This study compares four major Korean hate speech corpora to analyze differences in target group categorization and the impact of construction methods. The results show that the proportions of key target groups— gender, origin, physical traits, and ideology—vary greatly depending on how the corpus was compiled. In particular, keyword-based data sets revealed a notably higher focus on gender, with the influence of data collectors’ subjectivity and contemporary social issues clearly reflected. Furthermore, by analyzing the intersectionality and exclusivity of hate speech, we identified complex interconnections among target groups and challenges in classification arising from contextual usage. The study recommends the development of theme-specific and context-aware corpora to accurately capture these features.

연구는 입시컨설팅사교육 수요 실태를 참여현황, 참여수요, 지출비용수요로 구분하고, 참여수요 및 지출비용수요에 영 향을 미치는 주요 요인을 실증적으로 규명하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위하여 서울 및 수도권 지역 고등학생 및 재 수생을 연구 대상으로 설정하여 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 총 1,146의 응답을 바탕으로 로지스틱 회귀분석과 OLS 회귀 분석으로 양적연구를 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 입시컨설팅사교육 참여자의 월평균 이용 횟수는 1.13회, 월평균 지출비용은 382,638.8원으로 나타났다. 이어서 실시한 회귀분석에서는, 가정배경 요인(교육특구 거주 여부, 부모의 소득 및 학력 등) 이 참여 여부와 비용 지출 모두에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 주요 변수로 작용하였다. 반면, 학생 특성 요인(진로 불안, 학업 성취도 등)은 주로 참여 여부에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 확인되었다. 특히 교육특구 거주 여부는 참여와 지출 양 측면에 서 가장 강한 설명력을 지닌 변수로 나타났으며, 이는 입시컨설팅사교육이 새로운 교육 불평등의 매개가 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 소득 수준별 맞춤형 정책 지원과 공공 입시컨설팅 서비스의 도입 필요성을 제언하였다. 주요 연구 결론을 종합해보면, 첫째, 입시컨설팅사교육으로 발생된 교육의 불평등 문제는 가정배경과 밀접한 관련이 있 으며, 이를 해결하기 위해서 교육의 기회 균등을 증대시킬수 있는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 수요자의 입시정보 의 장벽을 더 낮출 필요가 있다. 셋째, 입시컨설팅사교육의 수요와 지출 수준은 학년 및 전형에 따라 뚜렷한 차이를 보이 므로, 생애주기적 관점에서 시기별 맞춤형 공공 지원이 필요하다.

목적: 본 연구에서는 단초점 안경을 착용한 근시안 소아를 대상으로 일정 기간 동안 교정굴절력 및 안축장의 변화를 추적 관찰하고, 연령 및 성별에 따른 변화 양상의 차이를 비교하였다. 방법 : 근시완화 렌즈 착용 등의 경험이 없는 단초점 안경을 착용한 근시안 소아(n=27안)를 대상으로, 굴절 검 사와 안축장 측정을 시행하고 6개월 후 추적 측정을 통해 교정굴절력 및 안축장 변화량을 분석하였다. 연구 대상은 7세에서 11세 사이의 소아 중 안과적 질환이 없고, 안경 이외의 근시 억제 처치를 받지 않은 자로 제한하였다. 교 정굴절력 및 안축장 변화는 초기값과 추적값 간의 차이로 산출하였으며, 연령 및 성별에 따른 차이를 비교하고 초 기 교정굴절력과 안축장 변화량 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 모든 자료는 SPSS 31.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)을 이용하여 통계 처리하였다. 결과 : 전체 대상자(n=27안)의 평균 안축장은 초기 24.03±1.12 mm에서 6개월 후 24.31 ±1.15 mm로 증가 하였으며, 평균 0.28±0.18 mm의 유의한 변화를 보였다. 연령군 비교에서는 7–8세군(n=14안)이 평균 0.37± 0.19 mm 증가한 반면, 9–11세군(n=13안)은 0.18±0.10 mm 증가하였고, 두 군 간의 차이는 통계적으로 유의하 였다(p=0.003). 성별에 따라 남아(n=14안)는 평균 0.32±0.21 mm, 여아(n=13안)는 0.24±0.14 mm 증가하였 으며, 두 군 간의 차이는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p=0.218). 초기 교정굴절력과 안축장 증가량 간의 상관관계 는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p=0.325). 안축장에 대해 교정굴절력, 각막곡률, 동공크기와의 상관관계 분석을 진행하였고, 모두 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 단초점 안경을 착용한 소아를 대상으로 한 본 연구에서는 전체적으로 유의한 안축장 증가가 관찰되었으 며, 만 7세에서 11세 사이의 연령대 중 특히 7–8세군에서 더 빠른 성장 경향이 확인되었다. 성별과 초기 교정굴절 력과의 상관성은 유의하지 않았다. 안축장과의 상관관계 분석에서 교정굴절력, 각막곡률, 동공크기 모두 유의한 상 관관계가 나타났다. 12개월까지 추적관찰이 가능했던 7안을 대상으로 평균 교정굴절력은 –0.62 D, 안축장은 0.42 mm 증가하였다. 향후에는 더 많은 수의 대상을 통한 연령별 안축장 변화 분석이 필요하며, 본 연구 결과는 근시 진행 및 관리의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

While potatoes are a representative crop in Bolivia, their cultivation requires a significant amount of chemical pesticides. Some seed treatment chemicals used for seed potatoes in Bolivia can be highly toxic. Additionally, farmers face financial constraints that make it difficult to use these pesticides. In this paper, we investigated the potential of applying plant ash to seed potatoes as an eco-friendly alternative for seed potato disinfection. We also examined the effects of seed tuber cutting in combination with the ash treatment. The potato variety used was “Jatun Puka,” a new variety developed in Peru that has been studied at the Bolivian National Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Innovation (INIAF). The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four repetitions in Sipe Sipe and Sapanani o f Cochab amb a, and Mairana of S anta Cruz. The r esults s howed that the e ffects of the ash treatment and tuber cutting were significantly influenced by the local environment of each region in Bolivia. The ash treatment was more effective than the others only in the Sapanani region, where the soil pH was low enough to fall within the optimal range for potatoes after the ash treatment. Generally, cutting seed potatoes had a negative effect on yield across all three regions, with the negative impact increasing in proportion to the humidity or precipitation of each area. However, considering the cost of seed potatoes per unit area, cutting them remains an adoptable option under certain circumstances. We hope this research will serve as an important reference for future studies on eco-friendly potato cultivation in Bolivia.

The semiconductor equipment industry is characterized by high technological intensity and a strong demand for customized functionality from client firms. This necessitates the collection and implementation of diverse client requirements, which in turn demands close cross-departmental collaboration and leads to highly complex project structures. To manage this complexity, many semiconductor-related companies operate global matrix organizations based on multiple reporting lines by region, function, and product. These structures entail intricate communication process and pose significant collaboration challenges. This study empirically investigates key factors influencing collaboration and project performance within global matrix organizations in the high-tech semiconductor equipment industry, applying the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. The analysis identified significant effects of all examined factors on inter-organizational collaboration performance: three technological sub-factors (usability of communication tools, process standardization, and change management systems), two organizational sub-factors (clarity of roles and responsibilities, and robustness of information-sharing systems), and three environmental sub-factors (alignment of requirements, cultural understanding, and responsiveness to industry standards and regulations). Furthermore, the level of agile implementation was tested as a moderating variable in the relationships between TOE factors and collaboration performance. The results revealed significant moderating effects of agility in specific areas: the usability of communication tools and systematic change management (technological factors); information-sharing structure (organizational factor); and requirement alignment (environmental factor). These findings suggest that agile approaches do not operate as a single-factor solution but interact dynamically with various organizational conditions. By focusing on the underexplored dynamics of global matrix organizations in collaboration performance, this study provides a structured empirical analysis of their operational characteristics. Its theoretical contribution lies in offering an integrative perspective on technological, organizational, and environmental drivers of collaboration and project success, extending current research in high-tech project and organizational performance.

This study investigates the structural mechanisms underlying user acceptance of generative AI services by integrating cognitive and affective dimensions of user experience. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model, Expectation–Confirmation Theory, and flow theory, a research model was developed and tested through an online survey of 387 Korean users with more than three months of experience. Structural equation modeling confirmed that cognitive and affective responses significantly influence satisfaction and trust, which in turn predict loyalty, with trust showing the strongest direct effect. Satisfaction and trust also mediated these relationships, while flow strengthened the satisfaction–loyalty path and resistance to technology was not significant. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating emotional and experiential factors alongside functional aspects. Practical implications suggest that fostering trust, engagement, and perceived value is essential for sustaining loyalty in generative AI services.

Smart factory technology, a core component of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, demonstrates significant disparities in technological development across countries. To quantitatively assess these international technology gaps, this study proposes an integrated analytical framework that combines text mining-based topic modeling and social network analysis (SNA), using global smart factory-related patent data from 2017 to 2023. Approximately 4,300 patent documents (titles and abstracts) were collected through the GPASS system and preprocessed. Through Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) modeling with optimized hyperparameters, major technology topics were identified. Semantic interpretation using ChatGPT and expert review enabled the assignment of precise topic labels, which were further mapped to CPC (Cooperative Patent Classification) codes to construct a standardized technology taxonomy. Subsequently, the network structures of topic and classification nodes were analyzed by country (China, the United States, and South Korea), and the relative importance of key technology areas was evaluated using centrality metrics such as degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector centrality. The analysis revealed that, globally, the most central technology areas include manufacturing process management and control, IoT and data-driven decision making, and facility-based process optimization. At the national level, China showed a strategic focus on technologies related to product quality improvement and cost reduction, South Korea emphasized IoT-enabled technologies and equipment-level optimization, while the United States prioritized control systems and data-driven project management. By utilizing patent-based textual data, this study offers a novel methodology for quantitatively diagnosing structural differences in national technological capabilities. The proposed framework provides valuable insights for country-specific R&D planning and strategic decision-making in the field of smart manufacturing.

This study analyzes the heterogeneous treatment effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on regional tourism demand in South Korea, focusing on the role of geographic distance from the metropolitan area to tourist destinations and the spatial characteristics of tourist destinations. Since a substantial portion of the population resides in the capital region, it can be expected that regional tourism demand is largely driven by residents of the capital region. In addition, the pandemic has particularly discouraged visits to indoor and densely populated areas due to increased perception of infection risk. To estimate these effects, we use a causal machine learning approach using double machine learning, analyzing monthly visitor data from 994 major tourist sites between the years 2019 and 2020. Tourist destinations are classified by spatial characteristics, including indoor, outdoor, and mixed settings as well as by tourism type. The analysis reveals that the impact of COVID-19 was more pronounced for indoor destinations located closer to the metropolitan center, whereas outdoor and mixed destinations showed little variation in treatment effects by distance. These findings highlight the importance of adopting distance-sensitive and space-specific policy measures in tourism planning during pandemics. Our study also demonstrates the practical utility of causal machine learning in tourism analytics, suggesting its potential for enhancing policy precision and resilience against future public health crises.

To proceed an efficient acquisition program, a variety of factors such as acquirement of excellent weapon system, research and development of defense technology for independent national defense and efficient obtainments are needed to be considered. But present evaluation system of weapon is not enough to include them all. Therefore this study aims to design weapon evaluation system to overcome the cognitive error of decision makers and to cope with the complexity and uncertainty in national acquisition field. To accomplish the goal, the researchers derive 4 factors (compatibility of hierarchy, extensibility, compromise between cost and non-cost factors and aggregation of evaluation criteria and group) based on AHP. And the research intends to present rational weapon evaluation structure which can include national security environment to analysis and guarantee the objective setting of weights through empirical tests.

본 연구는 『대한자기공명기술학회지』에 게재된 2016년부터 2025년까지의 논문을 대상으로 지난 10년간 연구 동향 을 분석하였다. 최근 10년에 게재된 국내 연구논문 총 144편을 대상으로 논문 초록에 나타난 중심어들 중 가장 높은 빈도로 사용된 단어를 식별하였으며 시계열적 변화를 분석함으로써 연구 주제와 관심도의 변화 양상을 파악하였다. 연구 결과 2016년부터 2020년까지의 구간에서는 ‘Artifact’가 총 15회로 가장 많이 언급된 키워드로 나타났으며, 2021년부터 2025년까지의 구간에서는 ‘Deep learning, AI’이 총 34회로 가장 빈번하게 등장한 키워드로 나타났다. 본연구를 통해 향후 국내 MRI 관련 연구 방향과 학문적 과제를 제시하는 데 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

In order to confirm the optimal conditions for the LED(Light Emitting Diode) wire bonding process, the lead bump ball process optimization was analyzed. In the wire bonding process, it is an important process in which electrical characteristics operate by connecting the Au wire to the LED chip and lead frame. In the wire bonding method, various wire bonding processes, including thermocompression and ultrasonic bonding, were dealt with, and various variables affecting the lead bump ball process of wire bonding were analyzed through process variable analysis. Key variables for wire bonding working conditions were identified and optimized using the Response Surface Method(RSM) of Design of Experiments(DOE), the interaction between variables was confirmed through factor setting experiments, and the process was optimized using the RSM. This paper aims to improve the performance of the lead bump ball process by designing experiments with 5 factors at 3 levels and analyzing 4 response variables to find optimal conditions. It was confirmed that the performance of the lead bump ball process improved under optimized conditions, and as a result, optimal conditions that satisfied the targets for most reaction values, with the exception of ball diameter (BD), were secured.

본 연구는 오늘날 하나의 사회적 문제로 제기되기 시작한 임신거부증 (denial of pregnancy) 현상을 정신건강의학, 진화생물학, 사회학, 여성 학 등 다각적 관점으로 분석하고, 이에 터하여 사회적·윤리적 쟁점과 제 도적 대응 방안을 성찰하였다. 본 연구는 임신거부증의 임상적 유형과 진단적 논쟁을 면밀히 살펴보고 은폐임신 등 유사 개념과의 구분을 명확 히 하고자 하였다. 또한 진화생물학적·사회문화적 해석을 통해 이 현상이 단일 원인으로 환원될 수 없는 복합적 문제임을 지적하였다. 그리고 한 국과 해외 사례 비교를 통해서는 사회적 낙인과 지원 체계 부재가 기저 의 공통 배경임을 확인하였으며, 또한 최근 한국의 보호출산제 도입 등 제도적 변화의 의의를 평가하였다. 윤리적 논의에서는 한나 아렌트의 탄 생성(natality) 개념과 마사 누스바움의 역량 접근법(capabilities approach)을 이론적 기반으로 삼아 살펴보았다. 이러한 논의를 바탕으 로 임신거부증이 생명의 환대와 인간 존엄 그리고 사회적 책임의 문제임 을 강조하였다. 특히 이 현상을 어떤 개인의 일탈로 보는 관점에서 벗어 나 사회구조적 맥락에서 이해해야 함을 주장하였다. 결론적으로 임신거 부증은 개인의 일탈이 아니라 사회구조적 실패를 반영하는 현상이다. 따 라서 의료·법률·복지 등 각 영역의 연계와 사회 공동체적 윤리 실천을 통 한 예방 및 지원 체계의 구축이 시급하다는 점을 제언하였다.

본 연구는 노인환자를 돌보는 요양병원이라는 특수한 환경에서 정서 적, 윤리적 요인이 간호업무수행에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 요양병원 간호사의 공감역량과 윤리적민감성, 환자중심간호, 간호업무수행 간의 구 조적 관계를 파악하고, 간호업무수행 향상을 위한 이론적, 실무적 기초자 료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구대상은 국내 요양병원간호사 230명 을 편의표집 하였으며, 연구결과로 모형 적합도는 χ²/df=165.517, CFI=.945, TLI=.928, RMSEA=.092로 양호하였으며, 공감역량은 윤리적민 감성(β=.478, p<.001)과 환자중심간호(β=.716, p <.001)에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤으며, 간호업무수행(β=.431, p <.001)에는 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 윤리적민감성은 간호업무수행(β=.188, p <.001)에, 환자 중심간호는 간호업무수행에 매개요인으로 작용하였다(β=.477, p <.001). 간호업무수행 향상과 환자중심간호를 실천하기 위한 간호인력 배치 기준 을 재정비하고, 다학제 팀의료 상호 협업 중심의 전인적인 돌봄 지원 체 계를 구축하는 것을 제시한다.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are emerging as reliable energy conversion devices for stationary power generation due to their high efficiency and environmental benefits. However, achieving long-term durability remains a critical challenge for commercialization. This study investigates the performance and degradation behavior of a PEMFC stack under 360 hours of constant current operation at approximately 0.22-0.23 A/cm², delivering a stack output of 1.5 kW. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to diagnose cell degradation, revealing increases in ohmic and charge transfer resistances over time. The results highlight the importance of uniform cell performance within the stack to prevent output limitations. Furthermore, we propose a framework for Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prediction to enhance system reliability. Future work will focus on applying these diagnostic techniques under varied operating conditions and integrating machine learning for advanced predictive models, aiming to support the development of stable, long-life PEMFC systems for stationary energy applications.

This study investigates the vibration characteristics of an aluminum subframe for small and high-speed vessels through modal and resonance analysis using the finite element method (FEM). Due to the low stiffness and damping of aluminum, concerns arise over structural resonance and fatigue. A 3D model based on actual design drawings was analyzed to extract six natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Significant deformation was observed in the first and second modes (90.65 Hz, 110.60 Hz), which may overlap with operational frequencies. The fifth mode (263.70 Hz) showed high amplitude with Y-axis concentration, indicating lateral resonance vulnerability. Deformation ratios were used to identify dominant vibrational directions. Based on the findings, design strategies such as structural reinforcement, RPM adjustment, and damping device application were proposed to improve vibration safety in the early design stage.

In this study, structural analysis was performed to select the optimal design shape through failure identification and design changes in turbine housing. Damage in the inlet flange is considered to be high cycle fatigue due to the vibration excitation in the engine full load test. Therefore, the FE analyses were performed natural vibration analysis and frequency response analysis for the initial shape and design change models. The stress magnitudes were obtained as a function of frequency through frequency response analysis according to engine vibration excitation. As a result, the dynamic stiffness of Case (1) increased by approximately 3.6% compared to the initial model, and Case (2) increased by 4.6%. In addition, the stress magnitude was greatly reduced in the design improvement. Therefore, the model with only the flange thickness increased is thought to be optimal design for securing the durability of the turbine housing.

미래 통일시대를 대비하여 세계의 민족 갈등 지역과 한국의 북한이탈 청소년 통합교육 사례를 비교·분석함으로써 교실을 중심으로 한 평화적 통일교육의 방향성을 제시한다. 북아일랜드의 공유교육 프로그램은 가톨 릭과 개신교 학생들이 공동 수업을 통해 상호 편견을 줄이고 사회 통합 을 촉진하였으며, 이스라엘-팔레스타인의 Hand in Hand 학교는 유대인 과 아랍인 학생들이 이중언어 교육을 통해 상호 문화적 이해와 편견 감 소에 성과를 보였다. 르완다의 평화교육 프로그램은 집단학살 이후 트라 우마 극복과 사회적 화합을 위해 체험활동 중심의 교육을 시행하여 비폭 력적 갈등해결 역량을 높였다. 한국의 다음학교와 한겨레학교는 남북한 출신 청소년들이 함께 생활하며 상호 이해를 증진하고 심리·정서적 안정 을 지원하는 프로그램으로 실제적인 통합 효과를 창출하고 있다. 이러한 국내외 통합교육 사례는 통합교육이 통일교육으로 발전하기 위해서는 교 사의 전문성 강화, 국가 차원의 법적·제도적 지원, 학부모와 지역사회 참 여 등 교육 전반의 다차원적 협력이 중요하다는 것을 시사한다.

This study quantitatively analyzed Buzz, Squeak, and Rattle (BSR) noises occurring during automotive operation and identified their root causes. Abnormal noises were initially detected during a first test drive and were classified into BSR types based on data from a Noise Observer system. Case analysis revealed that in the 2020 G model, a squeak noise was caused by friction between solid components due to durability degradation and damage to the suspension bushing. In contrast, the 2022 G model exhibited a rattle noise resulting from insufficient structural gaps. As modern vehicles continue to pursue higher performance, safety, and cabin quietness, the reduction in component gaps has increased the likelihood of BSR occurrences. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of diagnosing the root causes of BSR and confirms its practical value in reducing maintenance time and minimizing misdiagnoses.

This study investigates the impact of solar paper panel tilt angles on the flight endurance of solar powered the drone. To address the limited flight time of conventional battery powered drones, photovoltaic solar paper panels were mounted at varying angles 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° tested under consistent conditions. Experimental results showed that a 30° tilt angle produced the highest power output, leading to about 14% increase in flight duration compared to a flat configuration. These findings demonstrate that optimizing panel orientation significantly improves energy efficiency and drone performance. This work provides practical insight into the design of lightweight solar UAVs and highlights the feasibility of simple tilt adjustments as a low complexity alternative to active solar tracking systems.

This study evaluates how road profile and speed affect tire loads of a hydrogen tube trailer using MSC Adams/Car multibody dynamics simulation. A tractor and trailer loaded with 64 high-pressure cylinders were modeled, and four representative road profiles flat, pothole, short-wave, and long-wave were applied at 30, 60, and 80 km/h. Vertical tire load time histories were extracted for five wheel positions. Flat roads yielded stable loads matching static distribution. Potholes produced short, high-amplitude impacts (up to 120 kN at 30 km/h) with reduced peaks at higher speeds. Short-wave profiles caused severe asymmetric roll loads (67 kN at 80 km/h), while long-wave inputs generated smoother, moderate increases over longer durations. Load amplification diminished toward trailer axles due to suspension energy dissipation. The results inform structural design of tube trailers and development of speed-control or active load-mitigation strategies for autonomous hydrogen transport vehicles.