Whitefly has a broad host range of more than 600 species, and 40 biotypes have been reported worldwide. Among the various ecological types, B and Q are the most problematic. Especially, Biotype Q, which causes serious damage in the green house, mediates more than 40 kinds of viruses, including Tomato yellow leaf cull virus (TYLCV). The development of resistance to whitefly, adverse effects on non-target organisms, and strengthened legal regulations are making chemical control difficult in application. For these reasons, the use of alternative strategies is needed to suppress the Biotype Q whitefly population. Entomopathogenic fungi were investigated and developed to control hard-control insect pest, such as whitefly. These fungi are natural pathogen of their invertebrate host and contribute to the regulation of their host population in the environment. In addition, these agents are typically harmless to humans and non-targeted organisms and do not adversely impact the environment. Therefore, in this study, we screened pathogenic fungi against whitefly using our entomopathogenic fungal library, and virulence tests were conducted with conoidal suspension (1×107conidia/ml) in laboratory conditions. As a result, 10 isolates showed 80-100% mortality at 5 days after treatment. We will analyze the characteristics of these fungal isolates and evaluate their potential as insecticides against whitefly. The selected isolates against the high mortality of whiteflies can be effectively used in integrated pest management programs for whiteflies.

Deimatic display 는 평상시에는 위장으로 자신을 보호하는 동물들이 포식자에게 위협당하였을 때에만 일시적으로 화려한 경고색을 보여줌으로써 포식자를 놀라게 하여 자신을 보호하는 방어전략이다. 본 연구에서는 3가지의 서로 다른 연구 방법을 이용하여 이 방어전략의 진화에 대해 연구하였으며, 연구의 모델로는 태극나방과 (Erebidae)의 나방을 이용하였다. 첫 번째로 deimatic display 전략이 어떤 종에서 진화하였으며, 이 전략이 동물의 몸 크기와 함께 진화하였는지를 계통수 분석을 이용한 방법으로 연구하였다. 연구 결과 deimatic display 는 몸 크기가 상대적으로 큰 곤충에서 선택적으로 진화하였다는 사실을 발견하였다. 두 번째로 deimatic display 전략이 왜 body size 가 큰 종에서 진화하였는지를 이론적으로 검증하기 위하여 수학적 모델링을 활용, deimatic display 와 몸 크기와의 이론적인 관계를 연구하였다. 이론적 모델링이 시사하는 바는 1) 몸 크기가 클수록 위장이 실패할 확률이 높으며, 2) 몸 크기가 클수록 deimatic display 가 포식자를 위협하는 효과가 클수록 이러한 진화적인 관계가 생성될 수 있다는 점을 발견하였다. 마지막으로 수학적 모델링에서 도출된 결과를 실험적으로 검증하기 위하여 로보틱스 기술을 활용, deimatic display 행동을 보이는 인공나방로봇을 제작하였다. 제작된 인공나방 로봇의 날개크기와 날개색채를 변화시켜가며 나방의 크기가 커질수록 deimatic display 전략이 포식자(조류)를 위협하는데 더 효과적인지를 테스트하였으며, 실험 결과 deimatic display 전략은 나방의 사이즈가 클수록 더 효과적이라는 사실을 입증하였다. 추가 연구 결과 이러한 큰 크기 – 숨겨진 화려한 색채의 관계는 태극나방과 뿐만이 아니라 메뚜기목, 대벌레목, 사마귀목, 그리고 누에나방과(나비목)에서도 발견됨을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 deimatic display 전략이 큰 크기와 공진화하였음을 보여주며, 이러한 크기-색채 공진화는 deimatic display 전략의 효용성과 밀접한 관련을 가지며 이루어졌다는 사실을 보여준다.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sülzer, is an important sap-sucking pest of many plants, including Chinese cabbage. The objective of this study was therefore (1) to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of afidopyropen, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat on adult longevity and the fecundity of M. persicae, and (2) to study the feeding behavior of M. persicae on Chinese cabbage leaves treated with various concentrations of these three insecticides. Longevity and total fecundity of M. persicae adults were decreased at concentrations higher than LC30. Feeding behavior analyses using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal concentrations of afidopyropen, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion.

Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is considered as a serious pest in pine trees. To develop an eco-friendly strategy to manage this forest insect, we collected entomopathogenic fungi from Korean soil and assessed their virulence against the adults of the insect in laboratory conditions. As a result, two isolates with conidial suspension (1.0×107conidia/ml), showed 87% and 90% mortality 12 days after fungal treatment, respectively. We assessed the potential of the fungi-derived destruxin and protease as additives to the fungal isolates, and they showed insecticidal activity via feeding and spraying treatments. Finally, we produced fungal conidia in massive solid cultures and formulated wettable powders, and now studying optimal conditions of oil-based formulation with two isolates. Based on these results, we are evaluating the control efficacy of the fungal agents against M. alternatus in field conditions.

On May 29, 2006, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) created a system which provided a list of positive agricultural chemicals found in foods. This system has been done to prohibit the distribution of foods that contain agricultural chemicals above certain allowable level if the maximum residue limits (MRLs) have not been established. The agricultural chemicals include pesticides, feed additives, and veterinary drugs. This system aims at prohibiting the distribution of foods that contain residues of agricultural chemicals above certain allowable level. The Positive List allows 799 agricultural chemicals and provided guidelines for the use of those chemicals for products destined to Japan. Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) have been set for chemicals, and are usually expressed in parts per million. The MRL has been applied to pesticides, feed additives, and veterinary drugs that can remain in foods but are unlikely to pose adverse health effects when consumed. Data are given to members on Positive List and MRL, including the Japanese inspection protocol, violation results, sampling levels, and issues to be aware of, have been summarized in a report done by MHLW. Indeed, to implement the positive list, various measures were needed to secure the safety of agricultural products using pesticides. In other words, only the agricultural chemicals registered in Japan are manufactured, imported, sold and used. Pesticides that are not confirmed and registered by scientific evaluation for safety cannot be used. Therefore, when applying for agricultural chemical registration, it is necessary to submit test results (animal test etc.) such as toxicity. (Pesticides that may remain in food crops) The tests are as follows: ● Acute toxicity test ● Examination to investigate the influence of toxicity over the medium to long-term ● Test to obtain information for coping with acute intoxication due to an accident at an occasion of spraying and accidental ingestion ● Information on the decomposition route of agricultural chemicals in the body of animals and plants and the structure of decomposition products etc. is grasped ● Examination of the influence in the environment ● Test on the persistence of agricultural crops However, there are still remaining budget problems for pesticide enlargement registration tests for different kinds of crops. Thus, the pesticide registrations for the minor crops are serious tasks. As a general rule, the food classification adopted the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. And though farmers cultivate their vegetables such as spinach and lettuce with no pesticide, the vegetables may still be affected by them because of some neighboring farmers spraying pesticides. This can lead to serious problems if pesticides are detected in vegetables. When the positive list was implemented for more than 10 years, this system is becoming more established in Japan but, various problems still remain and it is necessary to gather more information on pesticides.

With the recent development of manufacturing technology and the diversification of consumer needs, not only the process and quality control of production have become more complicated but also the kinds of information that manufacturing facilities provide the user about process have been diversified. Therefore the importance of big data analysis also has been raised. However, most small and medium enterprises (SMEs) lack the systematic infrastructure of big data management and analysis. In particular, due to the nature of domestic manufacturing companies that rely on foreign manufacturers for most of their manufacturing facilities, the need for their own data analysis and manufacturing support applications is increasing and research has been conducted in Korea. This study proposes integrated analysis platform for process and quality analysis, considering manufacturing big data database (DB) and data characteristics. The platform is implemented in two versions, Web and C/S, to enhance accessibility which perform template based quality analysis and real-time monitoring. The user can upload data from their local PC or DB and run analysis by combining single analysis module in template in a way they want since the platform is not optimized for a particular manufacturing process. Also Java and R are used as the development language for ease of system supplementation. It is expected that the platform will be available at a low price and evolve the ability of quality analysis in SMEs.

Humic substances that can be obtained from coal resources such as leonardite in a bulk scale have been employed as crop stimulators and soil conditioners. The polymeric organics containing a variety of aromatic and aliphatic structures are known to activate plants in a multifunctional way, thus resulting in enhanced germination rate and abiotic stress resistance concomitant with induction of numerous genes and proteins. Although detailed structural-functional relationship of humic substances for plant stimulations has not been deciphered yet, cutting-edge analytical tools have unraveled critical features of humic architectures that could be linked to the action mechanisms of their plant stimulations. In this review article, we introduce key findings of humic structures and related biological functions that boost plant growth and abiotic stress resistance. Oxygen-based functional groups and plant hormone-like structures combined with labile and recalcitrant carbon backbones are believed to be critical moieties to induce plant stimulations. Some proteins such as HIGH-AFFINITY K+ TRANSPORTER 1, phospholipase A2 and H+-ATPase have been also recognized as key players that could be critically involved in humic substance-driven changes in plant physiology.

목적 : 본 연구는 중심부 암점을 가진 환자에게 한글 기반의 중심외보기 훈련 소프트웨어를 적용하여 그 효과성을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : ABA 단일대상연구(single-subject research design) 설계를 위해 중심부 암점을 가진 2명의 환자에게 훈련 전후 기초선 각 3회기, 중심외보기 훈련은 8회기를 시행하였다. 매회기 훈련 종료 후에 단문읽기속도를 측정하였고, 훈련전과 훈련 후에 일기활동 능력을 평가하기 위하여 캐나다작업수행측정(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure; COPM)와 운동처리기술평가(Assessment of Motor and Process Skills; AMPS)를 시행하였다. 결과 : 중심외보기 훈련 결과 대상자 모두의 읽기속도가 훈련 전보다 훈련 후에 2표준편차 이상 증가하였고, 특히 훈련 2-3회기에 큰 증가세를 나타냈다. 전반적인 일상생활활동 능력에서는 훈련 전후 변화가 없었으나, 읽기와 관련된 활동에서는 의미있는 향상을 나타냈다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통하여 한글기반의 중심외보기 훈련 프로그램이 중심부 암점을 갖고 있는 환자의 읽기활동 수행 수준을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였고, 국내 임상현장에서 적용할 근거를 마련하였다.

본 연구에서는 국내 유통 중인 농산물 9품목(n = 578)에 대한 납과 카드뮴 함량을 조사하고 이들의 섭취로 인한 위해성을 평가하고자 하였다. 납과 카드뮴의 함량은 마이크로웨이브 분해 후 ICP-MS로 분석하였다. 조사대상 농산물의 납 평균 함량은 각각 보리 0.014 mg/kg, 완두콩 0.010 mg/kg, 강낭콩 0.008 mg/kg, 녹두 0.006 mg/kg, 파인애플 0.008 mg/kg, 살구 0.016 mg/kg, 매실 0.015 mg/kg, 자두 0.021 mg/kg, 대추 0.019 mg/kg이었고, 카드뮴 평균함량은 보리 0.017 mg/kg, 완두콩 0.004 mg/kg, 강낭콩 0.007 mg/kg, 녹두 0.005 mg/kg, 파인애플 0.001 mg/kg, 살구 0.002 mg/kg, 매실 0.002 mg/kg, 자두 0.002 mg/kg, 대추 0.003 mg/kg이었다. 모든 시료의 납, 카드뮴 함량은 EU, CODEX 및 국내 기준보다 낮은 수준이었다. 조사 대상 농산물에 대한 납, 카드뮴의 인체노출량을 산출한 결과, 납은 잠정주간섭취허용량(PTWI, 25 μg/kg b.w./week)의 0.067%, 카드뮴은 월간잠정섭취허용량(PTMI, 25 μg/kg b.w./month)의 0.28%이었다. 이상의 결과는 조사 대상 농산물의 납, 카드뮴 오염도와 이들의 섭취에 의한 위해성이 모두 낮은 수준이라는 것을 보여준다.

최근 기업의 지배구조와 기업의 사회적 책임은 기업의 생존 및 성장과 관련된 주요 이슈로 부상 하였다. 많은 연구들이 기업의 지배구조와 기업의 사회적 성과 간의 관계를 분석하였으나, 대부분의 연구는 서구 국가 기업들을 대상으로 진행되었다. 이에 본 연구는 중국 기업의 기업 지배구조가 기업의 사회적 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 기존 연구의 한계를 극복하고자 하였다. 구체적으로는 기업 지배구조의 국제화(이사회 임원진의 해외경험, 외국인 투자자의 소유지분)가 기업의 사회적 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며, 기업 지배구조의 국제화와 기업의 사회적 성과 간 관계를 조절하는 기업의 여유자원의 효과를 검증하였다.

Hongdae, the region of Hongik University, has been the ‘must visit’ region in Seoul for decades, due to its aggregate of young Korean culture. Food, fashion, and music distinguishes the area from other regions of Seoul, creating the ‘The Feel of Hongdae’, the unique community brand. This research investigates urban condition of this region, trying to find how architecture affected its market. Architectural analysis of its urban interface resulted that former multi-family houses converted into shops benefited from its multi-level façade exposed to street, maximizing the accessibility to potential customers. The economic analysis of semi-basement floor and raised first(ground) floor shows buildings along Wausan-ro double up the ‘ground level’ shop values. Small no-brand shops in converted and split shops had been building the Hongdae community brand, transformed the building condition adapted to the market; adding external stairs, offering optimized store size to each level and optimized location of each shopping type. The analysis of economic value of split store properties reveals inter-relationships between shop sizes, stair locations, uses and the commercial value of the building, which presents how to maximize the commercial value of the street, while retaining the community brand, slowing down gentrification of the region.

To remain competitive in the realm of the Internet, developers of new business models not only have to take into account the behavior of online consumers, but also their misbehavior. Today, companies are faced with special challenges regarding consumer misbehavior, particularly in the segment of online content providers (e.g. Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, etc.), where it has become a common practice to share an account with multiple persons, while only one of them is the rightful owner. Such misbehavior may lead to negative consequences, such as direct and indirect financial performance implications, increased workload to deal with dysfunctional customer behavior, underestimated membership, and a lack of understanding the true customer base (Harris & Raynolds, 2003; Hwang et al., 2009). Therefore this study investigates account sharing as a part of customer misbehavior with a qualitative approach to identify customers’ reasons for account sharing. Thereby this investigation makes meaningful implications for companies (e.g., Netflix) and research alike.

With the introduction of virtual reality (VR) devices for private consumers in 2013, the industry experience great attention and notable progresses have been made in relation to hardware components (Papagiannidis et al. 2013). This enables better experiences of virtual environments and reduces the awareness of the consumer to be exposed to virtual stimuli, so that the virtual environment is perceived as (almost) real – the so-called immersion effect (Grau 2003). Even though VR is already in place, little research in service marketing literature exists about it (Bigné, Llinares, and Torrecilla 2016), so that this technique represents one of the most important topics to investigate from service perspective (Kannan and Li 2017). We assume that the immersion-effect might influence the perception of the service encounter and thus influence consumer evaluation in a new way. Thereby, we contribute to service marketing literature by exploring the value and barriers for VR usage in so-called virtually-extended service encounters from a customer perspective. Thereby, we further examine for which kind of services VR is useful, how consumer perceive VR technology in service environments and how the extension of the traditional service encounter by VR technology influences consumers’ service quality evaluations. VR represents a promising technology to promote high-involvement products or services like travel, furniture, or cars. Companies offering these kind of products and services can provide simple devices to customers, who can experience the product in a realistic setting upfront their purchase decisions. Especially novelty and innovation characteristics of VR-technology may have positive spillover effects on company brand, the product as well as the final purchase decision. To proceed with this research, we plan lab experiments with well-developed VR-devices.

The purpose of this research was to examine simultaneously health halo and health horn effects across two fast food restaurant brands that have healthful or unhealthful images (i.e., McDonald's and Subway). Specifically, we investigated the moderating effects of nutrition information disclosure and dietary restraint on behavioral intention of four menus from the two brands. Two menus from the McDonald’s and two menus from the Subway, respectively, had been selected as stimuli, and each menu represented health halo confirmation (the Roast-Chicken sandwich) / disconfirmation (the Italian-Spicy sandwich), and health horn confirmation (the Big Mac burger) / disconfirmation (the McSpicy-Cajun burger), respectively. This study employed a mixed factorial design: 2 (nutrition information: present vs. absent) X 2 (dietary restraint: restrained eater vs. unrestrained eater) X 4 (menu type: a health halo or a health horn (for the Subway and the McDonald’s with objective healthfulness). The survey was conducted on October 11- 17, 2016, by a research company, Macromill EMBRAIN in Korea, which possessed more than 1 million panel members. Cell sizes were 149 and 146 for the between-subjects factor. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the nutrition information disclosure experimental conditions (either present or absent) and presented with all four menus. The results showed that the behavioral intentions of all three menus, except health horn disconfirmation menu, were decreased. In particular, the effect size of health halo disconfirmation menu (decrease in behavioral intention) was the greatest. There was no difference in the behavioral intention of four menus between the restrained eater and unrestrained eater. Thus, brands positioned as healthy should well manage the expectation levels of their customers. A brand positioned as healthy, such as the Subway, has to manage the health expectation of its customer not get too high, or the brand has to continuously strive to satisfy its client's expectations. A brand positioned as unhealthy (eg, McDonald’s) needs to actively develop low-calorie menus, healthy menus or similar side dishes. Although indulgent menus would account for the majority of the revenue, existence of healthy menus / side dishes would lessen the guilty feelings of the customers of the restaurant and the brand. This is the first study which identified both the health halo effect and the health horn effect on restaurant brand image. The results of this study confirm the need to provide nutrition information on dining out menus and would help consumers choose healthy menus.

Tourism and hospitality service providers have been seeking ways to engage customers into the value creation process to deliver personalized customer experience. Rapid development of information communication technology has facilitated such practice by providing various computer-based or mobile platforms. While online platforms such as social network sites and online communities have received most research attention, mobile instant messaging (IM) remains under-researched in spite of its unique potential for firm-customer interaction and communication. Based on service-dominant logic (Vargo & Lusch, 2004) and computer-mediated communication theories (Walther, 1996), this study examines (1) the factors influencing customers’ perceived co-creation experience facilitated by mobile IM, and (2) customers’ perceived value of personalization results from such experience in the tourism and hospitality context. Data was collected via online survey targeting Chinese users and was analyzed using structural equation modelling. The results found significant positive effects of users’ perceived social presence, perceived media richness and prior experiences on their co-creation experience. The significant positive relationships between customers’ co-creation experience and perceived personalization of the service offering validate the unique potential of mobile IM to engage customers into value co-creation with tourism and hospitality service providers. The findings extend the theoretical framework of value cocreation to a context mediated by mobile IM. Managerial suggestions are provided for tourism and hospitality companies to engage with customers using mobile IM.

Although the majority of prior literature has suggested the key reasons for consumer complaining in service failures are to vent negative emotions (e.g. anger, dissatisfaction) and to seek redress (Blodgett, Hill, & Tax 1997; Nyer 1997), some research has also pointed out that customers will give constructive suggestions to firms through complaining (Groth, 2005; Liu & Mattila, 2015). In this regard, consumer complaining can be classified into two types, namely, positive complaint (i.e., with constructive suggestion) and negative complaint (i.e., without constructive suggestion). Understanding what situations would dissatisfied consumers choose to give constructive suggestions in service failures would be of utmost important to firms. We suggest that a firm’s brand image may affect consumers’ intention to choose what types of complaint in service failures. In general, consumers may perceive a brand as having a competence image (e.g., professional and efficient) or having a warmth image (e.g., friendly and approachable) (Kervyn, Fiske and Malone, 2012). Comparatively speaking, a warmth image is associated with friendship and caring, whereas a competence image is associated with expertise. Therefore, it is possible that consumers would have a higher empathy and intention to help a firm with a warmth (vs. competent) image, and be more likely to choose positive complaint when a failure happens to this firm. An experimental study confirmed this prediction. In addition, we found that although a firm’s competence (vs. warmth) image does not affect the likelihood to give constructive suggestions in service failures, it leads to a higher level of return intention. Implications and future research directions will be discussed.

There has been a heated discussion worldwide over tourist deviances that disrupt lives of local residents and cause damage to companies, city authorities, and the natural environment. Previous studies primarily turn to discrepancies in the cultural and educational background between tourists and local residents to explain such phenomena. Nonetheless, the possibility of people inclining to misbehave simply because they are away from home has rarely been investigated. In this study, we seek to examine factors rooted in the nature of tourism that are accountable for such phenomena. According to the definition by UNWTO (1995), one of the key characteristics of tourism is the displacement of usual environment. Tourism, therefore, is inevitably associated with surroundings of unacquainted others residing in the unfamiliar environment. Following the social control paradigm, previous studies have revealed that people are more likely to enforce social control on in-group members than on out-group members (Nugier, Chekroun, Pierre & Niedenthal, 2009). We further propose that psychological closeness between people and surrounding others would have an impact on their expectation to receive others’ social contrail and consequently their intention to engage in the counternormative behavior. Using an experimental study, we found that participants in the travel condition, compared with those in the home condition, feel less close to surrounding others and are more likely to misbehave. Such effect is mediated by the perceived social control. Implications for organization and companies in the tourism sector are drawn to prevent the spread of tourist misbehavior. Limitations and future directions would also be discussed.

The service failure phenomenon is a long-recognized problem in hospitality industry’s marketing, and has consequently attracted significant research attention (Chan, Wan, & Sin, 2007). Once service failures occur, customers usually assess the causes of the problem. Researchers have thus studied the impact of service failures on customer failure attribution and their behavioral outcomes toward the service provider. Usually, studies examine consumer psychological processes when only one service firm is involved. However, it is unclear whether customer failure assessments are the same when they have to assess more than one service at the same time. According to a review article by Cohen, Prayag, and Moital (2014), consumer behavior has been extensively examined in the field of tourism in many aspects (e.g., decision making, motivations, satisfaction, and loyalty); however, research assessing failure attribution within tourist satisfaction literature is still rare. Moreover, in service marketing studies, it is somewhat surprising that existing service research has overlooked the fact that customers may confront failure situations where there are two or more service providers involved (Weber & Sparks, 2010). Hence, this study makes two key contributions. First, it addresses scholars’ calls for more research assessing failure attribution within a tourist satisfaction context. Second, it contributes to our understanding of consumer behavior in tourism industry by studying customer perceptions of service failures within service networks, where at least two firms are involved in the incident. This study uses in-depth interviews for data collection. And interview results indicate that relational and network characteristics have a significant influence on how customers attribute service failures to different service providers.

Koala populations are in decline and measures are necessary to change the current scenario. Social marketing aims to influence an audience to change behaviour for social or environmental benefit. This paper demonstrates how social marketing was applied to achieve environmental change. A pilot program, aiming to reduce dog and koala interactions, was designed and developed with dog owners and experts including koala conservation officers and dog trainers. Experts indicated that for dogs to be taught aversion, training of basic obedience skills was necessary. Therefore, a four-week dog obedience training program was implemented, emphasising a series of behaviours including sit, stay and koala aversion. A mixed method outcome evaluation was undertaken to evaluate Leave It. The evaluation included online surveys completed by dog owners’ pre and post program, and trainer observations. Results indicate that five of seven behaviours measures were changed from baseline to follow-up, namely sit, stay, come back when called every time, wildlife aversion and stay quiet on command. Successful koala aversion was also evident in field notes from trainers. Findings of this pilot program provide evidence of the effectiveness and potential of social marketing to change behaviours in an environmental context.

This study examines the extent to which Fair Trade reputation and fit between this reputation and the communicated Fair Trade message influences consumer skepticism and positive electronic word-of-mouth. The results of two experiments show that previous Fair Trade reputation has a direct and indirect effect, via consumer brand identification, on consumer skepticism. Moreover, the fit between a reputation and the communicated message only seems to affect skepticism when the communicated message is perceived as realistic. In industries with bad Fair Trade reputations (Study 1) fit does not seem to have an effect on skepticism, while fit does influence skepticism in industries with a certain reputation history on Fair Trade (Study 2). Skepticism and consumer brand identification play an important mediating role in the relationship between reputation, fit and consumers’ electronic word-of-mouth intentions. We therefore conclude that communicating Fair Trade initiatives can be a rewarding effort but also seems to be a delicate matter.