The qualities of rice cooked on heat plate, induction heat and heat plate with pressure, were investigated. The weight, volume, water soluble index (WSI), hydration by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and gelatinization by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), as well as the consumer acceptability of cooked rice were analyzed. The weight, volume and WSI of rice cooked on heat plate with pressure were higher than those of rice cooked on heat plate and induction heat. The rice cooked on heat plate with pressure also showed higher degree of hydration and gelatinization, and lower degree of enthalpy of gelatinization than the rice cooked on heat plate and induction heat for 5~15 min. The consumer acceptability revealed that the odor, appearance, taste, texture and overall acceptance of rice cooked on induction heat were better than those of rice cooked on heat plate and heat plate with pressure. During storage in a cooker for 0~12 h, there was a decrease in the consumer acceptability of cooked rice. Overall results indicate that the qualities of rice cooked on induction heat and heat plate with pressure were higher than those of rice cooked on heat plate.

Ganoderma lucidum has been traditionally used as a medicine for treatment of bronchitis, arthritis, and high blood pressure, and it has been reported to display many biological activities including anticancer and immune activities. Since mushroom mycelium is known to have excellent biological activities together with mushroom fruiting body, studies on biological activities of mushroom mycelium have been actively conducted. Thus, the present study compared the biological activities before and after the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium on Atractylodes rhizoma. When the radical scavenging activity was assessed by the DPPH assay, ARGL (ethanol extract of Atractylodes rhizoma mycelium fermented with Ganoderma lucidum) showed radical scavenging activity of 5.58~82.56% at concentrations of 10~500 μg/assay, while AR (ethanol extract of Atractylodes rhizoma) showed radical scavenging activity of 5.27~72.08% at the same concentrations. When measured by using the ABTS assay, ARGL showed higher radical scavenging activity than AR, which was consistent with the result obtained by the DPPH assay. In the MTT assay, the cytotoxicity of ARGL against all cell lines was higher than that of AR. In particular, the cytotoxicities of AR and ARGL against Hep3B at a concentration of 400 μg/assay were 71.81% and 86.40%, respectively. In addition, the result obtained by the SRB assay was consistent with the result obtained by the MTT assay. According to the results mentioned above, there is a high probability that medicinal herb cultures using mycelium can be used as sources of functional foods since the cytotoxicities against cancer cells and antioxidant activities increased when the mycelium was fermented with Atractylodes rhizoma.

The stiffness of a bicycle frame is a major factor of a bicycle performance related to safety, stability, and weight. In this study, the torsional and bottom bracket stiffness of a bicycle frame were experimentally investigated. The torsional and bottom bracket stiffness for 63 bicycle frames were evaluated and analyzed by measuring the displacement of frames. The torsional stiffness is related with turning performance and the bottom bracket stiffness is related with power transmission. The experimental results show that the average stiffness varies up to 20 % according to the frame materials and types. The torsional stiffness has a strong corelation with the bottom bracket stiffness even though they have different effects on a bicycle frame. It seems that the experimental results can be applied to the quality criteria of racing bicycles and also design standard of a bicycle frame.

저장조건에 따른 금산 추부깻잎의 물리적 특성을 분석하였다. 깻잎의 a/b값은 저장기간이 증 가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 저장온도 25℃와 4℃에서 제 1주성분 값의 기여율은 각각 93.07%, 97.81%로 나타나 전자코를 이용한 저장온도에 따른 휘발성 향기성분 패턴의 구별이 가능하였다. 저장기 간에 따른 제 1주성분 값의 변화는 저장온도 25℃에 비해 4℃에서 변화의 폭이 적었음을 확인할 수 있 었다.

To aid in the development of a food nutrient database that provides the dietary fiber composition of eat-out Korean foods, we determined the total dietary fiber (TDF) content in the eat-out Korean foods Muchim, Bokkeum, and Guk (Tang) using a dietary fiber autoanalysis instrument. A total of 59 samples were collected from Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangdo, Seoul, Jeonla-do, and Chungcheong-do. First, among 14 samples of Muchim, the TDF content of Kkaennip namul, Goguma-julgi-namul, and Dallae-namul (4.33~6.24, 3.16~5.07 and 3.70~4.99 g/100 g, respectively) was higher than the other types of Muchim. There was no significant difference in TDF content of Muchim (p>0.05) among locations. Among 13 samples of Bokkeum, the TDF content of Pyogo-beoseot-Bokkeum (4.77~6.66 g/100 g) and Miyeok-julgi-Bokkeum (4.16~7.47 g/100 g) was higher than the other types of Bokkeum. The TDF content of Pyogo-beoseot-Bokkeum in Gyeongsang-do was the lowest and the TDF content of Miyeok-julgi-Bokkeum in Gangwon-do was the highest (p<0.05). The TDF content of spinach soybean paste soup (1.34~2.21 g/100 g), Dakgogi-yukgaejang (1.61~2.45 g/100 g), duck stew (1.25~2.80 g/100 g) and spicy yellow croacker stew (1.70~2.27 g/100 g) were higher than the other types of Guk (Tang). There was no significant difference in TDF content of Guk (Tang) among locations (p>0.05).

선박용 입형 편흡입 원심 해수펌프의 회전체와 파이프 시스템 내부에 발생한 과도한 손상의 원인을 분석하고자 실제 모 델을 역설계 하였다. 이를 위해 전산유체역학(CFD)을 이용하여 해수냉각펌프의 내부유동 분석을 실시하였다. 결과적으로 역설계를 통 한 대상펌프의 형상 및 경계조건을 설정하여 설계 운전점인 125 /h에서의 펌프 효율은 85.3 %, 양정 32.0미터로 계산되었다. 대상 펌 프의 최고 효율점은 150 /h에서 약 86.2 %로 예측되었으나 실제 운전점과는 차이가 있었다. 최저 유량점인 112.5 /h에서는 저 유량 점 특성상 유동이 불안정하여 해석의 수렴이 좋지 않았다. 선박에서 운전 중인 해수펌프 및 파이프 시스템 전반에 걸쳐 진행 중인 공 동현상의 원인 규명을 통해 개선방안을 도출하고자 하였으나, 입·출구 전체 파이프 시스템의 계산, 각 지관들에 대한 유량 및 유속 측정 등을 통해 보다 명확한 원인분석을 위한 후속연구가 필요하다.

This paper is on developing the waveform analysis method in driving control of solenoid injector of CRDI diesel engine. The experimental methods using Pico oscilloscope and scan tool is employed to measure current and voltage waveform of solenoid injector. The solenoid injector are used 1 normal and 2 abnormal injectors. The experiment is carried out during no-load condition. The magnitude of pressure drop is largest main duration, pre and pilot duration in the order named in case of normal injector, whereas was largest pilot duration, pre and main duration in the order named in case of abnormal injectors.

천연색소는 색을 발현할 수 있는 물질로서 식품, 화장품, 의약품 등에 사용된다. 천연색소는 동・식물에서 추출하여 만들기 때문에 크기가 균일하지 않으며 특히 적색색소의 경우, 다른 색의 색소 에 비해 친유성이 강해 수용액 상태에서 쉽게 응집이 되는 경향이 있다. 또한 응집에 의한 크기변화로 인해 색의 재현이 어려운 문제점이 있다. 적색색소로 기존에 사용했던 동물성 색소인 코치닐 추출 색 소는 알레르기를 유발하고 식용으로서의 거부감이 있는 등의 문제점으로 인하여 사용이 기피되는 추 세이다. 본 연구에서는 적색의 식물성 색소인 라이코펜 추출물과 치자황색소를 사용하였고 Ball-milling을 이용하여 색소의 크기를 균일하게 만든 후 Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation(AsFlFFF), Dynamic light scattering(DLS)를 이용하여 크기를 분석하고 색차계를 이용하 여 색을 확인하는 연구를 진행하였다. 실험결과 milling 전에는 색소 입자의 크기가 크고 크기분포가 넓었으나, milling 후에는 크기가 감소하고 크기분포가 좁아짐을 확인하였다. 색차계 측정 결과, milling 시간이 증가함에 따라 밝기, 적색도, 황색도가 높아져서 밝은 적색을 나타내었다.

The object of this container is to store uranium precipitated in Mo-99 production process for long term. It will be used in the Gijang reactor. Uranium precipitates is stored in a container such as a form of filter cake. This container will be stored in the underground concrete storage for about 50 years when considering a storage facility life and safety. It is required high degree of structure integrity when considering decay heat from radioactive precipitated, external impact and etc, because it has to store radioactive materials for long term. In this study, thermal, structural and impact analysis about a container inserted 6 canisters was carried out. In the case of this thermal analysis, the object is to investigate the effect decay heat of uranium precipitate on the structure integrity of a container. The structural analysis was carried out to evaluate a structure integrity of the bottommost portion container among the 9 loaded containers. Finally, the impact analysis was carried out to evaluate the structure integrity of a container when that is dropped from maximum height of 5m during transport. As a result of this study, the structural integrity of this container is satisfactory about thermal, structural and impact.

분리막의 기공 크기 및 분포도를 분석하기 위한 다양한 측정법이 있지만 10-50 nm 범위의 한외여과막 기공크기 를 정확하게 측정하기가 까다롭다. 따라서 gas-liquid displacement porometer (GLDP)와 liquid-liquid displacement porometer (LLDP) 기공 특성 측정법 두 가지를 이용하여, 10-100 nm의 기공크기를 갖는 세 종류의 세라믹 분리막(K-100, A-100, A-20) 의 기공 크기 및 분포도를 비교 분석하였다. GLDP는 한외여과막의 최대 기공크기를 측정하는데 적합한 분석법으로 확인되 었고, LLDP로 측정된 평균 기공크기가 분리막의 분리 성능 결과와 더 연계되어 있었다. 또한 LLDP는 10-50 nm 범위의 기 공크기를 측정하는데 적합한 기공 분석법으로 확인되었으나, GLDP 보다 낮은 정밀도와 높은 민감도를 나타내었다. 다양한 기공 특성 분석법 가운데, 최근 상용화된 LLDP 기술은 종래의 측정법으로 알지 못했던 유용한 결과들을 제공할 수 있을 것 으로 기대된다.

Recently, application areas based on M2M (Machine-to-Machine communications) and IoT (Internet of Things) technologies are expanding rapidly. Accordingly, water flow and water quality management improvements are being pursued by applying this technology to water and sewage facilities. Especially, water management will collect and store accurate data based on various ICT technologies, and then will expand its service range to remote meter-reading service using smart metering system. For this, the error in flow rate data transmitting should be minimized to obtain credibility on related additional service system such as real time water flow rate analysis and billing. In this study, we have identified the structural problems in transmitting process and protocol to minimize errors in flow rate data transmission and its handling process which is essential to water supply pipeline management. The result confirmed that data acquisition via communication system is better than via analogue current values and pulse, and for communication method case, applying the industrial standard protocol is better for minimizing errors during data acquisition versus applying user assigned method.

According to the structure, solenoid valve can be categorized as spool valve or poppet valve. While various research on spool valve which has simple structure and fine susceptibility to contamination has been conducted, poppet valve which has less susceptibility to contamination and advantage in a long time operation still need much research because of its complicated structure. In order to design the poppet valve, various parameters such as the diameter of the poppet, the angle of the poppet, the diameter of the disk, the spring stiffness, the spring preload and flow path structure should be considered. Conventional studies on poppet valve usually take only one design parameters and did not much focused on the effect of the parameters on flow characteristics. In this paper, the change of the flow characteristics according to the design parameters of the poppet valve for 3/2Way solenoid valve is analyzed. The previous studies and the results of initial model analysis was referred for the selection of the design parameters. The effects of design parameters on maximum pressure, minimum pressure, and pressure drop was examined using analysis of means(ANOM).

There is little information about the seed longevity of wild plants, although seed bank storage is an important tool for biodiversity conservation. This study was conducted to predict the seed viability equation of Agastache rugosa. The A. rugosa seeds were stored at moisture contents ranging from 2.7 to 12.5%, and temperatures between 10 and 50℃. Viability data were fitted to the seed viability equation in a one step and two step approach. The A. rugosa seeds showed orthodox seed storage behaviour. The viability constants were KE=6.9297, CW=4.2551 CH=0.0329, and CQ=0.00048. The P85 of A. rugosa seeds was predicted to 152 years under standard seed bank conditions. The P85 predicted by seed viability equation can be used as basic information for optimization of seed storage processes.

기본적으로 형 음 의 삼요소를 갖추고 있는 것을 문자라 칭한다. 이러한 문자는 보통 독립 성을 갖고 단독으로 사용된다. 하지만 모든 문자가 다 독립적으로 사용되고 있는 것은 아니 다. 어떤 문자는 독립적으로는 사용되지 못하고 다른 문자와 결합하여 字素를 이루어야만 사 용될 수가 있는데, 이를 ‘비독립 자소’라 부른다. 본 논문은 不成文 字素를 포함해說文解字 540개 부수를 대상으로 문자의 단독 사용 여부에 따라 비독립 자소를 구별해 내었고, 이를 다시 字形에 따라 독체자소, 합체자소, 그리고 변이자소로 분류하였다. 그리고 이들이 어떠한 과정을 거쳐 독립 자소에서 비독립 자소로 변하게 되었는지에 대해 심층적 분석을 진행하였 다. 그래서 비독립 자소가 어떠한 형태와 유형으로 대체되었는지, 왜 그러한 현상이 생기게 되었는지 등에 대해 분석하여 ‘不成文’, ‘通假’, ‘同義 문자’, ‘後起字’, ‘字形의 변형’, ‘釋形之誤’, ‘기타’의 7가지 유형으로 분류해 내었다. 아울러 이들의 문자로서의 가치와 위상에 대해서도 논하였다.

From June 2007 to May 2008, seasonal variations of bacterial abundance and heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF), together with environmental factors, were investigated at weekly and monthly intervals in Kyeonggi Bay. During the study period, the water temperature and salinity varied from 1.9℃~29.0℃ and 31~35.1 psu, respectively. The concentration of ammonia, nitrate+nitrite, phosphate, and silicate ranged from 0.01 to 3.22 μM, 2.03 to 15.34 μM, 0.06 to 1.82 μM, and 0.03 to 18.3 μM, respectively. The annual average concentration of Chl. a varied from 0.86 μg L-1 to 37.70 μg L-1; the concentration was twice as much at the surface than at the deeper layers. The abundance of bacteria and HNF ranged from 0.29×106 to 7.62×106 cells mL-1 and 1.00×102 to 1.26×103 cells mL-1, respectively. In particular, there were significant correlations between bacteria and HNF abundance (p<0.05), and then the high abundance of HNF was frequently observed with an increase of bacterial abundance in summer (p<0.001). Our results therefore indicate that bacterial abundance in the bay was mainly controlled by resources supplied as organic and inorganic substances from Lake Shihwa due to the daily water exchange after dike construction. Also, the bacterial abundance was significantly controlled by HNF grazing pressure (top-down) in the warm seasons, i.e. excluding winter, in the Kyeonggi Bay.

본 연구는 건강기능식품 중 baicalin, eleutheroside E, ligustilide를 효과적으로 분석할 수 있는 방법을 확립하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이에 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 신속하고 효율적으로 동시분석할 수 있는 시험법을 확립하였으며, 확립된 시험법에 대해 특이성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 정확도, 정밀도에 대한 검증을 통하여 유효성을 확인하고자 하였다. 표준용액을 이용하여 검량선을 작성한 결과 r2> 0.99 이상의 직선성을 확인하였고, baicalin, eleutheroside E, ligustilide에 대한 정량한계는 각각 39.3 μg/L, 106.7 μg/L, 76.1 μg/L이었으며, 검출한계는 각각 13.0 μg/L, 35.2 μg/L, 25.1 μg/L이었다. 또한 평균 회수율은 각 성분에 대해 108.0~109.9%, 99.8~101.3%, 91.4~97.2%로 나타났으며, 반 복정밀도는 상대표준편차 5%이하, 실험실간 재현성은 9% 이하로 나타나 정확성, 재현성이 우수하였으며 이는 AOAC 가이드라인19)에서 제시한 기준에 모두 적합한 수준이었다. 따라서 개발된 분석법은 향후 건강기능식품 중 baicalin, eleutheroside E, ligustilide를 동시분석하는데 효과적으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study aims to enhance the quality of general Chinese in university by developing learner-centered curriculum and instruction based on student's needs. In an effort to develop an effective general Chinese program of a university, the present study examined curricular and learner needs for general Chinese courses of universities. The curricular of general Chinese programs collected from a total of 46 universities in South Korea were analyzed to examine class teaching hours, credits, courses, diffentiated-level classes, special courses, and a waiving policy of credits based on student proficiency. Also the survey and the interviews were carried out with the students studying in one university (N=387) to find out their needs on general Chinese courses. The curricular analysis showed the followings: 1) When analyzing the general Chinese courses curriculum of 46 universities surveyed, most of universities preferred 2~3 hours/2~3 credits Chinese courses,; 2) The results of surveys showed that the participants have strong needs for improving differentiated-level education. 3) It seems to be necessary to accommodate learners, teachers demand and realistic constraints on learning Chinese language learners.

In this study, the distribution of each facility group, the pollution level of local municipalities and the status of self-measurement were investigated and analyzed using data provided by the Ministry of Environment. It was found that most of the workplaces to be managed are facilities of sensitive class, indoor parking lots and largescale stores. The results of the survey on the total pollution level by facility group showed that the rate of contamination was the highest in the facilities where there are many sensitive users, including the subway station and the underground shopping malls. Through self-measurement, in the case of fine particle matter, it was found that it was present in amounts of 51.71 μg/m3, 50.72 μg/m3, 44.47 μg/m3 and 54.44 μg/m3 in medical institutions, day care centers, elderly care facilities and postnatal care centers, respectively. Also, there were facilities exceeding the standard in the medical institutions. However, most of the pollutants in the facilities surveyed by the municipality are higher than the self-measured concentrations, so it is necessary to examine the cause of such pollution.

Effects of primary English education using children’s literature have been extensively examined by many researchers in Korea during the past about two decades. This study aims to delineate the research domain by employing a meta-analysis of 31 primary studies that have been published in Korean refereed journals by February 2017. From the primary studies, 41 effects sizes were calculated based on the contrast of the means of two groups and 152 pre-to-post effect sizes based on the contrast of pretest and posttest scores. The results indicate that primary English education using children’s literature had overall a medium-sized effect (g = .60), with its effect being greater in the affective domain (g = .93) than in the cognitive domain (g = .37). More specifically, it was found that introducing children’s literature in the elementary English classrooms would bring about positive learning effects in the areas of vocabulary and reading and would be effective to develop positive learner interest and attitudes toward English learning. The results and their implications are further discussed.

The changes in the aroma and spoilage odor emitted from eleven ‘Hongro’ apples during ten weeks’ storage were investigated using six types of metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor arrays. The gas sensors used in the evaluation were sensitive to apple-emitted aroma or spoilage odor, and a high reproducibility of 5% relative standard deviation or less was confirmed. Significantly, the change in apple-emitted aroma or spoilage odor was easily distinguished by the optimal gas sensor and a significant correlation (r=0.992) between decay rate and sensitivity change was observed. The results of a principal component analysis of the signal patterns obtained by data standardization using the optimal gas sensor showed a clear classification between decayed sampler groups and undecayed sampler groups.