This paper aims to quantify the retrofit effect of the Bolt Prefabricated Concrete-Filled Tube reinforcement method on non-seismic school reinforced concrete building through static cyclic loading experiments. To achieve the objective, two-story specimens including a non-retrofitted frame(NRF) and a Bolt Prefabricated Concrete-Filled Tube Reinforcement Frame(BCRF) were tested under static cyclic loading, and the lateral resistant capacities were compared in terms of maximum strength, initial stiffness, effective stiffness, and total energy dissipation. In addition, the load-displacement curves were compared to the story drift limit specified in Seismic Performance Evaluation and Retrofit Manual for School Facilities to investigate if the retrofitted frame was satisfied in target performance(life safety). Experimental results showed that BCRF successfully met the target performance, with a 200% increase in maximum strength and a 300% increase in energy dissipation capacity. Additionally, both initial stiffness and effective stiffness improved by more than 30% compared to NRF. Furthermore, BCRF exhibited an effect that delayed the occurrence of bond failure.

국내 포도 주요 재배 품종인 ‘캠벨얼리’에서 잎의 가장자리를 말고 그 속에서 갉아먹는 해충의 피해가 흔하게 관찰되고 있으며 기존에 포도들명나방 (Herpetogramma luctuosalis)이라고 알려져 있었다. 포도들명나방의 발육단계별 이미지 수집을 위해 김제 포도원에서 채집한 피해잎 속에서 월동하 는 고치를 실험실로 가져와서 우화시켰을 때 기존에 알려져있던 포도들명나방과는 형태적으로 달라서 정확한 종 동정을 위하여 확인하는 실험을 수행하였다. 김제, 영동 지역의 포도원에서 포도잎을 가해하는 유충을 채집하여 실험실에서 사육하여 얻은 성충의 생식기와 유충의 유전자를 검정한 결과 연무늬들명나방(Syllepte pallidinotalis)으로 동정하였다. 성충의 몸길이가 12mm 정도이며 날개 편 길이는 22∼23 mm이며 두부, 흉부, 복부에 이르는 등면 체색은 옅은 갈색. 아랫입술수염은 갈색이며 위로 굽었다. 더듬이는 황갈색. 앞날개는 옅은 갈색이며 날개 기부, 특히 전연 기부는 어둡다. 정확한 종 동정으로 농업현장에서의 혼선을 차단하고, 연무늬들명나방의 방제효과 증진으로 과실 품질을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Coffee is a major traded item worldwide. Uganda, where the coffee sector provides a livelihood to 1.8 million households, is Africa’s second-biggest coffee exporter. Pests and diseases are significant constraints affecting coffee production. Although the Ugandan government has implemented strategies to assist farmers in addressing these constraints, coffee pests and diseases continue to affect the yield and quality of coffee crops. This ongoing issue highlights the need for more effective and sustainable solutions to protect coffee production in Uganda. This review examined two prevalent diseases and two major pests known to significantly impact Uganda’s coffee systems. It explored strategies that pathogens and pests would utilize to invade and colonize coffee plants. Furthermore, this review evaluated current challenges and prospects for improving coffee pest and disease management. By offering valuable insights and recommendations, it aims to equip agricultural stakeholders with the knowledge needed to develop and implement more effective strategies for combating these persistent threats to coffee production in Uganda.

Many school buildings are vulnerable to earthquakes because they were built before mandatory seismic design was applied. This study uses machine learning to develop an algorithm that rapidly constructs an optimal reinforcement scheme with simple information for non-ductile reinforced concrete school buildings built according to standard design drawings in the 1980s. We utilize a decision tree (DT) model that can conservatively predict the failure type of reinforced concrete columns through machine learning that rapidly determines the failure type of reinforced concrete columns with simple information, and through this, a methodology is developed to construct an optimal reinforcement scheme for the confinement ratio (CR) for ductility enhancement and the stiffness ratio (SR) for stiffness enhancement. By examining the failure types of columns according to changes in confinement ratio and stiffness ratio, we propose a retrofit scheme for school buildings with masonry walls and present the maximum applicable stiffness ratio and the allowable range of stiffness ratio increase for the minimum and maximum values of confinement ratio. This retrofit scheme construction methodology allows for faster construction than existing analysis methods.

Existing reinforced concrete buildings with seismically deficient column details affect the overall behavior depending on the failure type of column. This study aims to develop and validate a machine learning-based prediction model for the column failure modes (shear, flexure-shear, and flexure failure modes). For this purpose, artificial neural network (ANN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) models were used, considering previously collected experimental data. Using four machine learning methodologies, we developed a classification learning model that can predict the column failure modes in terms of the input variables using concrete compressive strength, steel yield strength, axial load ratio, height-to-dept aspect ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and transverse reinforcement ratio. The performance of each machine learning model was compared and verified by calculating accuracy, precision, recall, F1-Score, and ROC. Based on the performance measurements of the classification model, the RF model represents the highest average value of the classification model performance measurements among the considered learning methods, and it can conservatively predict the shear failure mode. Thus, the RF model can rapidly predict the column failure modes with simple column details.

This study investigated quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of beetroots after blanching. Beetroots were blanched in distilled water, 2% NaCl water, and 2% citric acid water at 100°C for 3 minutes (the blanched group). The moisture content was highest in the control (CON) at 91.30% (p<0.05), and cooking loss was lowest in the water-blanched beetroot (BW) at 5.39% (p<0.01). Chromaticity decreased after blanching compared to CON (p<0.001). Total polyphenol contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) decreased after blanching, and as a result of comparing the True retention (TR) of the blanching treatment group, BW had the highest with TPC TR 91.22% and TFC TR 70.51%. DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities were highest in the CON, and in the blanching group BW was highest scavenging activity. The total number of microorganisms in the CON group was 2.97 log CFU/g, whereas no microorganisms were detected in the blanched groups. Therefore, this study, blanching in water without additives is the most appropriate method for preserving physiologically active substances and nutrients in beetroots and inhibiting microbial growth.

In this study, in order to establish a strategy for developing an fire following earthquake risk assessment method that can utilize domestic public databases(building datas, etc.), the method of calculating the ignition and fire-spread among the fire following earthquake risk assessment methodologies proposed by past researchers is investigated After investigating and analyzing the methodology used in the HAZUS-MH earthquake model in the United States and the fire following earthquake risk assessment methodology in Japan, based on this, a database such as a domestic building data utilized to an fire following earthquake risk assessment method suitable for domestic circumstances (planned) was suggested.

The Ag/WC electrical contacts were prepared via powder metallurgy using 60 wt% Ag, 40 wt% WC, and small amounts of Co3O4 with varying WC particle sizes. After the fabrication of the contact materials, microstructure observations confirmed that WC-1 had an average grain size (AGS) of 0.27 μm, and WC-2 had an AGS of 0.35 μm. The Ag matrix in WC-1 formed fine grains, whereas a significantly larger and continuous growth of the Ag matrix was observed in WC-2. This indicates the different flow behaviors of liquid Ag during the sintering process owing to the different WC sizes. The electrical conductivities of WC-1 and WC-2 were 47.8% and 60.4%, respectively, and had a significant influence on the Ag matrix. In particular, WC-2 exhibited extremely high electrical conductivity owing to its large and continuous Ag-grain matrix. The yield strengths of WC-1 and WC-2 after compression tests were 349.9 MPa and 280.7 MPa, respectively. The high yield strength of WC-1 can be attributed to the Hall–Petch effect, whereas the low yield strength of WC-2 can be explained by the high fraction of high-angle boundaries (HAB) between the WC grains. Furthermore, the relationships between the microstructure, electrical/mechanical properties, and deformation mechanisms were evaluated.

Existing reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings have seismic vulnerabilities because of seismically deficient details. In particular, since cumulative damage caused by successive earthquakes causes serious damage, repair/retrofit rehabilitation studies for successive earthquakes are needed. This study investigates the repair effect of fiber-reinforced polymer jacketing system for the seismically-vulnerable building structures under successive earthquakes. The repair modeling method developed and validated from the previous study was implemented to the building models. Additionally, the main parameters of the FRP jacketing system were selected as the number of FRP layers associated with the confinement effects and the installation location. To define the repair effects of the FRP jacketing system with the main parameters, this study conducted nonlinear time-history analyses for the building structural models with the various repairing scenarios. Based on this investigation, the repair effects of the damaged building structures were significantly affected by the damage levels induced from the mainshocks regardless of the retrofit scenarios.

본 연구는 팀 버튼과 대니 엘프만이 같이 작업한 작품 중, 주어진 현실 세계와 사후 세계를 넘나 드는 영화에서 현실과 비현실, 그로테스크와 유머, 그리고 소외와 포용이라는 이중성을 잘 표현하 는 대표 장면들을 추출하여 분석하였다. 이러한 대표 장면들에 나타난 버튼의 이중성의 의도가 엘 프만 음악에서 음악적 요인들로 어떻게 표현하고 있으며, 어떠한 상관관계를 보이는지에 대해 고찰 하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 그 결과, 팀 버튼 영화에서 나타나는 각 이중성의 관점과 대니 엘 프만의 음악 상관관계 특징을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫째, 그로테스크와 유머이다. 이 관점에서는 반 복되는 리듬 형태에 악기로 변화를 주어 각 등장인물의 움직임 변화를 드러내고, 반음계인 선율과 반복되는 악센트의 변화로 그로테스크와 유머를 가진 캐릭터의 움직임을 형상화한다. 또한 장면의 상황과 같은 배경을 가진 클래식 곡을 차용하여 캐릭터의 특징을 극대화한다. 둘째, 소외와 포용이 다. 이 관점에서는 장면에 부합하는 노래를 차용하여 소외와 포용의 이중성을 드러낸다. 등장인물 이 대사를 하지 않더라도 가사에서 간접적으로 표현을 더하여 인물의 심리를 나타낸다. 이 연구의 제한점으로는 현실과 비현실 이중성 관점과 선과 악 관점의 음악 상관관계를 연구하지 못하였다. 또한 선정한 장면 이외에도 이중성이 드러나는 장면이 존재할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 팀 버튼이 현대사회의 풍자나 소외자들의 포용과 같은 관객들에게 전하고 싶은 메시지와 대니 엘프만 의 영상 음악 표현 방법을 알 수 있었다. 더 나아가 버튼과 엘프만이 함께 작업한 다른 작품들을 더 다양한 이중성 관점으로 영상과 음악의 상관관계에 대한 고찰이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

본 연구에서는 용매로 침액되었을 시 전반적으로 더 균일한 상전이법 기반 평막 제조 시 주로 사용되는 부직포 지지체의 영향을 분석하였다. 도프용액의 점도가 낮을 경우 용액이 부직포층으로 쉽게 침투하여 불균일한 막이 형성되는 것 을 확인하였으며, 이를 방지하기 위해 부직포층을 유기용매로 침액하는 기법을 도입하였다. 부직포층이 유기 분리막이 생성 되는 것을 확인하였으며, 수투과 및 용매투과율도 향상하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 부직포 침액의 영향은 낮은 점도에서 확연하 게 나타났으며, 고분자용액의 점도가 높은 경우 침액 여부에 관계없이 동일한 성능을 얻을 수 있었다.

열대거세미나방(Spodoptera fruligiperda)은 열대성 비래해충으로서 우리나라에서도 최근 비래하여 피해가 발견되고 있다. 본 연구는 열대 거세미나방 비래 세대와 후세대의 옥수수에 대한 피해양상을 파악하고자 수행하였다. 옥수수 품종별 열대거세미나방 비래 세대에 의한 피해주율은 적게는 4.3% (알록이옥수수)에서 많게는 33.0% (초당옥수수)로 다양하였으며, 전체 평균 피해주율은 13.2% 이었다. 열대거세미나방에 피해 를 받은 옥수수 중에서 최종 번데기까지 이르는 데에 성공한 주의 비율은 19.3% 이었다. 비래 후세대가 암이삭에 미치는 피해는 비래세대에서 거의 무시할 수준으로 확인된 것과는 달리 높게 나타났으며, 종자까지 피해받은 암이삭의 비율은 60%가 되었다. 유충의 분산은 2령기에 가장 활발하였으며, 한 이랑을 따라서 일렬로 일어났다. 기타 열대거세미나방의 피해발달과 본결과의 활용방안에 대하여 고찰하였다.