Various symptoms of virus diseases are observed on the cultivated and non-cultivated crops in Myanmar. The virus diseases cause a major limiting factor in the tomato and chili production. During 2018, survey on the virus disease and its vectors in tomato and chili fields were conducted in central regions of Myanmar including Naypyidaw, Mandalay, Magway and Sagaing Divisions. The symptoms observed on tomato and chili were chlorosis, puckering of leaf, upward curling of leaves, reduction in leaf size, vein and stunting. Tomato leaf curl (TLC) disease incidence and severity ranged from 10 to 100% and 37 to 86% respectively. Chili leaf curl (CLC) disease incidence and severity was 30 to 100% and 13 to 100% respectively. The highest incidence and severity of TLC and CLC recorded in Lewe townships, Naypyidaw. Insect vectors observed in those areas were whitefly (Bamisia tabaci), jassid (Emposca sp) and mealy bug, and the white fly was common. Whiteflies are very important vectors for virus in tropical and subtropical regions, but not confirmed to this area. Jassids are also vectors for virus. Both nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and introduce toxin to host plants. Therefore, an infestation may be very damaging and show stunted growth and bushy appearance.

4,4’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been re-recommended by the World Health Organization for malaria mosquito control in Africa. Previous DDT use has resulted in predisposition of resistance, and with continued use resistance will increase further in terms of level and extent. Drosophila melanogaster is a model dipteran that has many available genetic tools, has been widely used for elucidating insecticide resistance mechanisms, and is related to malaria mosquitoes allowing for extrapolation. The 91-R strain of D. melanogaster is highly resistant to DDT (>1500-fold); however, there is no mechanistic scheme that accounts for this level of resistance. Recently, reduced penetration, increased detoxification, and direct excretion have been identified as resistance mechanisms in the 91-R strain. Their interactions, however, remain unclear. Use of Gal4/UAS-RNAi transgenic lines of D. melanogaster allowed for the targeted knockdown of genes putatively involved in DDT resistance and has identified the role of several cuticular proteins (Cyp4g1 and Lcp1), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (Cyp6g1 and Cyp12d1), and ATP binding cassette transporters (mdr50, mdr65, and mrp1) in increased sensitivity to DDT. These findings have been further validated in 91-R flies using a nanoparticle-enhanced RNAi strategy, directly implication these genes in DDT resistance in 91-R flies.

Forest insect pests monitoring provides essential information for forest management against their outbreaks. Long-term monitoring data for forest insect pests have been collected by National Institute of Forest Science at national level since 1968. Forest insect pests for long-term monitoring include pine needle gall midge, black pine bast scale, fall webworm, pine moth, spotted lanternfly, etc. The monitoring data were analyzed effect of meteorological factors on the outbreaks of sporadic forest insect pests. Our results showed that meteorological factors can influenced on outbreak of forest insects. The species including Lepidoptera has more occurred when fall and winter temperature were relatively high during the period, suggesting that their outbreaks depends on mortality rate during winter diapause. In Diptera, species abundance was positively related with amount of precipitation in spring but negatively related with summer temperature. The species belong to Hymenoptera was also more abundant when spring temperature was relatively warm. These results can provide useful information for predict potential forest insect pests from climate change.

We investigated the effect of different exercise intensities on biomarkers of oxidant-antioxidant balance, inflammation, and muscle damage. Eighteen healthy and untrained male subjects were enrolled.Subjects were randomly and equally assigned to a moderate-intensityexercise(MIE, 65%VO2max) group(n=9) or a high-intensity exercise(HIE, 85%VO2max) group(n=9).Blood samples were collectedimmediately pre-exercise, post-exercise, and 60min post-exercisetoexamine oxidant-antioxidant balance(d-ROMs; BAP), inflammation(CRP; fibrinogen), muscle damage(CK; LDH), and lactate. Serum d-ROMs and BAP levels were significantly increased post-exercise compared with pre-exercise levels in HIE group(p<0.05). Lactate levels were significantly increased post-exercise compared pre-exercise levels in both the MIE and HIE groups(p<0.05). In addition, post-exercise serum d-ROMs and plasma lactate levels were significantly higher in the HIE group than in the MIE group(p<0.05). These results suggest that although relatively high-intensity exercises may increase oxidative stress levels in the body, they do not produce inflammatory response and/or muscle damage.

Acinetospora asiatica and Botrytella reinboldii are reported as two new records from S. Korea based on morphological studies and molecular analyses. A. asiatica is mainly characterized by the presence of sparsely branched uniseriate filaments with diffused meristematic zones, the formation of crampons at right angles, and the formation of plurilocular sporangia on both prostrate and erect filaments. B. reinboldii is characterized by the presence of irregularly alternating branched uniseriate filaments attached by rhizoids, and single or clustered plurilocular sporangia with a single opening. Molecular analyses of rbcL gene revealed that A. asiatica and B. reinboldii are placed within each clade of Acinetospora and Botrytella, respectively.

목적: 부등상시 보정안경의 임상 성능을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 30명을 대상(남자 12명, 여자 18명, 평균 23.7세)으로 부등상시 보정안경을 처방하였다. 평소 안경과 부등상시 보정안경을 착용하고 시력, 안경배율, 부등상시도 및 입체시력을 측정하였다. 착용 1주일 후에 주관적 만족도를 평가하였다. 결과: 부등상시 보정안경 착용 후 우위안과 비우위안의 등가구면교정굴절력 차이는 평소 안경보다 증가 하였으나 유의성이 없었다(0.22D, p=0.41). 단안 교정시력의 차이는 유의하게 감소하였고(0.04, p=0.03), 양안 교정시력은 유의하게 향상되었다(0.07, p=0.00). 좌안과 우안의 안경배율 차이는 평소 안경(2.63%)보다 부등상시 보정안경(1.23%) 착용 후 더 낮았다(p=0.00). 부등상시 보정안경 착용 후 입체시는 46초각 정도 증가하였고(p=0.00), 주관적 만족도에 관한 설문에서 평소 안경보다 개선되었다. 렌즈의 가장자리 두께와 외관상 보기 흉함이 주된 개선사항으로 나타났다. 결론: 부등상시 보정안경이 부등시자에게 편안하고 만족스러운 생활을 제공하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 부등상시 보정안경의 처방 및 조제와 관련된 임상에서 유용하게 적용할 수 있는 방법을 제시한 것으로 생각 된다.

The morphology, anatomy and reproduction (tetra/bisporic and male) of Lithothamnion japonicum Foslie was studied, using holotype material and materials collected from Korea. Lithothamnion japonicum is characterized based on the presence of encrusting, warty to fruticose thallus, branched or unbranched short and cylindrical protuberances, conical shaped spermatangial conceptacles, branched (dendroid) spermatangial systems formed on floor, walls, and roof of conceptacle chamber, cylindrical shaped spermatangial conceptacle canal, 9-10 cell layered spermatangial conceptacle roof, raised tetra/bisporangial conceptacles without rims, flattened tetra/ bisporangial conceptacle pore plate, 16-50 pores on each pore plate, 6-8 rosette cells surrounded by each pore, pore canal lining filaments composed of tetra/bisporangial conceptacle roof, and buried senescent tetra/bisporangial conceptacles completely infilled with relatively large and irregularly arranged calcified sterile cells. In this study, we report a new record of Lithothamnion japonicum from Korean coasts.

In 2017, the freshwater algae were collected from reservoirs, small ponds, soil, and rocks in Korea. Eight taxa of Chlorophyta (Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae) have been newly reported in Korea. The unrecorded indigenous species were Chlorolobion braunii, Coelastrum pseudomicroporum, Coelastrum reticulatum var. cubanum, Monoraphidium nanum, Tetrachlorella incerta, Ecdysichlamys obliqua, Gloeotila scopulina, and Stichococcus jenerensis.

To find unrecorded diatom species, random materials were collected from the freshwater, brackish water, and coastal waters. Benthic and periphytic diatoms were sampled from twelve localities. Thirteen species belonging to eight genera are newly added to the national flora of diatom. In the intertidal areas, the five species are new to Korea, Anaulus minutus Grunow, Anaulus simonsenii Witkowski & Metzeltin, Eunotogramma laeve Grunow, Eunotogramma productum Grunow, and Nitzschia subcapitellata Hustedt. The following two species are new from brackish waters, Chamaepinnularia krookiformis (Krammer) Lange-Bertalot & Krammer and Cymatoneis ovalis Heiden. The following four species are new from mountain peatlands, Geissleria ignota (Krasske) Lange-Bertlaot & Metzeltin, Chamaepinnularia hassiaca (Krasske) Cantonati & Lange-Bertalot, Chamaepinnularia mediocris (Krasske) Lange-Bertalot and Pinnularia linearidivergens Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin. The following two species are new from river or streams, Cymbella hustedtii var. compacta Krammer and Cymbella stigmaphora Østrup.

The aim of this study was performed to evaluate the effects of ice-binding protein from the arctic yeast Leucosporidium (LeIBP) supplementation on cryopreservation of boar sperm. The collected semen was diluted (1.5×108/ml) in lactose egg yolk (LEY) and cooled at 5°C for 3 h. The cooled semen was then diluted (1×108/ml) in LeIBP containing LEY with 9% glycerol and maintained at 5°C for 30 min. The semen was divided into six experimental groups (control, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml of LeIBP). The straws were kept on above the liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapors for 20 minutes and then plunged into LN2. After thawing, computer-assisted sperm analysis was used for sperm motility and flow cytometry was performed to assess the viability, acrosome integrity (FITC-PSA/PI), ROS (DCF/PI), lipid peroxidation (BODIPY C11/PI) and apoptosis (Annexin V/PI), respectively. No significant responses were observed for sperm motility. However, sperm viability was significantly increased on 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml of LeIBP groups compared to control (P < 0.05). In addition, acrosome integrity was significantly increases LeIBP groups (P < 0.05) and both ROS and lipid peroxidation level were lower in all LeIBP groups than those of control (P < 0.05). On the other hand, a significant higher apoptosis rate was observed in 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml of LeIBP groups compared to control (P < 0.05). It can be assumed that a supplementation of LeIBP in boar sperm freezing extender is an effective method to increase the sperm qualities after cryopreservation.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high levels of nutrients on the growth performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo cattle. Eighteen Hanwoo steers were fed two types of diets: 1) Nine animals were fed the conventional diet including typical levels of crude protein (CP) and total digestive nutrients (TDN), and 2) Nine animals were fed the treatment diet including high levels of CP and TDN. The average body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI) were greater (P < 0.05) in the treatment group than in the conventional group at early and late fattening stages. Also, in the treatment group, the average daily gain (ADG) was greater (P < 0.05) at the late fattening stage. The serum total lipid and cholesterol levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the late fattening stage of treatment group. The carcass weight, total fat weight, longissimus muscle area and the grade of meat quality were also greater (P < 0.05) in the treatment group than the conventional diet group. This study demonstrates that high levels of CP and TDN exhibit a positive effect on the growth performance and carcass characteristics, indicating that high levels of CP and TDN can be used as a cost-effective feeding program for Hanwoo cattle by shortening the feeding period.

The identification of biomarkers of a living tissues is essentially required to understand specific functions of the cells. In previous study, we reported IGFBP 3 as one of the putative biomarkers, by showing specific expression at porcine spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) of early stage of porcine testis. In this study, we analyzed the expression of seven members of IGFBP family (IGFBPs) in SSCs and histological expression pattern of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which plays a role on the growth promoting enzyme by cleavage of IGFBPs in testis of 5 days old pig. RT-PCR analysis showed that IGFBP 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 were expressed at high level specifically in porcine SSCs compared with whole testis. We performed immunohisotochemical staining of testis sections with PAPP-A and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) which are the known biomarkers for SSCs. We were not able to find co-expression of PAPP-A and PGP9.5; PAPP-A was expressed only in Sertoli cells and PGP9.5 expression was confirmed in spermatogonium. Additionally, we were able to confirm the GATA4 expression in Sertoli and Leydig cells as a regulator of Sertoli cell function was not detected PGP9.5 expressing cells, indicating indirect evidence of that cytolocalization of PAPP-A expression is limited in Sertoli cells. These results suggested that the PAPP-A expressed in Sertoli cells may play role on regulation of development and differentiation of testicular cells through the IGF axis in neonatal porcine testis.

Net neutrality, which has not been a problem, has recently become a problem for ISPs (Internet Service Providers), and their complaints have been paid by domestic platform companies, but overseas global IT companies such as Google and YouTube, generate huge revenues from domestic markets. In this situation, domestic IT companies claim that it is natural to impose more expensive charges or restrict speed on users who generate huge traffic. On the other side, however, the telecommunication network has become an essential public good that is essential to our everyday life, and because it has been given a monopoly position by a private company to efficiently respond to the explosive demand for telecommunication services, It is necessary to provide equal and universal service and fulfill public duty. In this paper, we deal with the network neutrality problem, focusing on the price elasticity between the CP (Contents Provider) and the ISP, rather than the user who is one side of the two-sided market for the already saturated satellites communication market. We present a game model that determines the optimal price for each platform by Nash equilibrium and analyze how the net neutrality affects CP according to the change of exogenous variables through the proposed game model.

농가 선호도가 높은 분홍색 비모란 선인장 ‘Yeonbit’는 분홍색 품종 ‘Yeonsi’을 모본으로, 분홍색 ‘Yeonsil’ 품종을 부본으로 하여 2011년에 교배하여 육성된 교배종이다. 종자를 70% C2H5OH와 2% NaOCl로 멸균처리한 후, 100mL 삼각플라스크 0.1% 활성탄이 첨가된 Kyoto 배지에 파종하였다. 발아된 유묘는 기저부를 잘라 기배계대 배양된 어린 삼각주에 접목한 후 동일한 배지가 첨가된 시험관에 치상하였다. 6개월 재배 후 온실로 옮겨서 순화과정을 거쳤으며, 기외에서 매년 접목을 하였으며 총 4번을 접목하여 2013년부터 2015년까지 총 3회에 걸쳐 생육특성을 조사하였다. ‘Yeonbit’ 품종은 편원형 모양과 분홍색 구색을 가지고 있다. 그리고 7~9개, 평균 8.0개의 능(rip), 갈색의 직립형 짧은 가시, 그리고 혹(tubercle)이 돌출된 형태로, 모구가 구성되어 있다. 정식 10개월 후 ‘Yeonbit’ 품종의 구직경은 34.5mm였으며 자구는 모구와 같은 분홍색으로 평균 15.4개가 생성되었다. 2015년 육성계통 평가회에서 ‘Yeonbit’ 품종은 기호도 점수 3.7을 받았다. 2017년 6월 12일에 이 품종은 국립종자원에 등록되었으며 종자산업법에 의해 품종보호(등록번호 6752)를 받게 되었다.

포인세티아 ‘Red Pearl’은 국립원예특작과학원에서 2016년에 육성한 품종이다. 생육이 우수한 적색의 착색엽을 가진 포인세티아 ‘Freedom Red’를 모본으로, 키가 작고 밝은 적색의 결각이 깊은 착색엽을 가진 ‘Little Star’를 부본으로 2013년에 교배하여 획득한 실생 계통을 선발한 품종이다. 2014년부터 2015년까지 생육특성, 개화특성, 균일성에 대하여 1, 2차 특성 검정을 실시하였으며 2016년에 3차 특성검정을 실시하여 최종 선발하였다. ‘Red Pearl’의 잎은 계란형의 녹색이고, 초장과 엽병의 길이는 중간 정도이며, 줄기는 녹색으로 적심을 하지 않아도 분지력이 뛰어나다. 하계 고온에서도 줄기 신장이 우수하였으며, 스트레스에 의한 생리장해가 발생하지 않았다. 이 품종은 2018년 1월 24일에 국립종자원에 품종등록(제6922호)되었다.

Pesticide application in agriculture provides significant benefits such as protection from disease, prevention of harmful insects, and increased crop yields. However, accurate toxicological tests and risk assessments are necessary because of many related adverse effects associated with pesticide use. In this review, we discuss and analyze residual pesticides contained in livestock feed in Korea. A pesticide residue tolerance standard for livestock feed has not been precisely established; so, risk assessments are required to ensure safety. Standards and approaches for animal criteria and appropriate methods for evaluating residual pesticides are discussed and analyzed based on technology related to animal product safety in Korea. The safety of livestock feed containing pesticides is assessed to establish maximum residue limits relative to pesticides. Analysis of residual pesticides in milk, muscle, brain, and fat was performed with a livestock residue test and safety evaluation of the detected pesticide was performed. Efficacy of organic solvent extraction and clean-up of feed was verified, and suitability of the instrument was examined to establish if they are effective, rapid, and safe. This review discussed extensively how pesticide residue tolerance in livestock feed and hazard evaluation may be applied in future studies.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the central antinociceptive effects of eugenol after intraperitoneal administration. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses was used as the pain model. Subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin significantly produced nociceptive responses by increasing the licking time during nociceptive behavior. Subsequent intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of eugenol led to a significant decrease in the licking time. However, low dose of eugenol (50 mg/kg) did not affect the nociceptive behavioral responses produced by subcutaneous injection of formalin. Intrathecal injection of 30 μg of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, significantly blocked antinociceptive effects produced by intraperitoneal injection of eugenol. Neither intrathecal injection of methysergide (30 μg), a serotonin receptor antagonist nor phentolamine (30 μg), an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist influenced antinociceptive effects of eugenol, as compared to the vehicle treatment. These results suggest that central opioid pathway participates in mediating the antinociceptive effects of eugenol.

국립원예특작과학원에서 2011년 거베라 신품종 ‘Pink Melody’를 육성하였다. ‘Pink Melody’는 2007년 10월부터 2007년 12월까지 분홍색 반겹꽃 ‘Eta’와 ‘Pascal’을 교배하여 획득한 97개체의 실생계통으로부터 2008년부터 2011년까지 4년 동안의 개화 및 생육특성검정을 거쳐 선발된 절화용 대륜 거베라 품종이다. ‘Pink Melody’는 초세강건한 녹색화심의 파스텔톤 분홍색(RHS R55D) 반겹꽃 대륜계 품종이다. 꽃은 평균 직경이 11.4±0.9cm이고, 내부설상화와 화반의 직경은 각각 7.3±0.8cm와 2.6±0.5cm, 외부 설상화의 길이와 폭은 각각 5.3±0.4cm와 1.0±0.1cm로 꽃잎이 비교적 좁고 긴 도란형이다. 꽃대는 꽃목직경이 상부 4.2±0.4mm, 중부 6.4±0.8mm 정도로 강건하며, 꽃대의 길이는 45.2±5.5cm이다. 절화수명은 10.8±1.6일로 대조품종 ‘Pascal’보다 약 1.5일이 길며, 연간 채화량은 52.9±4.3본/주로 대조품종보다 5.0본/주 많은 다수성 품종이다.

Phalaenopsis ‘Blanc Rouse’ 품종은 국립원예특작과학원에서 2013년도에 육성한 신품종이다. 이 품종은 2007년에 백색 바탕에 분홍색의 소형 P. ‘KV 600’ 품종을 모본으로 하고 진한 핑크색의 P. ‘Kang 1’ 품종을 부본으로 교배시킨 후대 계통 중에서 선발하였다. 2010년에 화색, 초장, 화경 및 식물체의 생육상태 등을 고려하여 1차 선발 후 2013년에 2차 특성검정을 통하여 품종의 안정성과 균일성을 확인하고 ‘Blanc Rouse’로 명명하였다. 이 품종은 흰색바탕에 자주색 순판을 가졌으며 꽃 가운데 분홍색의 줄무늬가 크게 형성되어 있는 품종이다. 화형은 꽃잎과 꽃받침이 평편한 모양이고 꽃의 길이와 폭은 4.3cm, 4.8cm로 소형이다. 꽃대가 평균 2개 발생하며 복총상 화서로 화서당 꽃 수가 39.4개로 볼륨이 있어 소형분화에 적합하다. 자연 개화시기는 11월 하순으로 개화가 빠른 조생종 이다. 잎의 길이와 폭은 각각 17.3, 6.2cm이며 엽형은 수평이다. 기내 증식력이 높고 변이가 거의 없으며 내병성이 강하여 재배관리가 용이하다.

Pleurotus eryngii is one of the most commercially important mushrooms cultivated in Korea. However, the shelf-life of the fruiting body is short, limiting its export. A new hybrid strain H17 of P. eryngii was developed to extend the shelf-life by mono-mono crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from DanBi and KNR2774. Although the cultivation period of H17 was slightly longer than that of the reference cultivar Kenneutari No.2, the quality did not change and remained normal after a period of 65.0 days at 4°C. This result was significantly different from that of the reference cultivar Kenneutari No.2. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new hybrid strain H17 revealed a different profile from that of the parental and reference cultivars when random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers was used. These results demonstrate that H17 is a new cultivar with improved storability after harvesting.