can enhance user engagement by designing visually appealing advertisements and optimizing linked web pages to foster emotional bonds with consumers. These strategies can cultivate long-term customer relationships and enhance brand loyalty while maximizing advertising effectiveness on Instagram.

This study investigated the ultra-low-temperature (4.2 K) tensile properties and deformation mechanisms of stainless steel 304L manufactured via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The tensile properties of LPBF 304L were compared to those of conventional 304L to assess its suitability for cryogenic applications. The results revealed that LPBF 304L exhibited a significantly higher yield strength but lower ultimate tensile strength and elongation than conventional 304L at 4.2 K. The temperature dependence of the yield strength also favored LPBF 304L. Microstructural analysis demonstrated that LPBF 304L features a high density of dislocation cells and nano-inclusions, contributing to its greater strength. Furthermore, strain-induced martensitic transformation was observed as a key deformation mechanism at cryogenic temperatures, where austenite transformed into both hexagonal-closed packed (HCP) and body-centered cubic (BCC) martensite. Notably, BCC martensite nucleation occurred within a single HCP band. These findings provide critical insights into the mechanical behavior of LPBF 304L at cryogenic temperatures and its potential for applications in extreme environments.

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) facilitates the production of complex geometries with enhanced functionality. Among various AM techniques, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is distinguished by its precision and exceptional mechanical properties achieved via laser fusion deposition. Recent advancements in AM have focused on combining LPBF with post-processing methods such as cold rolling, high-pressure torsion, and forming processes. Therefore, understanding the forming behavior of LPBF-processed materials is essential for industrial adoption. This study investigates the stretch-flangeability of LPBF-fabricated 316L stainless steel, emphasizing its anisotropic microstructure and mechanical properties. Hole expansion tests were employed to assess stretch-flangeability in comparison to wrought 316L stainless steel. The results demonstrate that LPBF-processed samples exhibit significant anisotropic behavior, demonstrating the influence of microstructural evolution on formability. These findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing LPBF materials for industrial forming applications.

곤충 Laccifer lacca의 분비물인 stick lac에서 얻어지는 락색소는 물에 용해되는 붉은색 식용 색소로, 식품에 붉 은 색을 더하는 착색제이다. 주요 성분은 안트라퀴논계 기 반의 laccaic acid로 A, B, C, D, E로 구성된다. 본 연구 의 목적은 HPLC-DAD를 활용하여 laccaic acid를 정량적 으로 분석할 수 있는 방법을 검증하는 것과 섭취 노출량 을 산출하는 것이다. 제안된 분석법은 특이성, 선형성, LOD, LOQ, 정확성, 정확도 등 다양한 검증 항목에서 평 가되었으며, 매트릭스 효과 또한 충분히 고려되었다. 모든 매트릭스에서 검량선은 높은 선형성 (R20.999)을 보였고, 락색소의 MDL과 MQL은 각각 1.93 mg/kg와 5.86 mg/ kg로 확인되었다. 일내 및 일간 회수율 시험에서 정확도 는 91.5-100.9% 사이였고, 정밀도는 0.8-2.6%RSD로 AOAC 기준을 충족하였다. 한국에서 유통되는 다양한 식 품들을 수집하여 락색소를 모니터링하여 식품 유형별 락 색소 섭취 노출량을 평가하였다. 락색소 섭취 수준의 범 위는 국민전체, 섭취자 각각 0.0000-0.0027 mg/kg·bw/day 와 0.0000 -0.0306 mg/kg·bw/day였다. 개발된 분석법은 다 양한 식품 유형에 적용 가능하여 락색소 추출물의 효과적 인 모니터링을 가능하게 하며, 섭취량 평가를 통해 락색 소의 안전성 평가에 추가적으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Background: During daily activities, stability is maintained to enhance the function of muscles surrounding the lumbopelvic and hip structures. The core muscles such as the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) responsible for this stability. One effective static exercise for strengthening these muscles is the plank. Objects: This study aimed to compare abdominal electromyographic activation when an unstable support surface was applied to the upper and lower extremities during a standard and a knee plank. Methods: A total of 30 adults (15 males and 15 females) participated in this study. Surface electromyography electrodes were placed on the RA, EO, and IO muscles. Data were collected under six conditions for males, including two plank postures (standard and knee planks) and three unstable surface conditions (a dynamic balance cushion applied to the upper extremities, lower extremities, or no cushion). Female participants performed only the knee plank. A mixed-effects model with a random intercept was used to analyze muscle activation across plank posture and surface position, with statistical significance set at α = 0.05. Results: In males, the standard plank elicited greater muscle activation than the knee plank across all muscles (p < 0.0001). Additionally, applying an unstable support surface to the upper extremities significantly increased muscle activation in both plank postures in EO and IO (p < 0.001). Other muscle, RA, was only affected by the unstable support surface in the standard plank position only. In females, the knee plank with upper limb instability resulted in the highest muscle activation for all muscles. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of surface instability in core muscle engagement. However, future studies should further investigate abdominal muscle activation with a more detailed analysis and the inclusion of a control group to enhance comparative validity.

Background: With the increase of seated work, interest in forward head posture (FHP) has grown. Prolonged computer tasks with FHP have been considered a factor that increases the stiffness and tone of the upper trapezius (UT) muscle. Traditionally, many studies have measured the craniovertebral angle (CVA) in standing positions to assess FHP, making it difficult to determine whether the CVA measured in a habitual working posture correlates with the stiffness and tone of the UT muscle in office workers. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the relationship among CVA, UT muscle stiffness, and tone in both habitual working and standing postures among asymptomatic office workers. Methods: Forty asymptomatic office workers participated in the study. CVA was measured in both habitual working and standing postures. Stiffness and tone of the UT muscle were assessed after a 10-minute computer task. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between CVA and stiffness and tone of the UT muscle. Results: No significant correlations were found between CVA in standing posture and the stiffness and tone of the UT muscle. However, moderate negative correlations were observed between CVA measured in the habitual working posture and both the stiffness (dominant: r = –0.490, non-dominant r = –0.465) and tone (dominant: r = –0.501, non-dominant r = –0.446) of the UT muscle. Conclusion: This study highlights that decreased CVA in habitual working posture is associated with increased stiffness and tone of the UT muscle in asymptomatic office workers. Therefore, measuring CVA in the habitual working posture should be considered when evaluating stiffness and tone of the UT muscle.

This study investigated the impact of various soil environmental factors on the growth and yield of Actinidia arguta (A. arguta) in Suwon, South Korea. By employing Pearson correlation analysis, we explored the relationships between soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content, available phosphorus, available silicon, soil moisture, and soil temperature with A. arguta growth and yield. The results revealed that soil temperature and EC had the strongest positive correlations with A. arguta growth, while organic matter content exhibited a strong negative correlation with fruit yield. The high levels of available phosphorus emerged as a potential adverse factor affecting yield. These findings suggest that managing soil temperature, EC, and phosphorus levels is crucial for optimizing A. arguta productivity. Future research should focus on fine-tuning phosphorus levels and further investigating the interactions between soil factors to enhance A. arguta yield and sustainability.

Though Farnesiferol C (FC) derived from Ferula asafoetida is known to have antiangiogenic and apoptotic effect in gastric, breast, nonsmall lung cancers, the underlying antitumor mechanism of FC is not fully understood so far. Hence, in the current study, apoptotic mechanism of FC was explored in colon cancers in association with carbon catabolite repression 4-negative on TATA-less 2 (CNOT2)/c-Myc signaling. Herein FC significantly increased cytotoxicity and reduced the number of colonies in HCT116 cells more effectively than in SW480 cells, though FC enhanced sub-G1 cell population in HCT116 and SW480 cells compared to untreated control. Consistently, FC activated the cleavages of Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and Bax and attenuated the expression of pro-PARP and Cyclin D1 in HCT116 cells better than SW480 cells. Also, FC significantly reduced the expression of CNOT2 and c-Myc. Also, FC reduced of c-Myc stability in HCT116 cells by cycloheximide assay. Notably, CNOT2 depletion reduced the expression of c-Myc, while c-Myc depletion also attenuated the expression of CNOT2 in HCT116 cells, implying the crosstalk between CNOT2 and c-Myc. Furthermore, overexpression of c-Myc or CNOT2 promoted the expression of pro-PARP in HCT116 cells. Overall, these findings suggest that FC induces apoptosis via inhibition of CNOT2 and c-Myc in colon cancers for a potent anticancer candidate for further agriculture cultivation in Korea.

Background: Ankle flexibility is important for maintaining proper biomechanical function. Static stretching is used to improve flexibility with minimal risk; however, its effects are often temporary. Transfer of energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy has the potential to enhance muscle flexibility and circulation through deep heat applications. However, comparative studies evaluating the effectiveness of TECAR therapy and static stretching are lacking. Objects: This study aimed to compare the effects of static stretching therapy (ST) and combined TECAR and static stretching therapy (T-ST) in subjects with gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) tightness. Methods: Twenty-seven participants with bilateral GCM tightness were enrolled. To administer the ST and T-ST, which were each applied to both legs, the participants stood for 15 minutes on a wedge with a 0°–15° incline, with both feet on the wedge during ST and with TECAR therapy in resistive energy transfer mode applied to only one side of the GCM during T-ST. Muscle stiffness (MyotonPRO), dorsiflexion range of motion (DF-ROM), peak torque, and pennation angle (PA) of the GCM were measured before and after the intervention. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Differences between the ST and T-ST leg conditions and between pre- and post-intervention changes in the legs were analyzed using paired t-tests. Results: There were no significant differences in any of the measured variables between the legs before the intervention. ST and T-ST legs showed significant improvements in all measured variables after the intervention (p < 0.05). T-ST legs demonstrated a significantly greater increase in DF and a greater decrease in PA than ST legs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: T-ST outperformed ST in reducing PA and increasing DF-ROM by promoting deep tissue relaxation and stimulating metabolic activity. This may lead to reduced pain and greater flexibility compared to ST. Maintaining an optimal PA ensures efficient force transmission during exercise, as evidenced by the observed increase in peak torque.

Background: Portable, small computers and smartphones are now considered essential tools in modern society and smartphone ownership and usage rates are rising every year. However, excessive smartphone use can have musculoskeletal and postural implications, leading to “smartphone addiction” and related dysfunctions. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effects of smartphone addiction on scapular position and muscle activity during shoulder abduction in asymptomatic individuals. Methods: A total of 45 participants were classified into high-risk, middle-risk, and low-risk groups based on their smartphone addiction levels. Scapular position was measured using the scapular index, round shoulder posture (RSP), lateral scapular slide test, and scapulohumeral rhythm spine angle. Muscle activity was assessed using electromyography of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and anterior deltoid (AD) muscles during shoulder abduction. Results: Smartphone addiction was significantly associated with altered scapular position and muscle activity. The high-risk group exhibited greater forward head posture and more pronounced RSP. Additionally, the high-risk group had lower SA activation and higher UT, LT, and AD muscle activity, indicating compensatory mechanisms due to altered scapular positioning. Conclusion: These findings suggest that excessive smartphone use contributes to postural deviations and altered muscle activation patterns, which may lead to musculoskeletal dysfunction over time. Clinicians should consider smartphone use when assessing patients with scapular dysfunction, and future studies should explore interventions to mitigate these effects.

예이츠(W. B Yeats)의 모드 곤(Maud Gonne)에 대한 평생의 사랑은 널 리 알려져 있으며 그의 삶과 문학에 깊은 영향을 미쳤다. 그러나 모드의 의붓딸인 이 졸트 곤(Iseult Gonne)에 대한 그의 애정은 상대적으로 덜 주목받아왔다. 그러나 이 측면은 보다 깊이 있게 검토될 필요가 있다. 이졸트에 대한 그의 사랑 역시 깊고 지 속적이었으며, 그 사랑의 강렬함은 그의 많은 작품에서 분명하게 드러난다. 특히 주목 할 만한 것은 예이츠가 종종 이졸트에게 이상적인 아름다움의 상징으로써 댄서의 이 미지를 자주 사용한 것이다. 이는 그녀에 대한 그의 깊은 사랑을 반영한다. 반복되는 이 상징은 예이츠가 이졸트를 향해 가진 감정을 이해하는 데 중요한 단서를 제시한다. 이 논문은 예이츠의 시에서 이졸트와 관련된 다양한 이미지를 살펴봄으로써 그의 사 랑 시에 담긴 감정을 보다 깊이 탐구하고자 한다.

Background: Logistics service workers (LSWs) face significant occupational challenges, with ankle sprains being the second most prevalent work-related musculoskeletal disorder. Foot posture, assessed through the navicular drop test, can significantly influence dynamic balance performance, which is crucial for injury prevention in physically demanding occupational settings. Objects: This study aimed to investigate differences in dynamic balance performance among LSWs with pronated, supinated, and normal foot types using the Y-Balance test (YBT), comparing reach distances across anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. Methods: A total of 205 LSWs were classified into three groups based on navicular drop measurements: supinated (n = 44), normal (n = 94), and pronated (n = 67) foot types. The YBT was performed on the dominant leg, measuring reach distances in three directions. Participants’ demographic characteristics were recorded, and statistical analyses were conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction. Results: Significant differences in YBT performance were observed across all three directions (anterior: p = 0.009, posterolateral: p = 0.015, posteromedial: p = 0.014). The supinated and normal foot groups showed significantly greater reach distances compared to the pronated group (p < 0.026 for anterior direction). In the posterolateral direction, the supinated group demonstrated significantly better performance compared to the pronated group (p = 0.014). Similarly, the posteromedial direction revealed significantly higher reach distances for the supinated group compared to the pronated group (p = 0.012). Conclusion: The study reveals that foot type significantly impacts dynamic balance performance among LSWs. Workers with pronated feet demonstrate reduced balance capabilities, while those with supinated feet show the most superior dynamic balance performance.

Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is associated with trunk and lower extremity muscle weakness. Kneeling squat (KS) is a hip-focused exercise commonly used in the activities of daily living. However, research on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity across movement phases (ascending, holding, and descending) during KS remains limited and warrants further investigation. Objects: To determine the muscle activity of transversus abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO), erector spinae, gluteus maximus (Gmax), gluteus medius (Gmed), rectus femoris (RF) in the contraction phases of KS in individuals with CLBP. Methods: Surface electromyography data were recorded during KS across the ascending, holding, and descending phases on the side with CLBP. A 60-bit metronome was used to control the exercise speed. Results: The muscle activity of the TrA/IO was significantly higher during the holding phase than during the ascending and descending phases. The Gmax and Gmed were significantly higher during the holding phase than during the descending phase, whereas, RF was significantly higher during the ascending phase than during the holding and descending phases. Conclusion: The holding phase of KS may be recommended as a trunk and lower extremity exercise to increase in TrA/IO, Gmax, and Gmed muscle activity. Additionally, the ascending phase activates RF muscle in individuals with CLBP.

Road infrastructure development and biodiversity conservation are essential for sustainable development. However, many developing countries struggle to balance them. This study examines the impact of road construction in 24 African countries and evaluates strategies for achieving sustainability. Using a case study approach, road construction variables from individual country reports (2024) were quantitatively analyzed alongside Red List Index (RLI) scores from the Yale University's 2024 Environmental Performance Index Report. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were applied to assess the relationship between road development and biodiversity conservation to provide insights into effective mitigation strategies. Results indicate that in 2024, the average RLI score for the 24 African countries was 64.74, with a 10-year mean decline of -2.85. On average, 17,162.21 ha of biodiversity habitats were cleared for road construction, emphasizing the vulnerability of biodiversity. Burkina Faso (95.4), Mali (92.9), and Botswana (92.2) exhibited strong biodiversity health, whereas Kenya (24.9), South Africa (24.4), Uganda (15.7), and Tanzania (0) faced critical challenges. Wildlife crossing was the most significant predictor in lower-income economies (R² = 0.49, p < 0.0001), traffic volume in lower-middle income economies (R² = 0.35, p = 0.0007), and road width in upper-middle income economies (R² = 0.83, p = 0.0054). Habitat clearance exhibited a weak correlation. These findings highlight the crucial role of road construction variables—particularly wildlife crossings, road width, and traffic volume—in biodiversity conservation across income groups. Targeted road planning is required to mitigate biodiversity loss. These findings contribute to the emerging literature on the impact of infrastructure on conservation, policy guidance, and mitigation efforts in developing countries.