This paper is performed to study for the plants ecosystems for the rural community forest of designated as natural monument. In addition, it is also proposed the plan of the rural community forest's conservation and restoration for avoiding to the destroy of indiscriminate development such as land-use, cultivation. The rural community forest is a mirror that reflect the regional culture and history, as well as environment. According to this view, undoubtedly, we need to recognise the formative background of rural community forest, the relations between the environment around and the characteristic of plants ecosystem comprehensively. For the purpose of proposing to the plan of rural village forests' conservation and restoration, therefore, this study is: 1) reviews the previous research and ancient documents, and 2) surveys the vegetation structure and the growing conditions in rural village forest directly.

본 연구는 온라인 게임이 어떻게 정부 및 기업과 같은 공급자 차원에서 의도적으로 부상하지 않고, 수요자 차원에서 자연발생적으로 부상하였는지를 지식생태계적 접근을 통해 분석하였다. 본 연구는 온라인게임 부상의 요인으로서 첫째, 소비과정을 통해 학습된 리드유저들이 효과적인 사회 환경적 기반들(국내외 기술 교재, 대학, 외부 교육기반, 기업 등)과의 상호작용 속에서 신산업 부상을 이끄는 지식생태계의 참여자로서 참여할 수 있었던 조건, 둘째, 이들 개발인력이 조직화된 제작 경험을 얻을 수 있는 온/오프라인의 창조적 공동체 활동을 통해 창업 조직들로 성장할 수 있었던 조건을 제시한다. 이러한 연구 결과는 신산업 부상이 단절적이고 인위적인 물리적 환경 조건이 아닌 다양한 행위자들 간의 강력한 상호작용이 작동하는 지식생태계가 선행되어야 한다는 정책적 함의를 제공한다.

This study was carried out to elucidate the relation between water quality and structure of the aquatic ecosystem in the agriculture reservoir Otae-ji from January to December in 2009. The proportion of forest was 46.98%, which means that non-point sources are major contributor of water pollution in this area. The annual mean COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand) in Otae-ji was 3.6 ㎎ L -1 , indicating, level Ⅱ of environmental standards and the trophic state was mesotrophic. Although total phosporus concentration in the reservoir was high in August due to large inflow of nutrients from outside the reservoir during monsoon season, there was no break out of significant algal bloom in the summer. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton showed that the dinophyta dominated in the the spring, chlorophyta in the summer, chrysophyta and chlorophyta in the autumn and chrysophyta in the winter. In case of zooplankton, rotifers dominated in the most seasons, but cladoceran(Bosmina longirostris) dominated in June and copepod(Nauplii) in August. The macrophyte plants showed diverse species compositon consisted of 3 varieties, 24 species, 23 genera, 15 families and 14 orders. The macroinvertebrates also showed various FFG(Functional Feeding Groups) such as GC(Gathering-Collector), P(Predator), SH(Shedder), FC(Filter-Collector) and PP(Plant-Piercer). Ecosystem stability analysis using aquatic insects was classified as Group Ⅰ, which has high resilience and resistance indices. A total of 14 species of fish was collected but exotic species such as Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides were not found in Otae-ji. In conclusion, the preservation of healthy food wed in the reservoir ecosystem is closely related to water quality management as well as effective prevention of algal bloom by helping good material circulation in aquatic ecosystems.

Building a dam that is not considering the environmental impact and human social impact can cause the loss of entire ecospheres such as fragmentary green network, disturbance of plants ecosystem, the destruction of social and cultural indigenous resources, therefore, it can occur the environment change and distortion of ecosystem. The purpose of this study is that presenting the methods of ecosystem maintenance and ecosystem damage compensation about for environmentally direct impact i.e. the ecosystem change in the intended place for building a dam. According to the planning progress, the study was proceeded to planning site examine, assessment, conception plan. As the results of examine and assessment, it must be necessary to offered the maintenance and damage compensation if the site where include the 1st degree of biotope area, the 2nd degree of biotope and the 8th degree of green naturality area were damaged by being submerged and constructing road. In addition, according to the conception plan, we suggest the mitigation proposals such as plant communities transplant, planning of connecting green network against for influencing direct impact ecosystem that is destroying plant communities, damaging inhabitants, noise pollution, water pollution, etc.

This paper was studied CO2 respiration rate with physicochemical properties of soils at wetland, paddy field and forest in Nongju-ri, Haeryong-myeon, Suncheon city, Jeollanam-do. Soil temperature and CO2 respiration rate were measured at the field, and soil pH, moisture and soil organic carbon were analyzed in laboratory. Field monitoring was conducted at 6 points (W3, W7, W13, W17, W23, W27) for wetland, 3 points (P1, P2, P3) for paddy field and 3 points (F1, F2, F3) for forest in 10 January 2009. CO2 concentrations in chamber were measured 352∼382 ppm for wetland, 364∼382 ppm for paddy field and 379∼390 ppm for forest, and the average values were 370 ppm, 370 ppm and 385 ppm, respectively. CO2 respiration rates of soils were measured -73∼44 mg/㎡/hr for wetland, -74∼24 mg/㎡/hr for paddy field and -55∼106 mg/㎡/hr for forest, and the average values were -8 mg/㎡/hr, -25 mg/㎡/hr and 38 mg/㎡/hr. CO2 was uptake from air to soil in wetland and paddy field, but it was emission from soil to air in forest. CO2 respiration rate function in uptake condition increased exponential and linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. But, it in emission condition decreased linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. CO2 respiration rate function in wetland decreased linear as soil moisture, but its in paddy and forest increased linear as soil moisture. CO2 respiration rate function in all sites increased linear as soil pH, and increasing rate at forest was highest.

고준위 방사성폐기물 처분장으로부터 유출된 핵종에 의한 선량률을 계산하기 위한 생태계평가 코드 ACBIO를 일반적인 구획모델링도구인 AMBER를 이용하여 BIOMASS 방법론을 적용하여 개발하였다. ACBIO의 유용성을 보이고, 구획의 변화나 일부 파라미터값의 변화에 따른 구획 내 농도와 방사능, 그리고 구획간의 플럭스의 민감도도 검토하였다. 지하매질-생태계 경계(GBI)를 통해 넘어오는 핵종의 유출플럭스에 따른 선량환산인자를 각 핵종별로 구하여 결정집단내 개인의 최대피폭선량율을 선량환산인자로 얻는 계산을 수행하였다. 또한 생태계 요소의 구획모델링이나 가능한 피폭집단의 설정, 그리고 GBI의 인지 등이 생태계평가에 중요한 요소가 되는 것을 확인하였다.

To find proper water quality management strategy for oxygen consumption organic matters in Jinhae bay, the physical process and net supply/decomposition in terms of COD was estimated by three-dimensional eco-hydrodynamic modeling. The estimation results of physical process in terms of COD showed that transportation of COD was dominant in loading area from land to sea, while accumulation of COD was dominant in middle～bottom level. In case of surface level, the net supply rate of COD was 0～60 mg/m2/day. The net decomposition rate of COD was 0～-0.05 mg/m2/day(-5～-10 m, in depth) to 2 level, and -0.05～-0.20 mg/m2/day(10 m ～) to bottom level. These results indicate that the biological decomposition and physical accumulation of COD are occurred for the most part of Jinhae Bay bottom. The variation of net supply or net decomposition rate of COD as reducing land based input loading is also remarkable. Therefore, it is important to consider both allochthonous and autochthonous oxygen demanding organic matters to improve the water quality of Jinhae Bay.

The three-dimensional eco-hydrodynamic model was applied to estimate the autochthonous COD caused by production of phytoplankton in Jinhae Bay. A residual current was simulated, using a hydrodynamic model, to have a sightly complicated pattern in the inner part of the bay, ranging from 0.001 to 5 cm/s. In the outer part of the bay, the simulated current flowed out to the south sea with a southward flow at a maximum of 25 cm/s. The results of the ecological model simulation of COD levels showed high concentrations, exceeding 4 mg/L, in the inner bay of Masan, an area of wastewater discharge, and lower levels, approaching less than 1 mg/L, closer to the outer part of the bay. The simulation results of Autochthonous COD by two methods using ecological modeling, showed high ratio over 70% of total COD. Therefore, it is more important to consider nutrients than organic matters in the region for control COD standard.

This study was focused on estimating instream flow, and its optimal alternative for securing the required total amount of instream flow was also researched in order to restore ecosystems and riverine aesthetics of the Mugeo Stream, the first tributary of the Taewha River flowing through the center of Ulsan. In this study the hydraulic and hydrologic conditions and water quality were investigated at specific channel reaches and representative stations of the Mugeo Stream to determine a proper estimate of instream flow. And riverine functions, such as the minimum flow, water quality conservation, fish habitat, and recreation, were considered to restore the environmental functions of the stream. As a result, the total amount of 11,500㎥/day was set as the target instream flow for the Mugeo Stream. It was chosen as the optimal alternative for securing the total external supply of 10,000㎥/day which have to be transfered from the riverbed flow diverted through the Taewha Main river at upstream of Samho bridge. The water quality throughout the Mugeo Stream channels will be improved considerably to 3-4 mg/l of BOD standard if the target instream flow is supplied and sewage is intercepted by the sanitary sewage system.

Large scale of fish kills by red tides has been occurred every year in coastal water fisheries of Korea. To suppress red tide spreading out over the south coastal water of the Korean Peninsula large amount of loess has been applied every year because loess is known to be effective in removing red tide organisms. Effects of loess application in ecosystem of underwater near sea shore were investigated with some physical characteristics of loess. Loess used for the red tide reduction consisted of very fine particles, of which size was mostly less than 0.1㎜. Particles of loess blocked light penetration, which is essential for the underwater ecosystem. Loess also pushed pH down by the hydrolysis activities of aluminium and iron. It was found that underwater ecosystems where loess was applied near sea shore were devastated. Sea plants such as sea weeds were gone leaving only their roots. Clams and snails were dead under the loess dust blanket. And fishes were not found at all where loess has been sprayed for long time. It was found that even if loess has some capacity to reduce red tide temporarily, loess application should be stopped to protect underwater ecosystems.

The eco-hydrodynamic model was used to estimate the environmental capacity in Gamak Bay. It is composed of the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the simulation of water flow and ecosystem model for the simulation of phytoplankton. As the results of three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation, the computed tidal currents are toward the inner part of bay through Yeosu Harbor and the southern mouth of the bay during the flood tide, and being in the opposite direction during the ebb tide. The computed residual currents were dominated southward flow at Yeosu Harbor and sea flow at mouth of bay. The comparison between the simulated and observed tidal ellipses at three station showed fairly good agreement. The distributions of COD in the Gamak bay were simulated and reproduced by an ecosystem model. The simulated results of COD were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of 1.93%, correlation coefficient(r) of 0.88. In order to estimate the environmental capacity in Gamak bay, the simulations were performed by controlling quantitatively the pollution loads with an ecosystem model. In case the pollution loads including streams become 10 times as high as the present loads, the results showed the concentration of COD to be 1.33～4.74㎎/ℓ(mean 2.28㎎/ℓ), which is the third class criterion of Korean standards for marine water quality. In case the pollution loads including streams become 30 times as high as the present loads, the results showed the concentration of COD to be 1.38～7.87㎎/ℓ(mean 2.97㎎/ℓ), which is the third class criterion of Korean standards for marine water quality. In case the pollution loads including streams become 50 times as high as the present loads, the results showed the concentration of COD to be 1.44～9.80㎎/ℓ(mean 3.56㎎/ℓ), which is the third class criterion of Korean standards for marine water quality.

The emergy concept was used to valuate the contributions of a tidal flat ecosystem included in the fourth stage reclamation plan for the Youngsan River area to the Korean economy. Emergy contributions of the ecosystem were compared with those of economic valuations performed on the same ecosystem. The tidal flat ecosystem contributed 3.55 million Em\/ha annually. This, however, cannot be compared directly with those of the economic valuations because both methodologies approach the valuation of ecosystems in different perspectives. The emergy methodology is a donor-based valuation in which what goes into making a product or service is measured, while the economic valuation is a receiver-based approach in which human receivers determine the value of an ecosystem product or service. An emergy valuation was conducted for the three ecosystem functions included in the economic valuations to compare the results of both methodologies on the same basis. Fishery production and pollutants removal contributed 9.86 million Em\/ha/yr and 0.88 million Em\/ha/yr, respective1y. The conservation value of the tidal flat ecosystem was 3.55 million Em\/ha/yr. Overall, the emergy valuation that try to include works of both human and nature on the same basis resulted in higher economic contribution of the tidal flat ecosystem than that calculated by the economic methodologies in which only human works are measured based on the willingness-to-pay of people. This study showed that the emergy concept could provide an alternative tool for policy decision-making regarding utilization and conservation of ecosystems by approaching the ecosystem valuation from a different perspective than that of economic methodologies.

The three-dimensional eco-hydrodynamic model was applied to estimate the physical process in terms of COD (chemical oxygen demand) and net supply(or decomposition) rate of COD in Kamak Bay to find proper management plan for oxygen demanding organic matters. The estimation results of the physical process in terms of COD showed that transportation of COD is dominant in surface level while accumulation of COD is dominant in bottom level. In the case of surface level, the net supply rate of COD was 0～0.50 mg/m2/day. The net decomposition rate of COD was 0～0.04 mg/m2/day in middle level(3～6m) and 0.05～0.15 mg/m2/day in bottom level(6m～bottom). These results indicates that the biological decomposition and physical accumulation of COD are occurred predominantly at the northern part of bottom level. Therefore, it is important to consider both allochthonous and autochthonous oxygen demanding organic matters in the region.

A three-dimensional ecological model (EMT-3D) was applied to Nonylphenol in Tokyo Bay. EMT-3D was calibrated with data obtained in the study area. The simulated results of dissolved Nonylphenol were in good agreement with the observed values, with a correlation coefficient(R) of 0.7707 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.5940. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that biodegradation rate and bioconcentration factor are most important factors for dissolved Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol in phytoplankton, respectively. In the case of Nonylphenol in particulate organic carbon, biodegradation rate and partition coefficient were important factors. Therefore, the parameters must be carefully considered in the modeling. The mass balance results showed that standing stocks of Nonylphenol in water, in particulate organic carbon and in phytoplankton are 8.60×105 g, 2.19×102 g and 3.78×100 g, respectively. With respect to the flux of dissolved Nonylphenol, biodegradation in the water column, effluent to the open sea and partition to particulate organic carbon were 6.02×103 g/day, 6.02×102 g/day and 1.02×101 g/ day, respectively.

심부 및 천부 지질 환경을 갖는 지하 모암 내의 방사성 폐기물 처분장으로부터 유출된 핵종은 다양한 인공 및 지하 매질을 거쳐 궁극적으로 인간 생태환경으로 도달하게 된다. 그 결과로 인간에게 주는 피폭선량률을 정량적으로 계산하는 것은 처분안전성 평가의 최종 단계가 된다. 방사성폐기물에 포함된 핵종에 대해 붕괴사슬을 고려하고 방사성폐기물처분 시스템의 주요한 부분을 이루는 생태계를 구획으로 모델링 한 후 이들 구획간의 핵종이동에 대한 전이계수를 적용하여 동적 구획모델을 기반으로 하는 AMBER를 이용한 케이스화일로서 ACBIO템플릿을 개발하고 이를 이용하여 각 핵종별 선량환산인자를 평가해 보았다.

The three-dimensional eco-hydrodynamic model was applied to estimate the physical process in terms of nutrients and net uptake(or regeneration) rate of nutrients in Kamak Bay for scenario analysis to find proper management plan. The estimation results of the physical process in terms of nutrients showed that transportation of nutrients is dominant in surface level while accumulation of nutrients is dominant in bottom level. In the case of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, the results showed that the net uptake rate was 0～60 mg/m2/day in surface level(0～3m), and the net regeneration rate was 0.0～10.0 mg/m2/day in middle level(3～6m) and above 10 mg/m2/day in bottom level(6m～below). In the case of dissolved inorganic phosphorus, the net uptake rate was 0.0～3.0 mg/m2/day in surface level, and the net regeneration rate was 0.5～1.5 mg/m2/day in middle level and 1.0～3.0 mg/m2/day in bottom level. These results indicates that net uptake and transport of nutrients are occurred predominantly at the surface level and the net generation and accumulation are dominant at bottom level. Therefore, it is important to consider the re-supplement of nutrients due to regeneration of bottom water.