산초나무종자는 전통적으로 향신료 및 약용으로 널리 이용되어 왔지만 종자의 발아율이 낮고 묘의 대량생산이 어려워 일부 지역에서만 재배가 되고 있다. 본 연구는 산초나무 종자 휴면타파를 위한 전처리방법을 정립하고 발아촉진물질을 처리하여 출현율을 향상시키고자 하였다. 종자 발아적정온도는 25℃로 서 저온보다 고온에서 발아의 시작이 빨랐고 발아율도 높았다. 종자 휴면타파는 노천매장보다 저온·습윤 처리에서 효과가 높았으며, 종자 외부의 과육 부분을 완전히 제거해야 출현율이 향상되었다. 종자외부의 과육을 제거한 후 270일 동안 저온·습윤 처리하면 출현율이 74.7%까지 향상되었다. 휴면타파 처리기간이 길수록 평균출현일수는 단축되었다. 발아촉진물질 GA3, IAA, kinetin, KNO3 처리는 산초종자의 출현율을 향상시키는데 효과가 있었다. 저온·습윤 120일 처리한 종자는 파종 전 kinetin 2.5mM을 침종처리하면 출현율이 72% 까지 향상되었고 휴면타파 처리기간을 단축시킬 수 있었다.

We have performed CFD simulation and analyzed flow and concentration fields for the basic data of the ventilation system for removing pollutants which were produced in a lecture room. The flow patterns indicated differently according to the arrangement of openings and the concentration distribution of pollutants were showed higher and lower because of the effect of that flow patterns. In the case of arranging the openings to the upper and lower side, the stagnation appearance of flow formed in the interested space. In the case of arranging the openings to the right and left side, the stagnation of high concentration pollutants appeared in the middle area of the interested space. On the increasing exhaust velocity, the distribution of pollutants appeared similar to the normal case, but the concentration of pollutants were lower.

Tuberculation and slime accumulated in water mains play an important role in modifying water quality of drinking water. Therefore, in this study, it was investigated that what materials were accumulated, and what components were included in the tuberculation and slime of water mains. The Various tuberculation and slime sample were collected from the 12 water mains to analyze their physical and chemical properties and crystal structure. As a analysis method, VSS(Volatile suspended solid), SEM(scanning electron microscope), EDS(Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscope), ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer) and XRD(X-Ray Diffractomete) were used. The results of analysis on the samples, the representative materials were verified such as iron corrosion products, the fine sand particles generated during backwash, fine particles of activated carbon, aluminum used in coagulation process, and manganese included in raw water.

국립생물자원관 곤충표본실, 서울대학교 곤충표본실 및 국립농업과학원 곤충 표본실에 소장된 표본 조사와 문헌조사 결과 국내에는 말벌과에 총 5개 속의 31개 종 이 존재하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그 중 말벌 속에 속하는 Vespa analis parallela Andre (좀말벌), Vespa crabro flavofasciata Cameron (말벌), Vespa ducalis Smith (꼬마장수말벌), Vespa mandarinia Cameron (장수말벌), Vespa simillima simillima Smith (털보말벌)의 독액을 오염 없이 분리하여 내는 방법을 개발하였다. 발굴된 표준 독낭 분리 방법을 이용하여 5종의 말벌 독액을 채취하였다. 그 중에 현 재까지 단백체와 발현 유전체 분석이 이루어지지 않은 Vespa analis parallela Andre에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 발현 유전체 분석을 위해서는 살아있는 말벌의 독샘을 적출 한 후 전체 RNA를 추출하여 RNA seq을 실시하였다. 단백체의 분석 을 위해서는 독액을 Tandem Mass-spectroscopy를 이용하여 분석을 하였다. 대사 체의 분석을 위해서는 High-resolution magic angle spinning NMR (700mHZ)를 이용하여 분석을 하였다. 연구결과 분석된 기능성 물질에 대한 활용성 연구를 실시 할 예정이다.

숙주와 장내 공생균 간의 상호작용을 연구하기 위한 다양한 모델 중 우리는 중장 의 특이적인 구간인 M4 내에 오직 한 종류의 공생균(Burkholderia)를 가지는 톱다 리개미허리노린재(Riptortus pedestris)를 연구 모델로써 사용하였다. 본 모델은 노 린재의 공생균을 대량으로 쉽게 분리할 수 있다는 큰 장점을 가지고 있다. 우리는 배양한 Burkholderia가 숙주안에 공생균으로 적응하면서 많은 변화가 일어날 것이 라 예상하고, 먼저 세포벽의 형태학적 차이를 전자현미경을 통해 알아보았다. 그 결과 장내 공생균의 세포벽이 시험관 내에서 배양한 균보다 안정성이 떨어져 보이 는 현상을 볼 수 있었다. 이러한 차이는 계면활성제인 SDS에 대한 감수성이 공생균 이 배양균보다 높은 것으로도 확인할 수 있었다. 우리는 M4 구간에 공생균의 세포 벽을 변화시키는 물질이 있다고 가정하고, M4구간의 추출물이 배양한 Burkholderia의 SDS에 대한 감수성을 높이는지 알아보았다. 그 결과 M4구간 추출 물을 처리한 배양균이 M4 추출물 양에 비례하여 SDS에 대한 감수성이 증가되는 것을 관찰하였다. 다음으로, 곤충 장에서 공생균의 수를 조절하는 것으로 추정되어 지는 항균펩타이드인 riptosin에 대한 감수성도 M4 추출물에 의해 증가되는지 알 아보았다. 배양균에 M4구간 추출물을 처리하면 riptocin에 더 민감하게 반응하는 것을 관찰하였다. 이러한 결과로 M4구간에 공생균의 세포벽을 변화시키는 어떤 물질을 있다는 것을 사실을 증명하였다. 더 나아가, 공생균이 M4 구간의 세포벽을 변화시키는 물질에 의해 항균펩타이드에 더 민감해져 숙주가 장내 공생균의 수를 쉽게 조절할 수 있게 된다는 것을 추정해 볼 수 있었다.

Two key technologies of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are recognized to achieve the rapid growth of shale gas production, in specific, in the United States during last decade. The claims between environmentalists and oil companies have been debating in terms of water contamination. Nowadays, voluntary publication of chemicals from shale gas players are available in the website, FracFocus. This paper introduces chemicals that are currently used in hydraulic fracturing process. Among chemicals, guar gum and guar derivatives are dominantly consumed to increase the viscosity of hydrofracking fluids. The role of additional additives, such as breakers and biocides, is presented by explaining how they cut down the molecular structure of guar gum and guar derivatives. In addition, crosslinking agent, pH controller, friction reducer, and water soluble polymers are also presented

버섯배지의 발효를 효율적으로 행하면서 버섯의 재배 시 빈번하게 발생하는 푸른곰팡이 병의 원인 균주인 Trichoderma sp. 곰팡이 성장을 억제하는 세균의 분리를 행하였다. 균원시료로부터 1차 분리한 약 200여 균주 중에서 성장속도가 빠르고, SM, AM 및 CM의 평판배지 상에서 clear zone이 뚜렷한 6균주를 2차 분리하였다. 분리한 6균주 중 cellulase, amylase 및 protease의 효소활성이 높고 T. virens와 T. harzianum에 대하여 강한 항균활성을 나타낸 C-1균주를 최종 분리균주로 선정하였다. 분리한 C-1균주는 Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology에 의한 동정과 16S rDNA 염기서열 분석을 행한 결과 Paenibacillus polymyxa 밝혀져 P. polymyxa CK-1으로 명명하였다. P. polymyxa CK-1균주의 생육조건을 검토한 결과 최적배양온도는 45˚C, 생육을 위한 배지의 최적 pH는 6.0~7.0 범위로 나타났다. T. virens와 T. harzianum 곰팡이의 생육억제를 위한 P. polymyxa CK-1의 배양시간은 22~36시간이 적당하였다. 그리고 P. polymyxa CK-1균주의 24시간째 배양용액을 처리한 petri dish에 두 곰팡이를 각각 접종한 후 10일 동안 방치하여도 곰팡이의 생육은 관찰되지 않았다. P. polymyxa CK-1 균주가 생산한 길항물질의 열안정성을 검토한 결과 60˚C 및 100˚C로 20분 동안 처리한 시험구에서는 두 곰팡이의 균사성장이 전혀 관찰되지 않았지만 121˚C에서 20분 동안 처리한 시험구에서는 약간의 균사성장이 관찰되었다. P. polymyxa CK-1배양액이 버섯균사 생육에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과 팽이버섯, 표고버섯 등의 다양한 버섯균사 생육에 전혀 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

Hazardous air pollutants such as NO2, VOCs and PM10 were measured Daegu, Korea in major micro-environments,where housewives spend the most of their time, and personal exposure times were estimated by using time activitypatterns and exposure scenarios. The major microenvironments of housewives were selected using the ‘Time-UseSurvey’ conducted by the National Statistical Office in Korea in 2009. A total of 4,514 (weekdays) and 3,063(weekends) housewives were recruited for the ‘Time-Use Survey.’ It seems that housewives are spending about80% of their time in the house, and about 5% of their time outdoors during weekdays and weekends. The indoor/outdoor ratio of the average concentration of NO2 was more than 1, which indicated that the source was indoors.Toluene was shown to have higher concentrations indoors than outdoors. Ethylbenzene and xylene displayedsimilar characteristics to toluene, and the concentration ratio for indoor/outdoor was shown to be 1.29 ± 0.76 and1.04 ± 0.45, respectively, higher concentrations indoors. Based on the results of the time activity patterns ofparticipants, 3 kinds of exposure scenarios were formulated. The spent time and air concentration in eachenvironment were assumed as normal and lognormal distribution, respectively. And then the Monte-Carlosimulation was conducted. According to the result of the simulation, the exposures to hazardous air pollutantsrevealed an increasing pattern as housewives visits other indoor environments such as supermarkets.

There has been an increase in fire/explosion accidents caused by chemical substances used in new small/medium sized construction, reconstruction, or extension sites. There is vast room for improvement, especially in safety training, safety inspection, and selection of countermeasures because training, technicality, and management systems regarding fire·explosion risks in small/medium sized construction sites are very immature in most cases. The purpose of this study is to propose a differentiated technical, educational, and management application plan for preventative management of fire·explosion accidents caused by chemical substances used in small/medium sized construction sites.

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activity and changes in major functional components of fermented Gastrodia elata Blume. Fermented G. elata Blume powder by Phellinus linteus repeated thrice (3rd FGP) showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity than a non-fermented G. elata Blume powder (NFGP), and once fermented G. elata Blume powder (1st FGP) at a concentration of 500 and 1,000 ppm. Free radical scavenging activity of 3rd FGP was similar to that of BHA at a dose of 1,000 ppm. Moreover, the ABTS radical scavenging activity of the 3rd FGP increased compared to NFGP and 1st FGP at a concentration of 31.25 ppm. Total polyphenols and flavonoid contents were increased as fermentation progressed. Ergothioneine content was increased more than 8 times in the 1st FGP, 3 times in the 3rd FGP, respectively than NFGP. In conclusion, this study indicated that the antioxidant activity and functional component contents of G. elata Blume were increased depending on the fermentation number.

Recent studies have been reported the presence of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds, Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (EDC/PPCPs) in surface and wastewater, which could potentially affect to the complicate behavior in coupled presence of nano-colloid particles and surfactants (adsorption, dispersion, and partitioning). In this study, the adsorption of EDC/PPCPs by Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) as a representative of nano-particles in cationic surfactant solutions were investigated. Hydrophobic interactions (π-π Electron Donor-Acceptor) have been reported as a potential adsorption mechanisms for EDC/PPCPs onto SWNTs. Generally, the adsorptive capacity of the relatively hydrophobic EDC/PPCPs onto SWNTs decreased in the presence of cationic surfactant (Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide, CTAB). This study revealed that the competitive adsorption occurred between CTAB cations and EDC/PPCPs by occupying the available SWNT surface (CTAB adsorption onto SWNTs shows five-regime and maximum adsorption capacity of 370.4 mg/g by applying the BET isotherm). The adsorption capacity of 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on SWNT showed the decrease of 48% in the presence of CTAB. However, the adsorbed naproxen (NAP) surely increased by forming hemimicelles and resulted in a favorable media formation for NAP partition to increase SWNTs adsorption capacity. The adsorbed NAP increased from 24 to 82.9 mg/g after the interaction of CTAB with NAP. The competitive adsorption for EDC/PPCPs onto SWNTs is likely to be a key factor in the presence of cationic surfactant, however, NAP adsorption showed a slight competition through CH3-CH3 interaction by forming hemimicelles on SWNT surface.

Freezing of the pure water saturating a packed bed of spheres in a rectangular cavity is performed experimentally to investigate the effect of bead diameter on the heat transfer rate and temperature vs. time history for the pure water freezing experiments were compared with the freezing of the binary solution(HO-NaCl). Spherical soda-lime glass beads of 2.85mm and 6mm in average diameter constitute the porous medium. The system is cooled through its bottom surface, and the top is maintained at a temperature above the liquids. There was small effect on the temperature distribution in the system of the porosity difference.