Back extension exercises have been used for rehabilitation of the injured low back, prevention of injury, and fitness training programs. However, excessive loading on low back can exacerbate existing structural weakness. The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity of low back muscles during back extension exercises. Twenty healthy male subject s were evaluated. Electromyographic (EMG) activities of low back muscles at L1 and L5 level were recorded during seven different back extension exercises and two reference tasks by surface EMG and saved for data analysis. Reference tasks of lifting 20% and 40% of their body weight were included for comparison. The result were as follows: 1) Single-arm extension and single-leg extension exercises on quadruped position appeared to constitute a low-risk exercise for initial extensor strengthening. 2) When arm extension was combined with contralateral leg extension on quadruped position, EMG activities of low back muscles were increased. 3) EMG activity of low back muscles was highest during the trunk extension exercises on prone position. 4) EMG activities of low back muscles during arm and leg extension exercises on quadruped position were less than those of reference task of lifting 40% of their body weight. These result s have important implications for progressive back extensor muscle strengthening exercises in patients with back pain.

Some critics have argued that William Butler Yeats and Irish Literary Revivalist defend nationalism in symbolic compensation in the form of mythologizing for the loss and trauma which result from the long history of the British colonial rule. Their focus has been the Celtic mythology and that of Mother Ireland. Other critics present their counter-argument by designating James Joyce as the precursor of the counter-movement which manifests the resistance against Yeatsian mythologizing among the exiled poets such as Beckett, Flann O’Brien, and Thomas MacGeevy, including Joyce. Establishing such polarity in the approaches to modern and contemporary Irish poetry in this way will produce a problematic logic which causes a secondary binary opposition between extreme nationalism and abstract cosmopolitanism. In attempts to avoid a futile reconciliation of the two arguments, one needs to redefine or deconstruct the master or grand narratives concerning myth, nation, and nationalism. Also, one might feel it necessary to provide a persuasive discussion of the interrelationship between myth and nationalism. Recent theorists such as Benedict Anderson, Lia Greenfield, Homi Bhabham, and Eric Hobsbawm have provided persuasive theories about nationalism and beyond-nationalism. Critics such as Tom Garvin, Desmond Fennell, Marianne Elliott, Roy Foster, Seamus Deane, Declan Kiberd, and Luke Gibbons have investigated the potential methodology to overcome the logic of binary opposition concerning Irish nationalism from the self-reflective perspective. The common ground of these critics and theorists is based upon the definition of nationalism in terms of what Benedict Anderson calls “imagined community” which is based upon the discursive anchors such as narrative, myth, and symbol. Irish national myth offers one of the most typical case study for this “imagined construction.” Using Richard Kearney’s term “post-nationalism,” the objective of this paper is to present a perspective of post-nationalism, and to demonstrate the polyphonic voices of modern and contemporary Irish poets, starting from Yeats and Joyce who have been approved among critics as the poets of the two mainstreams in 20th-century Irish poetry to those post-Yeatsian/Joycean poets such as Patrick Kavanagh, Austin Clarke, Thomas Kinsella, Seamus Heaney, and Derek Mahon, to name a few. My anchors of discussion are mythologizing, demythologizing, and remythologizing.

Numbers have the physical and spiritual symbols by abstracting and emptying themselves. They develop from the fundamental elements into many animations, personalities, signs, emanations, and at last literary symbols. As a result, the poetical spirit or visions of Yeats in A Vision could be integrated in the numerical symbols of 1, 2, 3, 4, and their muliplications. The fundamental numbers seem to extend their symbolism into other multiplied numbers, especially 28 phases of the moon. Number One in his poetry frequently symbolizes the Causal Body, Origin, and Divine Basis. Number 2 signifies the duality, the harmony of concord and discord, or various opposing elements. Three reveals the uniting/solving process of conflicting duality. It insinuates the figurations of peace or harmony. Number 4 induces the peaceful world of the triangle-like Number 3 into the inner worlds of men. Yeats used to devide the human animations into 4 faculties. Number 4 is the reflection of the division of the Number 2(duality). From the basic numbers, all the poetic combinations can be implicated into the new, novel, personal symbols. His cosmological symbols and numerology in A Vision can be closely related to the Eastern world view and cosmological human nature. Especially, his poetic theory of “Unit of Being” doesn’t show the faculty of Number Zero, nothingness or stillness, or the Eastern emptiness. It rather show the state of fullness, fullness of Western Intellect. To understand how much the numerological conceptions are resolved into his poetry, we have explicated one of his poetry in A Vision.

기업이 해외시장에 진출하여 현지에 정착하기 위해서는 현지시장 환경에 적합한 현지화가 필요하다. 본 연구는 이러한 현지화 고려 요소 들을 제시 해보고자 하였다. 일반적으로 우리가 현지화를 논할 때 현지자회사의 경영진 구성이 본사 주재원과 현지인과의 비율관계를 보고 현지인의 고용비율이 높을 때 현지화가 잘 되어 있다고 생각해왔다. 즉, 현지화 개념을 인적자원의 현지화에 너무 비중을 많이 두어 나머지 부문에 대한 현지화는 고려되지 않았다. 본 연구는 이러한 인사 및 노무 부문의 현지화 이외에 마케팅의 현지화, 생산 및 기술의 현지화, 자본조달의 현지화, 조직의 현지화, 현지사회와의 융화로 세분하여 해당내용별로 현지화 내용을 제시하였다

우리나라 도로중 PMS가 구축된 도로는 현재, 고속도로와 국도가 있다. 그러나 많은 시(市)에서 도로의 효율적인 관리를 위해 요구되는 시도로 PMS는 아직 없는 실정이다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 시단위에 적용가능한 Prototype PMS 전산시스템을 개발 제시하였다. 개발한 PMS는 기본적으로 PC 수준에서 운영 가능하도록 구성하였으며 GIS 기능을 이용하여 사용자가 쉽게 포장상태나 유지보수 현황 및 계획을 이해할 수 있게 하였다. 본 PMS의 기능상 구성은 크게 조회, 분석, 자료관리, 출력 부분으로 구축하였다. 특히, 분석과정의 주논리(보수우선순위결정, 보수공법결정)부분은 필요시 사용자가 각 항목의 criteria 값을 수정 할 수 있게 하여 시스템운영이 경직되지 않도록 배려하였다. PMS 데이터베이스의 항목은 시도로 PMS의 규모 및 목적을 고려하여 선정하였다. 또한 PMS에서 사용된 도로 관리길이 및 위치 지정체계는 노선을 기준으로 기본 100m길이의 section으로 분할관리하였으며, 위치 지정체계 방식은 reference points 방식을 기본으로 사용하였다.

본 실험에서는 재첩가공에 관한 기초자료를 제시 할 목적으로, 재첩국 제조시 가열시간에 따른 맛 성분의 조성변화에 관해 실험하였다. 재첩국은 원료 중량 당 2배량의 끓는 물을 가하여 0. 5. 10, 30, 60및 120분간 가열하였다. 가열시간이 증가함에 따라 수분함량은 감소하였으며, 단백질함량은 점차로 증가하였다. 가열 시간 30분에서 유리아미노산의 함량은 103.10 ㎎/100g으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 30분 이후부터는 서서히 감소하였다. 유리아미노산 함량은 alanine의 함량이 가장 높았으며, 그 다음으로 proline, glutamic acid 및 glycine의 순이었다. 재첩국의 단백질 가수분해도는 가열시간 증가함에 따라 높게 나타났다. 비휘발성 유기산 함량은 succinic acid 함량이 가열시간 30분에서 137.08 ㎎/100 g으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 그 다음은 oxalic aicd. malic aicd 및 lactic acid 순이었다. 따라서 재첩국 제조시 최적 가열시간은 30분이었다

본 실험은 바실의 양액재배시 기능성 원소 selenium(Se)을 처리하였을 때 basil의 저장중 품질 변화를 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. European Vegetable R ' B center에서 개발한 허브 배양액 1배액을 사용하여 담액 순환식으로 재배하였으며, Se을 sodium selenate(Na2Se O4)의 형태로 수확 3주전에 2, 4mg. L-1를 양액 내 처리하였다. 10℃에서 40um ceramic film로 PET 상자를 사용하여 MA저장을 15일간 하였다. 바실의 수경재배시 기능성 물질의 첨가가 저장중 품질 변화에 미치는 영향은 다음과 같다. Se 함량은 양액내 처리 농도에 따라 증가하였고 저장 후에도 같은 경향을 나타내었다. 포장재에 따른 휘발량의 차이는 크지않았다. 엽록소와 정유함량은 Se처리에 의해 증가되었다. 정유 함량은 Na2Se O4.4mg. L-1 처리가 저장후 감소율이 가장 적었다. Se 함량은 2mg. L-1처리시 저장전 함량이 112.73ug. g-1DM이었고 저장중 감소량은 50%정도였다. 저장중 품질유지와 소비자가 안전하게 Se를 섭취할 수 있는 적정 농도는 2mg. L-1이며, 40um ceramic film을 이용한 MA저장이 효과적이었다. 이상에서 바실의 양액재배시 Se처리는 작물의 품질 증진 및 저장중 품질 유지에 효과가 인정되었다. 또 Se 휘발에 의한 정유성분의 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 또 Se 휘발에 의한 정유성분의 변화는 나타나지 않았다.

우리나라 도로중 PMS가 구축된 도로는 현재, 고속도로와 국도가 있다. 그러나 많은 시(市)에서 도로의 효율적인 관리를 위해 요구되는 시도로 PMS는 아직 없는 실정이다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 시단위에 적용가능한 Prototype PMS 전산시스템을 개발 제시하였다. 개발한 PMS는 기본적으로 PC 수준에서 운영 가능하도록 구성하였으며 GIS 기능을 이용하여 사용자가 쉽게 포장상태나 유지보수 현황 및 계획을 이해할 수 있게 하였다. 본 PMS의 기능상 구성은 크게 조회, 분석, 자료관리, 출력 부분으로 구축하였다. 특히, 분석과정의 주논리(보수우선순위결정, 보수공법결정)부분은 필요시 사용자가 각 항목의 criteria 값을 수정 할 수 있게 하여 시스템운영이 경직되지 않도록 배려하였다. PMS 데이터베이스의 항목은 시도로 PMS의 규모 및 목적을 고려하여 선정하였다. 또한 PMS에서 사용된 도로 관리길이 및 위치 지정체계는 노선을 기준으로 기본 100m길이의 section으로 분할관리하였으며, 위치 지정체계 방식은 reference points 방식을 기본으로 사용하였다.

중간 및 하부 대류권의 열적 상태에 대한 관측 및 모델 결과들의 상태적인 정확성을 평가하기 위하여 세 종류의 위성관측 MSU 채널2 밝기온도 자료들과 ECMWF 모델의 재분석 (1980-93년) 자료를 상호 비교하였다. 중간 대류권 온도를 반영하는 위성관측 자료는 직하점에서의 MSU2 (1980-98년)와 여러 주사각으로부터 유도된 SC2 (1980-97년)이고, 하부 대류권 온도를 반영하는 자료는 SC2R (1980-97년)이다. 여기서 MSU2는 본 연구에서, 그리고 SC2와 SC2R은 Spencer and Christy (1992a, 1992b)에서 유도되었다. 위의 네 종류 자료간의 상관은 중 · 고위도에서 높았으나 (r≥0.90), 저위도 그리고 대류가 활발한 열대 지역에서 낮았다 Hydrometeors (구름과 강수) 및 지표방출의 영향으로 잡음을 포함하는 SC2R에 대한 다른 자료의 상관이 특히 낮았다 (r∼0.65). 또한 모델 재분석에 대한 위성자료의 상관은 MSU2보다 강수 효과가 일부 제거된 SC2에서 높았다. 세 종류의 MSU 기후값의 아노말리 비교에서 지표에 민감한 SC2R의 북반구 온도는 MSU2나 SC2에 비해 현저하게 1월에 하강하였고 7월에 상승하였다. 관측 및 모델 온도들에 대한 경험직교함수 분석에서 월평균값 모드1은 열대 태평양을 제외하고 연주기를 보였다. 전체 태평양에 대한 MSU2 모드1은 Walker 순환에 의한 동 · 서 쌍극자 형태를 보인 반면, 다른 위성관측과 모델 자료에서는 이러한 형태가 약하였다. 관측과 모델은 열대 태평양에 대한 아노말리값의 모드1, 2에서 엘니뇨와 라니냐에 의한 경년변동을 뚜렷하게 보였다. 적도 서태평양 용승 지역에서의 관측과 모델 결과 사이의 불일치는 모델에서 대기-해양 상호작용이 보완되어야 함을 제시한다.

The purpose of this study were to evaluate the effect of program in visual perception on eye-hand coordination in a child with cerebral palsy. The results were as follows. 1)　Eye-hand coordination were increased significantly compared to doing without pretreatment with the program in visual perception with time-dependent fashion with a cerebral palsy child 2)　A most increased part of eye-hand coordination activities was a large heavy objects and a least increased part of those was a writing. From the above results, it is suggested that program in visual perception is a most useful therapy for a child with cerebral palsy having incomplete eye-hand coordination activity functionally.

The purposes of this study were to identify the influence of visual perception disorder to brain demaged patients and to found out the interrelationship between the lesion of brains and MVPT items. The subjects were 50 brain demaged patients and 29 normal people. Motor-free Visual Perception Test(MVPT) and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) were used to evaluate the visual perceptions of the both. The data were collected from January 1998 to March 1999. Compare the results of raw scores the among MVPT items of normal group & the brain demaged patients groups, significant differences were found in all level of age group. The difference of raw score in the third age group (70∼80) most significant. The results also indicated that there were some differences in the scores of Korean normal grops and the standard of MVPT suggested by AJOT. The result suggest , There is a need to develope MVPT that is suitable for Korean sujects.

In order to analyze the densification behaviour of stainless steel powder compacts during hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at elevated temperatures, a power-law creep constitutive model based on the plastic deformation theory for porous materials was applied to the densification. Various densification mechanisms including interparticle boundary diffusion, grain boundary diffusion and lattice diffusion mechanisms were incorporated in the constitutive model, as well. The power-law creep model in conjunction with various diffusion models was applied to the HIP process of 316L stainless steel powder compacts under 50 and 100 MPa at . The results of the calculations were verified using literature data. It could be found that the contribution of the diffusional mechanisms is not significant under the current process conditions.

The purpose of this study was to find a more effective balance training method. The subjects of this study were 14 children with cerebral palsy (7 males, 7 females) being treated at Seran Pediatric Developmental Research Center in Taegu. Two groups of children with cerebral palsy (everyday trained group, every-other-day trained group) were evaluated with visual & auditory feedback. Evaluation and training device was Balance Performance Monitor (BPM) Dataprint Software Version 5.3. There was statistically significant difference of the balance score between the pre-and the post-training in both group (p<.05), but there was no difference of the balance score between two groups (p<.05). In conclusion, it is likely that the visual and auditory feedback in children with cerebral palsy was effective in improving standing balance, but there was no difference between everyday trained group and every-other-day trained group.

Yeats’s imagination is filled with the deliberate efforts and will to transform the given reality and self. Influenced by William Blake’s visionary or symbolic imagination who had pursued the eternal essence of life, Yeats sought for the perfect and beautiful as the goal which human beings should try to reach. In ‘Adam’s Curse,’ he asserts, since the Fall, there are nothing perfect and beautiful without one’s deliberate labour to reach them. A good poem necessarily needs lots of repeated correction, “stitching and unstitching,” but finally if it doesn’t seem natural like “a moment’s thought,” all the efforts and labour which have been made comes to be futile. In that the naturalness in poems through laborious process is emphasized, it can be said that his poetics would seek to the perfect and the refined, in content and expression, but most of all his great concern is on one’s passion and the laborious process to transform the reality as it is through imagination. This paper aims to explore the achievement of Yeats’s transformative imagination acted on the idealization of Anglo-Irish aristocratic tradition and nationality in terms of the discourse of nationalism. He projects onto Anglo-Irish aristocratic class the intellectual leadership over the crowd and the organic continuity and tradition which Irish middle class, that he hates, is regarded to lack. Under the threat and violence of Irish Catholics who began to make claims to their rights on dispossessed land, the Anglo-Irish, who had enjoyed the power and wealth since the 17th century, were forced to feel crisis. The Anglo-Irish were destined to play no more active roles in the following Irish history and would be in danger of isolation. Thus his idealization of the Anglo-Irish was constituted where his desire and fear meet. Here Yeats’s idealization of Anglo-Irish aristocrat was made retrospectively in the crisis. The Gregorys’ Coole House and Yeats’s tower, Thoor Ballylee are representative symbols in which he idealized the Anglo-Irish culture and its heroic tradition. The sense of form which Yeats found in the architectural form of Coole House as well as “courtesy” and “ceremony” in aristocrat’s life is one of the heroic ideals Yeats pursued throughout all his life. In poems dealing with this theme, we can see that he idealizes the Anglo-Irish culture and tradition by giving them the idealized heroic values such as the recklessness, intellect and courtesy, criticizing the rigid mind and snobbism of native middle class people who is indifferent to one’s spiritual value and imagination. This is the discourse of nationalism which insists on one’s nation’s innocent, continuous and self-sufficient attributes and proves its superiority to other nations. They would hide the fact that it is invented or constituted by purpose, assuming naturalness and making national myth a self-evident fact through various cultural discourses. But Yeats’s transformative imagination, as seen in ‘Adam’s Curse,’ puts great emphasis on one’s labour made behind to reach the ideal and the opposite to the reality, he lays bare his deliberate efforts of idealizing, not making natural by hiding and mystifying it. Here his poetry comes out of the typical discourse of nation. Like the Anglo-Irish ancestors who founded the magnificent house dreaming the ideal, Yeats himself who wrote a poem in the crisis of breakdown of the Anglo-Irish nationality by historical change and violence wanted to be memorized to his heir as a founder, “befitting the emblem of adversity.” In ‘Meditations in Time of Civil War,’ and ‘Coole Park and Ballylee, 1931,’ we can see that he makes the myth of Anglo-Irish nationality and at the same time demystifies or deconstructs it by showing that it is invented.

There were so many common thoughts in Yeats’s poetry and Lao tzu’s philosophy on the Feminine Principl.” Both Yeats and Lao tzu lived in turbulent times. They thought the cause of anarchy in their world resulted from the True God’s absence as the Feminine Principle. Thus they were eager to support it as the Primary principle in the world. Yeats was a gnostic visionary. He believed in God’s androgynous Trinity; Man, woman and child. A Child is a daughter or a son. Yeats refused to accept the masculine Trinity. Yeats searched for the hidden Goddess who is called Sophia or Binah as the dark Mother in the Cabalah. Binah is identified with Saturn(male). So Sophia is androgynous. Yeats called Sophia by many names. Those included Rose, Countess Cathleen, Nimah, Helen and Jane as the symbol of immortal Beauty. All of his poetry owes much to a symbolism derived from the Rosicrucianism, Cabalism, Christian Gnosticism and Orientalism. Orientalism included the Taoism of Lao tzu. I read that Yeats was deeply impressed by the Chinese book, The Secret of the Golden Flower, which is explained Taoism. Because Taoism is s common with Yeats’s main poetic theme, which is the Feminine Principle and the hidden God. Although Lao tzu lived about 2,500 years ago, he had almost the same idea as Yeats. His main theme is Tao, the way which symbolizes the Feminine Principle, like Sophia in Christian Gnosticism and Cabalism. We can say Tao is intangible and permanent, governing the impermanent became it symbolizes the Mother of all beings. Tao especially symbolizes darkness. Thus I can say that “dark Sophia” in Yeats’s poetry is identical to Tao. Lao-tzu described that Tao stands for the feminine archetypal imagery such as water, darkness, valley, cave, abyss. Especially Lao tzu’s heavenly Virtue, Tao is called “Hyeon-bin” which means a black female. Thus Tao is identified with the dark Mother, Sophia in Yeats’s poetry. Also Lao tuz eulogized the virtue of Tao as water. For example, Lao tzu explained that “water’s virtue is the highest goodness.” This symbol of water symbolizes the Feminine Principle like Sophia’s characteristics in Yeats’s poetry. Thus, they all refused to accept the andro-centric society.