Background: Limitations of shoulder range of motion (ROM), particularly shoulder internal rotation (SIR), are commonly associated with musculoskeletal disorders in both the general population and athletes. The limitation can result in connective tissue lesions such as superior labrum tears and symptoms such as rotator cuff tears and shoulder impingement syndrome. Maintaining the center of rotation of the glenohumeral joint during SIR can be challenging due to the compensatory scapulothoracic movement and anterior displacement of the humeral head. Therefore, observing the path of the instantaneous center of rotation (PICR) using the olecranon as a marker during SIR may provide valuable insights into understanding the dynamics of the shoulder joint. Objects: The aim of the study was to compare the displacement of the olecranon to measure the rotation control of the humeral head during SIR in individuals with and without restricted SIR ROM. Methods: Twenty-four participants with and without restricted SIR ROM participated in this study. The displacement of olecranon was measured during the shoulder internal rotation control test (SIRCT) using a Kinovea (ver. 0.8.15, Kinovea), the 2-dimensional marker tracking analysis system. An independent t-test was used to compare the horizontal and vertical displacement of the olecranon marker between individuals with and without restricted SIR ROM. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Vertical displacement of the olecranon was significantly greater in the restricted SIR group than in the control group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the horizontal displacement of the olecranon (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that individuals with restricted SIR ROM had significantly greater vertical displacement of the olecranon. The results suggest that the limitation of SIR ROM may lead to difficulty in rotation control of the humeral head.

The objective of this study was to determine the ultrasonication-assisted extraction conditions that maximize the DPPH radical scavenging activity of extracts obtained from the stems of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz through the application of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Before delving into the analysis of extraction conditions using the RSM model, we conducted efficiency validation of ultrasonication-assisted extraction and executed single-factor experiments for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature. The data obtained from these single-factor experiments were employed to construct the Box-Behnken Design (BBD). In these results, in the single-factor experiments, it was evident that the parameters for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature exhibited quadratic trends. The single-factor experiments allowed us to discern the trends for each parameter leading to the maximum antioxidant capacity, and this data was subsequently applied to the BBD. Following the completion of initial experiments, a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model was constructed based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD). According to the predictive model developed in this study, it was anticipated that performing ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 85.0412 minutes at an ethanol concentration of 32.573% and an extraction temperature of 51.5608°C will result in a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 79.7146%. The predictive results were statistically verified through a comparative analysis with actual measurements and ANOVA analysis, confirming the statistical significance of the model. The finding of this study underscore the significance of optimizing extraction conditions in the precise quantification of the antioxidant potential for economic advantages in both experimental and industrial contexts.

Background: Individuals with pes planus tend to overuse the extrinsic foot muscles, such as the tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneus longus (PL), to compensate for the weakened intrinsic foot muscles, such as the abductor hallucis (AbdH). Furthermore, differences in weight-bearing can affect the activity of muscles in both the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles. To date, no study has compared the effects of the short foot exercise (SFE) and toe spread-out exercise (TSO) on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle activity and the corresponding ratios in different weight-bearing positions. Objects: To compare the effects of the SFE and TSO on AbdH, TA, and PL activity and the AbdH/TA and AbdH/PL activity ratios in the sitting and standing positions in individuals with pes planus. Methods: Twenty participants with pes planus were recruited. Surface electromyography was used to assess the amplitudes of AbdH, TA, and PL activity. Participants performed both exercises while adopting both the sitting and standing positions. Results: No significant interaction between exercise and position was found regarding the activity of any muscle or ratio of the activity, except for PL activity. We observed a significant increase in AbdH activity during the TSO compared to the SFE, and no significant difference in TA and PL activity between the two exercises. AbdH, TA, and PL activity were significantly higher in the standing position than in the sitting position. Furthermore, the AbdH/PL activity ratio significantly increased in the sitting position, although there was a significant increase in AbdH activity in the standing position. Conclusion: In individuals with pes planus, we recommend performing the TSO in the sitting position, which may increase the activity of the AbdH while concurrently decreasing the activity of the TA and PL, thus strengthening the AbdH.

Background: The serratus anterior (SA) is a muscle that performs protraction of the scapulothoracic joint and plays a role in stabilizing the scapula. Imbalances or weaknesses in SA activation are associated with a variety of shoulder dysfunctions, making selective SA strengthening important for rehabilitation. Objects: We aimed to compare the muscle activation of the pectoralis major (PM), SA, external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) during the push-up plus (PUP) exercise with isometric hip adduction (HA) and abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM). Methods: Nineteen healthy male participants performed three PUP exercises: standard PUP, PUP with ADIM, and PUP with HA. Surface electromyography was used to measure and analyze the muscle activity for PM, SA, EO, and IO. Results: PUP with HA showed the lowest PM activity and highest SA activity, and no significant difference was observed between PUP and PUP with ADIM. PUP with ADIM showed significantly the highest EO and IO activity, followed by PUP with HA and PUP. Additionally, PUP with HA showed the lowest PM/SA ratio, and no significant difference was noted between PUP and PUP with ADIM. Conclusion: PUP with HA was able to show high SA muscle activity while reducing PM muscle activity. In addition, PUP with HA can lead to higher EO and IO muscle activity than standard PUP. This exercise could be used as a practical exercise method to selectively strengthen SA and improve scapular muscle stability during early shoulder rehabilitation.

Background: Single-leg squat (SLS)s are commonly used as assessment tool and closed kinetic exercises are useful for assessing performance of the lower extremities. Pronated feet are associated with foot pressure distribution (FPD) during daily activities. Objects: To compare the FPD during SLSs between groups with pronated and normal feet. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 participants (15 each in the pronated foot and control groups) are recruited in this study. The foot posture index was used to distinguish between the pronated foot and control groups. The Zebris FDM (Zebris Medical GmbH) stance analysis system was used to measure the FPD on the dominant side during a SLS, which was divided into three phases. A two-way mixed-model ANOVA was used to identify significant differences in FPD between and within the two groups. Results: In the hallux, the results of the two-way mixed-model ANOVAs revealed a significant difference between the group and across different phases (p < 0.05). The hallux, and central forefoot were significantly different between the group (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant differences across different phases were observed in the hallux, medial forefoot, central forefoot, lateral forefoot, and rearfoot (p < 0.05). The post hoc t-tests were conducted for the hallux and forefoot central regions. In participants with pronated foot, the mean pressure was significantly greater in hallux and significantly lower, in the central forefoot during the descent and holding phases. Conclusion: SLSs are widely used as screening tests and exercises. These findings suggest that individuals with pronated feet should be cautious to avoid excessive pressure on the hallux during the descent-to-hold phase of a SLS.

예이츠의 작품에서 반복적으로 나타나는 모티프인 변신(Metamorphosis) 은 현실의 가혹함으로부터 위안을 제공한다. 아일랜드 유산에 뿌리를 두고 전설과 민 간 전승에 둘러싸여 자란 예이츠는 변신을 상징적 탈출구로 활용하여, ｢흰 새｣, ｢레다 와 백조｣, ｢비잔티움으로의 향해｣, ｢메이브 여왕의 노년｣, 환영의 바다 등의 작품을 통하여 덧없는 삶 속에서 영원한 사랑의 주제를 탐구한다. 본 논문은 예이츠의 변신 사용의 예를 분석하고, 존재의 덧없는 본질에 맞서는 그의 의도와 그 의미를 밝히는 것을 목표로 한다.

Background: Landing from a step or stairs is a basic motor skill but high incidence of lateral ankle sprain has been reported during landing with inverted foot. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of landing height and visual feedback on the kinematics of landing and supporting lower limbs before and after the touch down and the ground reaction force(GRF)s. Methods: Eighteen healthy females were voluntarily participated in landing from the lower (20 cm) and the higher (40 cm) steps with and without visual feedback. To minimize the time to plan the movement, the landing side was randomly announced as a starting signal. Effects of the step height, the visual feedback, or the interaction on the landing duration, the kinematic variables and the GRFs at each landing event point were analyzed. Results: With eyes blindfolded, the knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion on landing side significantly decreased before and after the touch down. However, there was no significant effect of landing height on the anticipatory kinematics on the landing side. After the touch down, the landings from the higher step increased the knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion on both landing and supporting sides. From the higher steps, the vertical GRF, anterior GRF, and lateral GRF increased. No interaction between step height and visual feedback was significant. Conclusion: Step height and visual feedback affected the landing limb kinematics independently. Visual feedback affected on the landing side while step height altered the supporting side prior to the touch down. After the touch down, the step height had greater influence on the lower limb kinematics and the GRFs than the visual feedback. Findings of this study can contribute to understanding of the injury mechanisms and preventing the lateral ankle sprain.

Background: Lateral instability of the ankle is one of the most common causes of musculoskeletal ankle injuries. The peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) contribute to ankle stability. In early rehabilitation, isometric exercises have been selected for improvement of ankle stability. To effectively train the peroneal muscles during eversion, it is important to consider ankle and body posture. Objects: This study aimed to compare activation of the PL, PB, and biceps femoris (BF) muscles during eversion in different ankle postures (neutral [N], plantarflexed [PF]) and body postures (sitting and side-lying). Methods: Thirty healthy individuals with no history of lateral ankle sprains within the last 6 months were included in the study. Maximal isometric strength of eversion and muscle activation were measured simultaneously. Muscle activation at submaximal eversion was divided by the highest value obtained from maximal isometric eversion among the four postures (percent maximal voluntary isometric contraction [%MVIC]). To examine the differences in muscle activation depending on posture, a 2 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. Results: There were significant interaction effects of ankle and body postures on PL muscle activation and evertor strength (p < 0.05). The PL muscle activation showed a significantly greater difference in the side-lying and PF conditions than in the sitting and N conditions (p < 0.05). Evertor strength was greater in the N compared to the PF condition regardless of body posture (p < 0.05). In the case of PB and BF muscle activation, only the main effects of ankle and body posture were observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Among the four postures, the side-lying-PF posture produced the highest muscle activation. The side-lying-PF posture may be preferred for effective peroneal muscle exercises, even when considering the BF muscle.

Background: Sleep accounts for approximately one-third of a person’s lifetime. It is a relaxing activity that relieves mental and physical fatigue. Pillows of different sizes, shapes, and materials have been designed to improve sleep quality by achieving an optimal sleep posture. Objects: This study aimed to determine which pillow provides the most comfortable and supports the head and neck during sleep, which may enhance sleep quality. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy adults (19 males and 9 females) with an average age of 29 years participated in this cross-sectional study. This experiment was conducted while the participants laid down for 5 minutes in four different pillow conditions: (1) no pillow (NP), (2) neck support foam pillow (NSFP), (3) standard microfiber filled pillow (SFP), and (4) hybrid foam pillow (HFP). The head-neck peak pressure, cranio-vertebral angle in supine (CVAs), cranio-horizontal angle in supine (CHAs), chin-sternum distance (CSD), and muscle tone of sternocleidomastoid were analyzed using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: The head-neck peak pressure was the highest in the NSFP condition, followed by the NP, SFP, and HFP conditions. The CVAs, CHAs, and CSD of the SFP were lower than those of the other pillows. Muscle tone was the highest in the NP condition, followed by the of NSFP, HFP, and SFP conditions. The participants subjective comfort level in both the supine and side-lying postures was highest in the HFP condition, followed by the SFP and NSFP conditions. Conclusion: This study can be used to establish the importance of pillow selection for highquality sleep. The results of this study, suggest that a hybrid pillow with a good supportive core and appropriate fluffiness can maintain comfort and correct cervical spine alignment during sleep.

Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) is a free-floating perennial herbaceous plant with rosette leaves and a stem. Although this plant multiplies and has adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, it can be used for biological purification of polluted water and production of valuable substances as a traditional medicine. In this study, we report a protocol to establish an in vitro micropropagation method based on direct shoot organogenesis from stem explants. In media comprising two types of basal medium and different growth regulators, multiple shoot organogenesis was observed on stems. The micropropagation method was most effective on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium with 1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid and 2 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose, on which all explants produced multiple shoots. The shoots rooted spontaneously on solid half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) and SH media without growth regulators (1/2MSO and 1/2SHO). However, roots developed more vigorously in liquid media. Regenerated plants colonized and grew more rapidly in SH basal medium than in MS basal medium and produced 6–8 stolons within 2 weeks on 1/2SHO. In summary, we established a method for micropropagation in vitro through direct organogenesis of water lettuce, which shows the potential of water lettuce as a model aquatic plant for phytochemical and pharmacological research.

The family Nitidulidae, the largest group in Cucujoidea, comprises approximately 350 genera and nearly 4,500 recorded species across ten subfamilies. In Korea, 86 species of Nitidulidae have been recorded. They are well-known for their diverse feeding habits. Anthophagy is a common habit, with certain species from the Epuraeinae, Carpophilinae, and Meligethinae recognized as pollinators. Despite their ecological significance, these groups rarely studied in Korea, due to their small size and morphological similarities. Our study reviews Korean species in three subfamilies, identifying 14 unrecorded species and 2 newly described species, and describes their ecological habits.

국립수목원 산림생물다양성연구과는 2023년부터 산림생태계 보전을 위한 화분매개곤충 특성연구 사업을 추진하면서 그 첫 번째 단계로 화분매개곤충 인벤토리 구축을 위한 연구를 수행하고 있다. 수목원 4개소(강원도 립화목원, 경상남도수목원, 국립수목원, 대구수목원)에서 9종의 식물(국수나무, 미선나무, 산수유, 산철쭉, 생강 나무, 수수꽃다리, 아까시나무, 진달래, 히어리)을 대상으로 각 식물에 어떤 곤충들이 방문하는지 쓸어잡기 방법 을 이용하여 확인하였다. 조사된 곤충 중에서 가장 많은 개체수를 차지하고 있는 곤충은 파리목(1,407개체)이었 으며, 26과의 다양한 파리목 곤충들을 확인할 수 있었다. 그중에서도 가장 많은 개체수를 차지하고 있는 과는 재니등에과 (4속, 5종, 651개체), 꽃등에과 (24속, 34종, 302개체), 기생파리과 (8속, 9종, 111개체)로 집계되었으며 이 중에서도 꽃등에과의 종다양성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 조사한 식물 중에서 가장 많은 파리목 곤충이 모인 식물은 수수꽃다리와 미선나무였고, 각각 314, 308개체 이상의 파리목 곤충을 확인하였다. 반면 파리목 곤충의 방문이 가장 저조한 식물은 국수나무와 아까시나무였으며 확인된 개체수는 각각 38, 45개체였다. 우리는 화분매 개곤충에 대한 인벤토리 구축을 통해 화분매개곤충에 대한 다양한 분류학 및 생태학적 데이터의 지속적인 확보 를 위해 노력하고 있으며, 본 소모임에서 이에 대한 발전방안 및 축적된 데이터의 활용방안에 대해 모색하고자 한다.

Pollination is an important ecosystem service mostly provided by diversity of pollinating insects and other animals. As in the anthropocene biodiversity crisis with the climate change, pollination systems are experiencing strongly challenged such as pollinator diversity and abundance decline, pollinator health weakness, pollinator-plant network instability as well as the crop-pollinator habitat fragmentation and insuitability. Here we present some research progress conducted from our group in the last decade. As the pollination dependence of Korean agriculture increases, pollination contribute ap. one forth of national agricultural production, and is responsible substantial portion of vitamin and mineral provisioning. Pollinator diversity is declining in various crop systems and network connectivity is decreasing. Still in agricultural landscape, honeybee (Apis spp) is the main pollinator, accounting ap. 70% of bees, and showed the possible resource partitioning between the native, A. cerana and the introduced, A. mellifera. Simulation of crop-pollinating insect distribution suitability showed up and down directional responses, but more on the negative Further research area for better understanding and stabilizing the plant-pollinator system was proposed.

Hymenoptera is one of the most important pollinators for many crops and wild plants in Korea. Many species visit in flowers for acquirement energy source of adults, and especially bees need pollen for rearing larvae. So, bees forage on flowers more than other insects. In 2023, specice number of bees in Korea is 308 species under 6 families, 38genera. However, many bees as like bumblebees are reduced rapidly because of climate change to warm, habitat destruction as like urbanization and pestcide abuse as like Neonicotinate. For example, in Gwangreung forests there were 6 species records : Bombus ignitus, B. ardens, B. koreanus, B. ussuriensis, B. atripes and B. opulantus. But, in 2023 we could find only two species Bombus ignitus and B. ardens. Bees need protection of Habitat, healthe, and food plants by human.

국내외적으로 기후변화, 이상기상 등 다양한 요인이 新문제 병해충의 발생을 가속화하고 있으나, 반대로 국제 기구에서 2030년까지 화학농약의 사용 및 위해도를 50%로 낮출 것을 요구하고 있다(생물다양성협약 COP15. 2022.12). 따라서 화학농약을 줄이면서 효과적으로 병해충을 방제할 수 있는 대안을 찾아야 한다. 화학농약의 대안으로 생명과학에 공학적 기술개념을 도입하여 인공적으로 생명체의 구성요소·시스템을 설 계·제작·합성하는 학문분야로 합성생물학이 주목받고 있다. 코로나19 백신개발과정에 합성생물학을 활용하여 개발기간을 단축한 사례(mRNA 백신)도 있다. 미국 농업분야에서는 dsRNA를 이용한 천연식물보호제(생물농 약)의 개발은 이미 상용화 단계로 넘어서고 있다. 이에 우리나라도 합성생물학을 활용한 농약의 개발과 상용화를 지원할 수 있는 제도적 기반을 마련할 시점이다. 본 발표에서는 합성생물학 기술을 이용한 新천연식물보호제의 개발과 상용화에 필요한 등록기준 마련 필요성과 고려할 사항에 대해 다각적으로 논의하고자 한다. 현재 우리나라에서 농약은 「농약관리법」에 따라 관리되며, 유효성분으로 쓰이는 원료의 종류에 따라 화학 농약과 천연식물보호제로 구분되고 있다. 화학농약은 “화학적으로 합성한 유효성분으로 제조한 것”을 말하며, 천연식물보호제는 “살아있는 미생물 또는 자연계에서 생성된 유기화합물 및 무기화합물”을 유효성분으로 제조 한 것“을 말한다. dsRNA 농약 등록을 위해서는 dsRNA 등 합성생물학 기술을 이용한 농약이 “자연계에서 생성된 유기화학물”로 분류될 수 있는 지에 대한 검토가 필요하며, dsRNA를 활용한 농약의 등록 기준이 마련되어야 한다. 기준을 마련하기 위해서는 합성생물학 기술에 대한 정확한 이해가 선행되어야 하고, 안전성에 대한 다각적 인 검토는 물론, 사회적 합의와 공감대 형성이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 우선 가장 중요한 이슈는 역시 유전자변형생물체(이하 ”LMO“) 문제이다. 국내에서는 LMO 작물의 재배 자체 에 대한 논란이 많은 상황이라는 점과 LMO일 경우 농약으로 등록시 기준 적용에 차이가 크기 때문이다. 천연식물 보호제는 화학농약보다는 등록시 요구되는 자료가 많이 간소화되어 있지만, LMO에 해당되면 그렇지 않다. 실제 미국에서 등록된 dsRNA 농약에는 LMO에 해당되는 것과 해당되지 않는 것이 있다. 따라서 국내에서 천연식물보 호제로 등록하기 위해서는 먼저 dsRNA를 활용한 기술이 LMO에 해당되는 지 여부가 먼저 정립되어야 하고, 해당 dsRNA 원제(Technical) 또는 해당 dsRNA 제품(Item)이 LMO 기술이 적용되지 않았음을 입증할 수 있는 체계 의 정립이 필요할 것이다. 또한 국제기준과 조화의 문제를 고려해야 한다. OECD 발간 문서(ENV/CBC/MONO(2023)26, ENV/JM/MONO (2020)26)에 따르면 dsRNA 농약은 dsRNA의 변이가 인체, 환경은 물론, 표적/비표적 유기체에 어떠한 영향을 미칠수 있는지에 대한 시험이 필요하고 이는 각 국가별 규제요건에 따라 달라질 수 있다고 밝히고 있다. 국내 기준을 마련하기 위해서는 외국 사례를 정밀하게 조사분석한 후 국내 여건에 맞도록 기준을 정립해야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 새로운 기술은 항상 부작용에 대한 우려가 따르기 마련이므로 전문가에 의해 과학적 근거에 기반 한 기준안이 마련함은 물론, 해당 기준안에 대한 대국민 소통/공감을 형성하는 과정도 필요하다. dsRNA농약은 우리나라에 새로운 도전이자 기회가 일 수 있다. 농약원제 개발에 뒤처져 수입에 의존하는 산업 에서 벗어나, 세계를 선도하며 수출하는 농약산업으로 바꿔야 할 시점인 것 같다.

과거 약 50년간 국내에서는 화학농약 기반의 병해충 방제가 지속적으로 농업 생산량을 안정적으로 유지시켜 왔다. 그러나 무분별한 화학 농약 사용은 병해충의 약제저항성 발달을 유발하였으며, 이는 기존의 방제효과를 얻기 위해 고농도 살포가 불가피하였으며, 또한 막대한 개발 비용이 필요한 신규 작용점 살충제 개발로 고비용의 방제기술로 전락하게 되었다. 여기에 대부분의 살충제가 신경계에 작용하여 인축 및 비표적 생물계에 영향을 주어 광범위한 사용에 제한을 받게 되었다. 대체 방제기술로 천적과 미생물에 의존하는 생물농약은 방제효율에 서 대부분 화학약제의 수준을 따르지 못해 농민의 절대적 호응을 받지 못하였다. 이 가운데 새로운 패러다임의 생물농약으로 살포용 dsRNA 농약이 화학농약의 방제 효과와 버금가는 시험 농가 반응으로 2023년 12월에 미국 EPA 등록을 받게 되었다. 향후 살포용 dsRNA는 살충제는 물론이고 살균제 및 제초제에 이르기까지 작물보호제 시장 전체에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이에 국내에서도 dsRNA를 실험실 단계에서 산업계 적용 기술 개발 단계로 전환하여야 할 시점에 이르게 되었다.

Ecdysteroids were first discovered in silkworm larvae in 1954 and are known to act as molting hormones in insects. Recently, biologically active phytoecdysone has gained increasing interest as it affects many physiological functions in mammals and has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological properties such as protein synthesis and anticancer. 20-Hydroxyecdysone is a class of ecdysteroids commonly found in plants and animals and is known to stimulate antibody formation in humans, reduce cholesterol levels, and exert anabolic and blood sugar-lowering effects. In order to determine the content of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Achyranthes japonica (roots) and Protaetia brevitarsis (larvae), which are known to have related benefits, we wanted to confirm their value as medicinal ingredients. The results of the analysis showed 0.0389 ug/g for Protaetia brevitarsis and 4.36 ug/g for Achyranthes japonica. These results confirm that plants secrete high concentrations of ecdysteroids to prevent insect damage, and are expected to be used as a basis for future research on the extraction of 20-Hydroxyecdysone for biological control and pharmacological use.

Sarcophaga peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) play a pivotal role in forensic entomology, particularly in the context of decomposing corpses in South Korea, with its prevalence most notable from May to October. This study aims to leverage the growth metrics of S. peregrina to refine estimates of the minimum post-mortem interval (PMI_min), thereby providing a more localized and accurate measure of the time elapsed since death. By cultivating specimens a across a range of temperatures (22℃, 25℃, 28℃, and 34℃), we documented the corresponding larval and pupal development rates, observing significant variances in development times across temperatures: 475.1 hours at 22℃, 347.0 hours at 25℃, 326.0 hours at 28℃, and 247.3 hours at 34℃. Our findings highlight a temperature-dependent acceleration in life cycle progression of research emphasizes the importance of considering environmental factors, particularly temperature, to enhance the accuracy of forensic investigation.

Protaetia brevitarsis larvae have been widely used for traditional medicine and food in East Asia. This research comprised two experiments. The first experiment compared the growth in densities (10, 20, 30 larvae), substrates (commercial, self-made), and containers (Tyvek, zipper bags). In the second experiment, different numbers of air holes (16, 32, 48 holes) in zipper bags experiment is ongoing. The results indicated that the larvae development rate was 72.6%, 69.98%, and 55.33% in 10, 20, and 30 larvae densities, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in larvae survival rate and weight. In the different feed material experiments, the average larvae weight of commercial feed was 1.09g and for self-made, it was 2.85g. The survival rate was 86% and 96% in commercial and self-made feed, respectively. Lastly, while 96% of larvae survived in Tyvek bags, none of the larvae survived in the zipper bags.

말라리아는 Anopheles 모기들에 의해 전파되며, 대한민국에서는 코로나 팬데믹 기간 동안(2020~2022) 약 200~300명대의 말라리아 환자가 발생하였으나, 지난 2023년에는 그 수가 폭증해 약 800명의 환자가 발생하였다. 현재까지 모기를 방제하기 위한 가장 효율적인 수단은 살충제를 사용한 방제이나, 지속적으로 이러한 화합물에 노출된 모기 개체군은 살충제에 저항성을 갖게 되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 대한민국의 주요 말라리아 발생 지역인 비무장지대 부근 및 이외 지역인 용산, 평택, 오산에서 채집을 진행하였으며, 채집된 An. sinensis에 대해서 살충제 저항성과 관련되어 있다고 알려진 유전자인 acetylcholinesterase-1(ace-1)와 voltage-gated sodium channel(vgsc) 영역에 대한 저항성 돌연변이 보유 여부를 각각 확인하였다. 실험 결과 채집된 모든 지역에서 G119S(ace-1), L1014F,C(vgsc) 돌연변이가 발견되었으며, 그 빈도는 계절과 장소에 따라 차이를 나타내었다. 본 실험 결과는 향후 말라리아 감염 억제를 위한 매개체 연구에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.